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akt_12_p006 | ATATÜRK KÜLTÜR, DİL VE TARİH YÜKSEK KURUMU
TÜRK TARİH KURUMU YAYINLARI VI. DİZİ - SAYI: 33¹
Sertifika No: 43191
Kültepe Tabletleri XII
Texts Excavated in 1986 (Kt 86/k 34-53, 90-106 and 153-230)
Klaas R. Veenhof
Înceleyiciler
Lütfi Gürkan Gökçek ◆ Selim Ferruh Adalı
1. Baskı: Ankara 2024 (500 adet)
ISBN 978-975-17-5... | AKT_12.pdf | 6 | tablets | 995 |
akt_12_p007 | TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface VII
Ön Söz IX
Abbreviations and Bibliography XI
Concordances XVII
Introduction 1
Giriş 11
TEXTS
I. 1-20 (Kt 86/k 39-53) 23
II. 21-31 (Kt 86/k 90-91, 98-105) 39
III. 32-102 (Kt 86/k 153-230) 53
A. Letters, nos. 32-39 53
B. Judicial Records, nos. 40-47 63
C. The debt of Puzur, nos. 4... | AKT_12.pdf | 7 | tablets | 1,225 |
akt_12_p008 | INDICES
I. Persons, eponyms, sealers, gods and places 159
1. Persons 159
2. Hamuštum eponyms 167
3. Līmum eponyms 167
4. Sealers in alphabetical order 167
5. Gods 171
6. Place names and nisbes 171
II. Assyrian words 172
PHOTOGRAPHS
Photographs of tablets and envelopes in the sequence of the text e... | AKT_12.pdf | 8 | tablets | 330 |
akt_12_p009 | PREFACE
In 1990 Prof. Tahsin Özgüç asked me to publish the texts he had excavated in 1986, which are now finally published in this volume. I shortly studied them for the first time in 1991, but further work on them was delayed for several reasons. Firstly, because in 1989 I had started copying the Kültepe texts owned ... | AKT_12.pdf | 9 | tablets | 3,062 |
akt_12_p010 | prives us of a lot important information. After having prepared the preliminary manuscript, as usual, final collations proved necessary. Due to my age I could not again come to Ankara to carry them out, and although Hakan Erol kindly helped me with three difficult texts (of which he also provided photos, some of which ... | AKT_12.pdf | 10 | tablets | 927 |
akt_12_p011 | ÖN SÖZ
Prof. Tahsin Özgüç, 1986 yıllı kazısında ortaya çıkardığı, şimdi nihayet bu ciltte yayımlanan metinleri 1990 yıllında benden yayımlamamı istemiştir. Bu metinler üzerinde ilk olarak 1991 yıllında kısa bir süre çalıştırm, fakat daha ileri çalışmalarım çeşitli nedenlerle geçikmiştir. Bu geçikmeye ilk olarak, 1989 ... | AKT_12.pdf | 11 | tablets | 2,881 |
akt_12_p012 | henüz bilinmemesi sağkınlık yaratmıştır) ve bunlarla ilgili problemlere işaret etti. Onun incelemeleri, “Mühürler” bölümünde, tranliterasyonu yapılmış her bir zarfın altında zikredilmiş ve (AWL) olarak belirtilmiştir.
Bu cilt bazı ilginç ve önemli belgeler içermekle birlikte, tamamı aynı buluntu noktasından gelmeyen v... | AKT_12.pdf | 12 | tablets | 1,692 |
akt_12_p013 | ABBREVIATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
(references of the type author + year + a etc. are according to C. Michel’s OAB)
AKT Ankara Kültepe Tabletleri / Ankaraner Kültepe Texte / Kültepe Tabletleri (with vol. 4 the editors removed ‘Ankara’ from the title - see below under KT - but continued the sequential numbering of the vol... | AKT_12.pdf | 13 | tablets | 2,060 |
akt_12_p014 | Merchants, Measures and Money. Understanding Technologies of Early Trade in a Comparative Perspective» (Kiel-Hamburg), 331-359.
EL G. Eisser - J. Lewy, Altassyrische Rechtsurkunden vom Kültepe, I-II (MVAeG 30 and 35/3, Leipzig 1930, 1935) (quoted by text number).
Erol, H.
2018 «Old Assyrian Royal Families as Private... | AKT_12.pdf | 14 | tablets | 2,002 |
akt_12_p015 | KT 4 I. Albayrak, Kt. o/k, TTKY VI -33a-b (Ankara 2006).
5 K. R. Veenhof, The Archive of Kuliya, son of Ali-abum (TTKY VI-33a-c, Ankara 2010).
6 M. T. Larsen, The Archive of the Šalim-Aššur Family, vol. 1-4 (TTKY VI-33d-a/d, Ankara 2010-2019) (vol. 5/e is in the press)
7-a S. Bayram – R. Kuzuoğlu, Aššur-rē’ī Ailesin... | AKT_12.pdf | 15 | tablets | 2,173 |
akt_12_p016 | OALE K.R. Veenhof, The Old Assyrian List of Year Eponyms from Karum Kanish (TTKY, VI-64, Ankara 2003). Corrections and Additions in NABU 2007/49.
OBO 160/5 K. R. Veenhof, «The Old Assyrian Period», in: M. Wäffler (ed.), Annäheerungen 5 (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 160/5, Freibourg-Göttingen 2008), part I, 1-264.
Özg... | AKT_12.pdf | 16 | tablets | 2,431 |
akt_12_p017 | TPAK C. Michel - P. Garelli, Tablettes paléo-assyriennes de Kültepe, vol.1 (Kt 90/k), (Paris 1997).
Teissier 1994 B. Tessier, Sealing and Seals on Texts from Kültepe kārum Level 2 (PIHANS 70, Istanbul).
Ups and Downs G. Barjamovic – Th. Hertel – M.T. Larsen, Ups and Downs at Kanesh. Chronology, History and Society in... | AKT_12.pdf | 17 | tablets | 1,948 |
akt_12_p021 | INTRODUCTION
The texts excavated in 1986 in the lower town of Kanesh, which Professor Tahsin Özgüç assigned to me for publication, according to their excavation numbers consist of various groups. Unfortunately, there is no good excavation report for that year, so that the find spots of the texts are largely unknown. I... | AKT_12.pdf | 21 | tablets | 2,760 |
akt_12_p022 | Many texts of the first group are fragmentary, pieces of tablets or envelopes (including kt 86/k 50 and 51, with only a seal impression), but several are complete and some are large, occasionally damaged (kt 86/k 43) tablets. Nos. 40 and 48 are letters, 45 and 49 records of testimonies, the first given at the behest of... | AKT_12.pdf | 22 | tablets | 3,091 |
akt_12_p023 | 213, 215-216 and 218-219 were found in the street, but 208-209 and 219 in the debirs of a house, while 217 might belong with the 1985 discoveries. Kt 86/k 220-230 were excavated in the field of Mehmet, in debris, as a group in a room.
Higher kt 86/k numbers apparently have been assigned to a variety of artefacts, incl... | AKT_12.pdf | 23 | tablets | 3,265 |
akt_12_p024 | Debt-notes
Most debt-notes are in unopened envelopes, some are tablets without envelope. The former may have been kept in the creditor’s archive as proof of unpaid claims or he failed to return them after payment, because debtor had received a quittance. The tablets may have been kept by the creditor for his administr... | AKT_12.pdf | 24 | tablets | 3,198 |
akt_12_p025 | text of an unusual type (see the comments on it) and I assume that envelope encloses an original debt-note of Idnāya, whose liability was affirmed by the three witnesses who sealed the envelope, stating to whom it now has to be paid. It may have become part of his archive after it had been paid.9.
It proved impossible... | AKT_12.pdf | 25 | tablets | 3,728 |
akt_12_p026 | month XI of REL 82, seven years later than the other two. If Narām-Suen of 58 is one of the first two, it would prove that Idnāya was still alive after REL 75. An indication is also provided by 65, which dates a debt of Idnāya to the hamuštum of Aššur-ṭāb, son of Amurru-bāni, since there is good evidence (see the comme... | AKT_12.pdf | 26 | tablets | 3,604 |
akt_12_p027 | declared invalid. The judicial record 49 contains the settlement of another disagreement between them, on sharing the amount of a debt owed by Puzur, whereby Š. obtains priority in collecting his claim. The judicial records 41 and 42 report that Šadahšu, representing Š., had seized the woman Nanāya because of a silver ... | AKT_12.pdf | 27 | tablets | 3,282 |
akt_12_p028 | debt of the other Aššur-bāni. Idnāya’s son must also be the one who in 33:35 witnessed how Šū-Suen gained access to his father sealed tablet container, while the Aššur-bāni who is one of the addressees of this letter sent to Assur, may have been the son of Šallim-Aššur. The disagreement between Šū-Suen and Aššur-bāni a... | AKT_12.pdf | 28 | tablets | 3,494 |
akt_12_p029 | 4. Kula, son of Iddin-Aššur
A third person who figures several times in the third group of texts is Kula. Since the name is fairly rare, I assume that all references refer to the same man, which is confirmed by their context. Text 65, where he witnesses a record on a debt of Idnāya to an anonymous creditor (mentioned ... | AKT_12.pdf | 29 | tablets | 3,950 |
akt_12_p031 | GİRİŞ
Kaniš’in aşağı şehrinde 1986 yılında ortaya çıkarılan, Profesör Tahsin Özgüç’ün yayımını bana tevdi ettiği metinler, kazı numaralarına göre farklı gruplardan oluşmaktadır. Ne yazık ki bu yıl için doyurucu bir kazı raporu olmadığından, genel itibariyle metinlerin buluntu noktaları bilinmemektedir. Müzedeki, tamam... | AKT_12.pdf | 31 | tablets | 2,961 |
akt_12_p032 | II. Kt 86/k 90-116
Metinlerin ikinci grubu, müze numaraları 2-19-86’dan 2-35-86’ya kadar olan, kt 86/k 90 ile 106 arasını kapsamaktadır. Kt 86/k 93-97, müze kayıt defterine göre tek bir mühür baskısı görülen (93’te aynı mührün iki baskısı mevcut) zarf parçalarıdır, dolayısıyla bunlar mektup zarfları olabilir, ancak bu... | AKT_12.pdf | 32 | tablets | 2,532 |
akt_12_p033 | 208-209 ve 219’un bir evin harabesi içinde bulunduğu, fakat 217’nin 1985 buluntularına dahil olabileceği belirtilmektedir. Kt 86/k 220-230 Mehmet’in tarlasında, bir odada grup halinde, molozun içinde ortaya çıkarılmıştır.
Daha yüksek 86/k numaraları, görünüse göre, seramik ürünler de dahil olmak üzere çeşitli arkeoloj... | AKT_12.pdf | 33 | tablets | 3,267 |
akt_12_p034 | Borç Senetleri28
Borç senetlerinin çoğu açılmamış zarf, bazıları ise zarfsız tablettir. Açılmamış senet zarf-lari, tahsil edilmemiş alacakların kanıtı olarak borç verenin arşivinde tutulmuş olabilir ya da borçlu ödediği borca karşılık bir ödeme belgesi ya da makbuz aldığı için, kreditör alacagını tahsil ettikten sonra... | AKT_12.pdf | 34 | tablets | 3,302 |
akt_12_p035 | metne yapılan yoruma bakınız) tek bir *hamuštum* eponimi ile tarihlidir. 5 mina gümüslük borç ve 35 haftalık kredi süresi, bunun kredili satıstan ya da komisyondan kaynaklı ticari alış-verisi yansıtttığın gösterir. Bu alışılmadık tipte bir metindir (metinle ilgili yoruma bakınız) ve sanırım *Idnāya*’nin güvenirliginin ... | AKT_12.pdf | 35 | tablets | 3,895 |
akt_12_p036 | satırında listelenen ve REL 75 yılına tarihli kt b/k 196:7'de geçen Naram-Suen+Hanānum'dur.35 İkincisi, aynı şekilde REL 75 yılının VI. ayına tarihli (ay bahsedilmemişir) kt n/k 221:14'te ka-yıtlı Narām-Suen+Šalim-ahum ikilisidir. Üçüncüşü, diğer ikisinden yedi yıl daha geç olan, REL 82'nin XI. ayına tarihli KT 7-a, 43... | AKT_12.pdf | 36 | tablets | 3,864 |
akt_12_p037 | 2. Šū-Hubur’un oğlu Šū-Suen
Metinlerde one çıkan ikinci şahıs 53:3 ve 33:10’a göre İdnāya’nın kardeşi olan Šū-Hubur’un oğlu Šū-Suen’dir. Kendisi ayrıca, muhtemelen Pūšu-kēn tarafından Asur’a yapılan gümüş sevkiyatını kaydeden, tarihlendirilmemiş bir memorandum olan MAH 19610:28 (RA 59 [1965] 28, no. 8)’de de şahit ola... | AKT_12.pdf | 37 | tablets | 3,243 |
akt_12_p038 | nihayet bulan onlara ait metinlerin küçük bir koleksiyonudur, fakat arşivin sahibinin kim olduğu açık değildir. Bu kişi Šū-Suen olabilir, bu durumda İdnāya’nin erken tarihli (zarfı açılmamış!) borç senetleri de onun evine getirilmiştir, çünkü bunlara İdnāya’nin işlerinin tasnifi için ihtiyaç duymuştur. Fakat evin aslın... | AKT_12.pdf | 38 | tablets | 3,773 |
akt_12_p039 | erkendir. Aynı mühür baskısı İdāya’ya satılan bir köle için şahitlik yaptığı (tarihlendirilmemiş) 89’da bulunmaktadır. Bu referanslar onun İdāya ve İdāya’nın oğlu ile bağlantıları olduğunu işaret etmektedir. Kesinlikle İdāya’nın oğlundan daha yaşlidir, fakat REL 88 yilında, borclu olarak yer aldığı Kt 91/k 140: 43 (bir... | AKT_12.pdf | 39 | tablets | 4,141 |
akt_12_p040 | miş (bābtum) alacakların topladığını rapor eder. Šū-Suen, bu nedenle, Hanānum’u (mahkemeye) çağırdığı zaman ona, şahitlik belgesi 55:7-12’ye göre bu alacakları Îdnāya’nın oğlu ile birlik-te topladığı belirtilen Kula’dan bahseder. Mektup ayrica, (muhtemelen Šallim-Ašsur’un oğlu) Aššur-bāni ve (65:1 ve 79:1’de şahit olar... | AKT_12.pdf | 40 | tablets | 1,262 |
akt_12_p043 | I. Nos. 1-20 (Kt 86/k 34-53)
As stated in the Introduction, it is uncertain to whose archive(s) these texts belonged. It is possible that they were found in "the south part of the street in grid V/13-4", just like two of the bullae numbered Kt 86/k 39$^1$ and 47 (Özgüç-Tunca 2001, 209). If so, we have to do with scatt... | AKT_12.pdf | 43 | tablets | 1,651 |
akt_12_p044 | 2. Kt 86/k 40 (2-7-86)
Well-preserved letter of Buzutaya, Puzur-Aššur and Ennam-Aššur to Aššur-taklāku. It deals with the arrival of two small consigments of in all 12 textiles, which have been sold at good prices for silver. Part of the silver earned from the second shipment was converted into copper, the rest still ... | AKT_12.pdf | 44 | tablets | 2,158 |
akt_12_p045 | The figures do not match and a problem is whether line 15 has a damaged 1/3 or 2/3. The total yield according to the prices mentioned in lines 7 and 11 would be 4 minas 57 shekels, which is somewhat less than what l. 15 states: 4 minas and 24 or 44 shekels. Of this amount 124 shekels remain after the purchase of the co... | AKT_12.pdf | 45 | tablets | 1,876 |
akt_12_p046 | any elements they have in common with the names he studied in his book (Kloekhorst 2019), although a few forms might agree with Hittite words, such as harzi, “he holds”, water, “water”, haršan, “ploughed”, and taripia(n)zi, “they plough”. But he is unable to identify them as sentences.
4. Kt 86/k 43 (2-9-43)
A large,... | AKT_12.pdf | 46 | tablets | 1,996 |
akt_12_p047 | Rev. 10 ma-na ú-šé-ba-lá-kum
KÙ.B. iš-tù É.GAL-lim
ur-dam-ma a-na
25 DAM.GÅR-ru-tim tù-š/ta-x-ni-/šu
i-a-tí mi-ma : ú-lá tù-ha-dí
ša KÙ.B. 5 ma-na 10 ma-na
[š]a i-a-tí tù-šé-ba-lá-ni
né-ma-al-šu lá ha-áš-ha-at
30 [a-h]i a-ta ú šu-ma KÙ.B.
[.....] kà-lá-šu a-na É.GAL-lim
[.....] k]à-ri-im a-šu-mi-a
[a-na] sí-ib-tim l... | AKT_12.pdf | 47 | tablets | 1,421 |
akt_12_p048 | 5. Kt 86k 45 (2-11-8)
A deposition with the testimony of presumably two witnesses on a confrontation between the representatives of Šamaš-rē’ī and Itūr-ilī. Their identity is unknown, since the customary ending of similar records, naming the persons who had been seized by the party who had initiated the summons (“us” ... | AKT_12.pdf | 48 | tablets | 2,118 |
akt_12_p049 | The situation is complicated, because the two men who initiated this confrontation are acting as representatives of a certain Šamaš-rē’ī and lines 21f. reveal that during an earlier judicial procedure, of which our record is a sequel, they had acted in the name of a certain Wardum. All these men are unknown, are not id... | AKT_12.pdf | 49 | tablets | 3,457 |
akt_12_p050 | 6. Kt 86/k 48 (2-13-86)
A letter addressed to Iddin-Suen and Aššur-bāni by Baziya, who forgot to mention his name as sender, perhaps due to the tension he experienced when writing it in jail. It is an appeal for help to get him out of prison, where he is detained already ten months and fears for his life. We know he w... | AKT_12.pdf | 50 | tablets | 1,716 |
akt_12_p051 | l.e. *da-mi-iq-tum* your month, so that
le.e. [lu-uş-a-ma k]à-ru-um the *kārum* [will...]
15’ [ ]-ku-ni-ma KÜ.B-áp that *I am?* indeed ..... and the silver of
[a-lim*ki] *A-šur lai-ha-li* [iq] [the City] of Assur shall not get lost!’
(lower left edge broken off)
Comment
I edited this letter in Veenhof 2008c 23-26... | AKT_12.pdf | 51 | tablets | 2,541 |
akt_12_p052 | 7. Kt 86/k 49 (2-14-86)
A well-preserved tablet with the text of the testimony rendered by Pilah-Aššur at the behest of kārum Nehriya of a confrontation between Ahu’ahi and Innāya which he had attended as witness.
1. A-hu-a-hi a-na I-[na-a]
iš-ba-at-ni-a-ti-ma
um-ma A-hu-a-hi-ma a-na I-[na-a]
ta-li-kam-ma KÙ... | AKT_12.pdf | 52 | tablets | 1,751 |
akt_12_p053 | Comments
The text was quoted by Ayse Uzunalimoğlu in *AMMY* 1987, 64-79, edited by V. Donbaz in *RA* 85 (1991) 107-108, and as such included in Michel, *Innāya* vol. II as no. 263. Note the corrections to Donbaz’s transliterations in lines 6, 10, 18 (šu-ma was omitted) and 28-31.
Ahu’ahi is a man with a very rare nam... | AKT_12.pdf | 53 | tablets | 2,383 |
akt_12_p054 | 8. Kt 86/k 52 (2-17-86)
A small, flat tablet listing a variety of items packed in various bags and containers, ready for transport on a donkey.
1. 2 e-li-a-tum
- ša ša-<áp>-tim'(TÁM)
- 2 mu-ta-tum
- ša hu-ur-hu-[ra] ni
- 2 top-packs
- with wool'
2. 2 half-packs
- 2 mu-ta-tum
- ša hu-ur-hu-[ra] n... | AKT_12.pdf | 54 | tablets | 1,782 |
akt_12_p055 | Notes
2. The correction tries to make sense of this line; transport of wool in "toppacks" is feasible.
4, 8, 9. I know of no other occurrences of *hurhurum* and its meaning is unknown.
5. *dulbātum* is a well-known foodstuff in OA, attested a.o. as travelling supplies. They were both counted and weighed (BIN 6, 256:... | AKT_12.pdf | 55 | tablets | 2,068 |
akt_12_p056 | 10. Kt 86/k 35 (2-2-86)
Lower right-hand corner of an envelope of a debt-note, with the impression of an unidentified cylinder seal in Anatolian style and the remains of a few lines of text.
1’ DUMU.MUNUS..[.....] 2’ x-tám [........] 3’ seal impression 4’ [a-n]a ha-ar-pè [........]
11. Kt 86/k 36 (2-3-86)
Lower lef... | AKT_12.pdf | 56 | tablets | 1,350 |
akt_12_p057 | 13. Kt 86/k 38 (2-5-86)
Small fragment from the middle of tablet with traces of the upper edge
1’ [...] GÍN KÙ.B. [...] 2’ [...]-zu-ub x [...] 3’ [...] i-zu [...]
4’ [...] x x [...] 5’ [...] x x [...].
14. Kt 86/k 42 (2-18-43)
Not present among the tablets submitted to me by the keeper of the tablets in the Museum.... | AKT_12.pdf | 57 | tablets | 1,198 |
akt_12_p058 | 17. Kt 86/k 47 (2-114-86)
Bulla with "a very faint impression" of CS 135, see Özgüç-Tunca 2001, 210, pl. 24 and 90.
18. Kt 86/k 50 (2-15-86)
A tiny piece of an envelope, with part of the impression of a cylinder seal in Old Syrian style (AWL). In the middle of its the upper register a bull altar and a crouching lion... | AKT_12.pdf | 58 | tablets | 952 |
akt_12_p059 | II. Nos. 21-31 (Kt 86/k 90-91 and 98-106)
The second group of tablets, if it is really one group, comprises only ten texts, Kt 86/k 90-91 and 98-106. The first tablet of this group has a museum number that immediately follows the one of Kt 86/k 53 = 2-18-86. Which object were numbered Kt 86/k 92-97 is unknown to me. T... | AKT_12.pdf | 59 | tablets | 1,609 |
akt_12_p060 | 21. Kt 86/k 90 (2-19-86)
Unopened envelope with a debt-note recording that Uṣurānum owes Dudu a debt of 5 shekels silver, payable when he returns from Assur, but earlier if the creditor has reached him in (on the way to?) Assur.
seal impression A
1. KIŠIB A-mur-A-šur DUMU Zu-ú-a
KIŠIB Ta-as-ku-li
KIŠIB Ú-šú-ra... | AKT_12.pdf | 60 | tablets | 1,515 |
akt_12_p061 | 2. Taskuli also occurs in 54:13.
9. There are more cases of debt-notes stipulating the possibility of payment before the due date, usually related to a commercial journey.
11. Ana in ana ālim might be taken as chronological, "not later than", but I prefer the translation given above. We know ālim from the expression ... | AKT_12.pdf | 61 | tablets | 1,475 |
akt_12_p062 | Seals
Seal A: CS 541, seal of Iddin-Suen, son of Puzur-Adad = seal 65B = kt 86/k 183 (AWL)
Seal B: CS 520, Teissier 585, seal of Amurrum-bāni, son of Manana, recut Ur III seal, with the name of king Ibbi-Sin and that of the new owner underneath the seat of the deity. Ca. 20 impressions are known, a. o. on KT 6a, 202,... | AKT_12.pdf | 62 | tablets | 2,272 |
akt_12_p063 | ša ma-ṣa-ra-tim for the costs of guarding.
5 1/4 GÍN KÙ.B. a-na 1/4 shekel of silver
ki-ri-im 1/6 GÍN 5½ / ŠE for drinks. 35½ shekels
a-na mu-ṣi-a for my mūṣiùm,
1/6 GÍN[N] KÙ.B. 1/6 shekel of silver
l.e. a-na x-bu for .....
rev. x x x..... ......
11 1/6 GÍN a-na NINDA 1/6 shekel for bread,
1 LÁ 1/4 [GÍN KÙ.B.] 3/4... | AKT_12.pdf | 63 | tablets | 1,312 |
akt_12_p064 | 24. Kt 86/k 99 (2-28-86)
Quittance for a debt-note that was not returned to the debtor when the debt was paid.
1. 1 ma-na KU.B.[ø] With the 1 mina of silver
ša i-na Ha-[hi-im] which Kurub-Istar
Zu-ü-a : Kur-ub-I[štar] borrowed to Zu’a
ú-[ha]-bi₄{eras}-lu in Hahhum
5. Kur-ub-Ištar : ša-bu Kurub-Ištar has bee... | AKT_12.pdf | 64 | tablets | 1,218 |
akt_12_p065 | qi-bi₄-ma ta-ri-a-šu-nu-ma
‘Take them along
a-na IR : DUMU En-nu-um-
pi-iq-da-ma [ Ku-ba-ba-at
lu-ub-lá-am
son of Ennam-Kubabat,
to bring them to me.
Comment
I assume that Ilī-bāni, staying somewhere else, wrote to his wife(?) Muza in Kanesh (where this letter was found) and to two men who must be his representatives... | AKT_12.pdf | 65 | tablets | 2,536 |
akt_12_p066 | 26. Kt 86/k 101 (2-30-86)
A witnessed record about an item that figures in the financial operations connected with merchandise of a caravan (ellutum) cleared in a local palace.
1. 1 ku-ta-nam i-na
ILLAT: A-šur-ta-ak-lá-/ku
DUMU Qá-a-tim i-na É.GAL-lim
a-na ša ši-mi-im
1 kutānum textile from the caravan of... | AKT_12.pdf | 66 | tablets | 1,546 |
akt_12_p067 | There are quite a number of records that specify for which amount a trader who participates in an ellutum in credited in the kārum office. A specific case is the payment he is entitled to for textiles of his, pre-empted by the palace, which pays for them to the kārum office. What this office received "when the silver c... | AKT_12.pdf | 67 | tablets | 2,669 |
akt_12_p068 | 27. Kt 86/k 102 (2-31-86)
A letter from wabartum Mamma to kārum Kanesh about a delay in the encounter between the messengers of the kārum and the ruler of Mamma.
1. a-na kà-ri-im
Kà-ni-iš qi-bi₄-ma
um-ma u-bar-tum
ša Ma-ma-a-ma
Say to kārum
Kanesh,
thus the trading station
of Mamma:
2. a-na-kam ... | AKT_12.pdf | 68 | tablets | 2,153 |
akt_12_p069 | Notes
8-9. Without mention of their filiation it is difficult to identify the messengers of the kārum, the more so since messengers often were appointed ad hoc and only for a short period of time and many of them occur only once or twice; see my remarks in Memorial Garelli, 240-41. I read the name of the second messen... | AKT_12.pdf | 69 | tablets | 1,685 |
akt_12_p070 | Notes
2'-3'. I assume that the writer refers to an order or plan to give silver, which would be for his account and he therefore asks not to do so.
5'. In CCT 4, 11b:12, another OA example of kaspum marṣum, CAD M/1, 294, 3', translates "an exorbitant(?) price", starting from an objective notion, "difficult to obtain"... | AKT_12.pdf | 70 | tablets | 1,753 |
akt_12_p071 | 30. Kt 86/k 105 (2-34-86)
A well-preserved letter addressed to ZI-ni(m) by Amur-Šamaš, Aššur-imittī and Ibni-Adad about transactions involving wool and the transfer of two boys (šuhārum) and a girl (šuhārtum), presumably slaves.
1. a-na Zi-ni
A-mur-ᵃUTU A-šùr-i-mi-tí
ú Ib-ni-ᵃIŠKUR
qí-bi₄-ma : a-na Zi-nim
... | AKT_12.pdf | 71 | tablets | 1,294 |
akt_12_p072 | 10, 25. I assume that ʃuhārum and ʃuhārtum are young slaves, in which the writer traded.
14-15. It seems likely that Amur-Šamaš and Aššur-mālik, the co-addressees in l. 2, are the representatives of the writer.
18. damqat because SÍG.HI.A = ʃaptum is a collective singular.
19-20. mimma qabā'um, “to say something”, f... | AKT_12.pdf | 72 | tablets | 497 |
akt_12_p073 | III. Nos. 32-102 (Kt 86/k 153-230)
This is the only large group of kt 86/k tablets with consecutive numbers. The museum number of its first tablet follows immediately upon that of kt 86/k 106, but not its excavation number. The numbers kt 86/k 107-152 were apparently given to other artefacts, which were not registered... | AKT_12.pdf | 73 | tablets | 2,713 |
akt_12_p074 | 32. Kt 86/k 197 (2-79-86)
Letter of Šū-Suen to the investors of Idnāya, Aššur-bāni and Šū-Kūbum about the collection of debts from the outstanding claims of Idnāya by Kula. The reason why the letter is also addressed to Aššur-bāni becomes clear from lines 20ff.
a-na um-mi-a-ne Id-na-a
A-šùr-ba-ni ù Šu-Ku-bu-bi₄-im qi... | AKT_12.pdf | 74 | tablets | 1,470 |
akt_12_p075 | Id-na-a : ku-nu-uk A-šur-ba-ni is marked by the seals of
ù I-di-Sù-in wa-du-ú Aššur-bāni and Iddin-Suen.
a-ma-kam A-šur-ba-ni ša-la-ma Ask Aššur-bāni over there whether
šu-ma KÙ.B. a-nam ša-bu he has been paid that silver.
25 a-na da-a-ni : ni-li-ik We turned to the judges,
KÙ.B. a-na ša-na-at ni-ip-ti-qí-/sú-<um> we ... | AKT_12.pdf | 75 | tablets | 1,661 |
akt_12_p076 | ta-zu-uz tup-p[á-a]m
ha-ar-ma-am kà-li-ma-ni
10 ša KÙ.B. a-na a-hi-a a-na
e-bu-ti-im ta-di-nu : um-ma šu-ut-/ma
tup-pu-a à ši-bu-a i-Kà-/né-eš
i-ba-ši-ü a-li-ik-ma
ša ki-ma i-a-ti tup-pá-am
15 lu-kà-li-mu-kà
a-na-kam ša ki-ma ku-a-ti
a-dì ma-la à ši-ni-šu
as-ba-at-ma um-ma a-na-ku-ma
l.e. tup-pá-am à ši-be
20 kà-li... | AKT_12.pdf | 76 | tablets | 2,109 |
akt_12_p077 | lu wa-du-a-ku iš-tí : iš-té-en a-li-ki-/im
tup-pá-am ša-ak-ši-[d]a-nim
the City. Make it arrive with me
with the first caravan.”
Notes
22. The sign between a clear ú and Dí, written over an erasure, is unclear.
34. The (a?) son of Pappilum, according to CCT 2, 8:7 (debtor of Imdī-ilum), kt n/k 1772:7 (Bayram - Çeçe... | AKT_12.pdf | 77 | tablets | 2,957 |
akt_12_p078 | former (who is in Assur and must be identical to the Aššur-bāni mentioned in the address of both letters) whether this debt has been paid. They anyhow sought arbitration (l. 25, “we went to the judges”) and as result of it(?) entrusted the silver to him (Kula?) for a whole year. But Šū-Suen asked the addressees to get ... | AKT_12.pdf | 78 | tablets | 2,378 |
akt_12_p079 | 15. **šu-ma** TÜG a-bar-ni-a[m]
kà-ab₁-tám na-[ar-ba-a]m
a-li-tab-ši-a [i-na]
li-wi-ti[m l]i-wi-[šú]
ü 2 TÜG ku-ta-ni
If (you bought) a heavy and s[oft]
Abarnian garment
for my personal dress, you must
wrap it in a wrapping textile.
20. **kà-ab₁-tù-tim lu i-[na]**
ku-a-ú-tim lu [i-na]
ša... | AKT_12.pdf | 79 | tablets | 2,316 |
akt_12_p080 | 35. Kt 86/k 211 (2-93-86)
A rather enigmatic letter by Ennam-Suen to Anum-ilī, Ašsur-mālik and especially to Ibni-Adad about a young man (if the reading ʃuḥāram in l. 6 is correct) he had entrusted to the writer and a garment that young man would get if he paid for it. Lines 19ff. deal with problems when the young man... | AKT_12.pdf | 80 | tablets | 1,796 |
akt_12_p081 | 16. How “his textiles” (plural) relate to the garment mentioned before is not clear to me. The verbal form áš-KI-SÜ-ma in l. 16 is a problem and the OA syllabic spelling offers many possibilities for its root consonants (š-g/k/q-s/s/š/ or z/d/t/t). Since šabbišu, “satisfy him”, makes no sense, I read šab(b)ēšu, “seven ... | AKT_12.pdf | 81 | tablets | 1,516 |
akt_12_p082 | a-na-kam ma-ma-an here nobody
lá-qá-a-am laí-mu-[a] wants to take them
x KU-tum x x x .....”
Seal A: unidentified, Old Assyrian supplication, perhaps seal of Aššur-mālik (AWL).
Notes
3. The traces of the damaged last sign are not a damaged GAL, which would yield Aššur-rabi.
38. Kt 86/k 213 (2-85-86)
Part of a lett... | AKT_12.pdf | 82 | tablets | 1,425 |
akt_12_p083 | 39. Kt 86/k 222 (1-104-86)
Small black tablet whose reverse is not inscribed and whose right side is damaged. The remains of a letter of Šū-Bēlum to a woman. No photo available.
a-na x-.[........] Say to .....
qi-bi-ma [um-ma] thus Šē-Bēlum
Šu-Be-lum-ma [x x]
ši-im GA-x[........] the price of .....
5 a-na E-na-ᵘ[....... | AKT_12.pdf | 83 | tablets | 1,898 |
akt_12_p084 | 40. K 86/k 161(2-43-86)
An unopened envelope containing a tablet with the testimony given by three Assyrians at the behest of kārum Kanesh. Without knowledge of the inner tablet the issue of the testimony remains unknown and we do not know whether those testifying were only witnesses or mediators.
seal A
1. KIŠIB A-... | AKT_12.pdf | 84 | tablets | 1,372 |
akt_12_p085 | Notes
7. Unusual formulation, one normally writes: “For these words the kārum made us available …”.
41. Kt 86/k 189 (2-71-86)
Tablet with the testimony of three traders who witnessed a confrontation between Ša-dahšu, representing Šū-Suen, and Nanāya on a debt of the latter’s father. The formulation of lines 16-20 is... | AKT_12.pdf | 85 | tablets | 1,805 |
akt_12_p086 | Notes
20. The expression šībē šakānum is very common in letters, when persons are “set” as witnesses against somebody, but it is unusual at the end of depositions, which normally state that a kārum or wabartum “made us available” (iddinniāti, etc.) to testify. The verb should have been complemented by ana šibuttim or ... | AKT_12.pdf | 86 | tablets | 2,274 |
akt_12_p087 | IGI GÍR ša A-šur the dagger of Aššur
20 ṭup-pám ši-bu-tí-ni we presented a tablet
ni-di-in with our testimony.
u.e. IGI A-šur-na-da IGI A-mur-A-šur In the presence of Aššur-nādā, of
IGI A-mur-dUTU Amur-Ašsur, of Amur-Šamaš.
Comment
This final version of the testimony differs considerably from the draft 41, without ... | AKT_12.pdf | 87 | tablets | 1,994 |
akt_12_p088 | 43. Kt 86/k 196 (2-78-86)
Šu-Sú-en ù A-mur-A-šùr
iš-bu-tù-ni-a-ti-ma
um-ma Šu-Sú-en-ma
a-na A-mur-A-šùr-ma
5 KÙ.B. ½ ma-na ša hu-bu-ul
a-bi-kà ša i-na hu-bu-ul
Ip-qí-ma ša 1½ ma-na 5 GÍN KÙ.B.
i-na tup-pí-im la-áp-tù (over AT)
dí-na-am um-ma A-mur-A-šùr-ma
10 tup-pá-am ša hu-bu-ul
a-bi-a : bi-la-ma: la-mu-ur-ma
mi-n... | AKT_12.pdf | 88 | tablets | 1,737 |
akt_12_p089 | 44. Kt 86/k 194 (2-76-86)
Duplicate of 43, with only a few spelling variants (šur // šur, la // la, bi // bi), in l. 5, 2/3 mana KÛ.B. and in l. 17 it writes a-bi-šu-nu.
Comment on 40-44
There are no photos of 42-44, but they are well-preserved tablets, without reading problems. The issue in these records (41=A, 42=... | AKT_12.pdf | 89 | tablets | 3,193 |
akt_12_p090 | Another problem in text A are the words ša nīš ālim, “of the oath by the City”, inserted in lines 17-18 after “these words” (i.e. those spoken during the confrontation). They must be an abbreviation the words of ša nīš ālim tammu’u ka ’ili / uznātini ilput, which Larsen in AKT 6, 191 translates as “Keep in mind what ha... | AKT_12.pdf | 90 | tablets | 3,712 |
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Akkadian OCR Corpus
OCR-extracted corpus from Old Assyrian cuneiform tablet publications and Akkadian linguistic resources, designed for LLM pretraining on ancient Mesopotamian languages.
Dataset Description
This dataset contains OCR-processed text from academic publications on Old Assyrian studies, including cuneiform tablet transliterations, translations, and the Chicago Assyrian Dictionary (CAD).
Splits
| Split | Description | Pages | Characters | OCR Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|
tablets |
Old Assyrian Kültepe tablet publications (AKT series) | 4,899 | 8.8M | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ GLM-OCR |
grammars |
Chicago Assyrian Dictionary (CAD) and linguistic resources | 12,374 | 53.9M | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ GLM-OCR |
publications |
Other Assyriology publications (from Kaggle competition) | 154,728 | 424M | ⭐⭐⭐ Legacy OCR |
Data Fields
| Field | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
id |
string | Unique identifier (e.g., akt_1_1990_p005) |
text |
string | OCR-extracted text content |
source |
string | Source PDF filename |
page |
int | Page number in the original document |
category |
string | tablets, grammars, or publications |
char_count |
int | Character count for filtering |
Usage
Load with HuggingFace Datasets
from datasets import load_dataset
# Load all splits
dataset = load_dataset("path/to/data")
# Load specific split
tablets = load_dataset("path/to/data", split="tablets")
grammars = load_dataset("path/to/data", split="grammars")
# Access data
for example in tablets:
print(example["text"])
Load with Pandas
import pandas as pd
tablets = pd.read_parquet("data/tablets.parquet")
grammars = pd.read_parquet("data/grammars.parquet")
# Combine if needed
combined = pd.concat([tablets, grammars], ignore_index=True)
Data Sources
Tablets (AKT Series)
- AKT 1-12: Ankara Kültepe Tabletleri (Ankaraner Kültepe-Tafeln)
- Old Assyrian trade documents, letters, and legal texts
- Languages: Akkadian (Old Assyrian dialect), with Turkish and German annotations
Grammars (CAD)
- Chicago Assyrian Dictionary: Comprehensive Akkadian dictionary
- Volumes A-Z with detailed word entries, citations, and translations
- Language: English with Akkadian citations
Processing Pipeline
- OCR: GLM-OCR with vLLM inference
- Page Splitting: Split by
## Page Xmarkers - Quality Filtering:
- Removed pages < 200 characters
- Removed blurry/unreadable pages
- Removed mostly numeric pages
- Removed table of contents pages
Intended Use
- LLM Pretraining: Continual pretraining on Akkadian/Old Assyrian language
- Translation Models: Training Akkadian-English translation systems
- Academic Research: Cuneiform studies and Assyriology
Limitations
- OCR may have errors, especially for cuneiform transliteration characters
- Some pages with complex tables or figures may have formatting issues
- Content is from copyrighted academic publications
Citation
If you use this dataset, please cite the original publications:
@book{akt_series,
title = {Ankara Kültepe Tabletleri},
publisher = {Türk Tarih Kurumu},
year = {1990-2015}
}
@book{cad,
title = {The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago},
author = {{Oriental Institute}},
publisher = {University of Chicago},
year = {1956-2010}
}
License
This dataset is derived from academic publications. Please respect the original copyright holders and use for research purposes only.
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