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Who created the grading system for the I Liq Chuan martial art?	Sam F.S. Chin (Chin Fan Siong, 曾帆祥, born August 1, 1954) is the Grandmaster and Gatekeeper of the martial art called I Liq Chuan, and also known as "the Martial Art of Awareness". Chin developed the grading system for this system.	Sam F. S. Chin developed the grading system for the I Liq Chuan martial art.	closed_qa	### Instruction: Who created the grading system for the I Liq Chuan martial art? ### Context: Sam F.S. Chin (Chin Fan Siong, 曾帆祥, born August 1, 1954) is the Grandmaster and Gatekeeper of the martial art called I Liq Chuan, and also known as "the Martial Art of Awareness". Chin developed the grading system for this sys...
When was IGFBP3 first characterized?	Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3, also known as IGFBP-3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGFBP3 gene. IGFBP-3 is one of six IGF binding proteins (IGFBP-1 to IGFBP-6) that have highly conserved structures and bind the insulin-like growth factors IGF-1 and IGF-2 with high affinity. IGFBP-7, some...	The Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 or IGFBP-3 was first isolated, characterized, and quantitated in human plasma, in 1986.	closed_qa	### Instruction: When was IGFBP3 first characterized? ### Context: Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3, also known as IGFBP-3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGFBP3 gene. IGFBP-3 is one of six IGF binding proteins (IGFBP-1 to IGFBP-6) that have highly conserved structures and bind the insulin-li...
In which movie or plot the character vedimuthu was established	London is a 2005 Indian Tamil-language comedy-drama film written by Badri and directed by Sundar C. Bhaskaran hides the money before getting arrested, and the place is known only to his lawyer Vedimuthu. Aishwarya pretends to be in love with Vedimuthu to find where the money is hidden.	Vedimuthu character was potrayed by Vadivelu and become famous for his comic potrayal of act of love with mistress Aishwarya (potrayed by mumtaz) and getting caught in the act to his wife Baby(potrayed by Nalini).	closed_qa	### Instruction: In which movie or plot the character vedimuthu was established ### Context: London is a 2005 Indian Tamil-language comedy-drama film written by Badri and directed by Sundar C. Bhaskaran hides the money before getting arrested, and the place is known only to his lawyer Vedimuthu. Aishwarya pretends to ...
Given the reference text about the marathon, who currently holds the men's record in the marathon?	World records were not officially recognized by the IAAF until 1 January 2004; previously, the best times for the marathon were referred to as the 'world best'. Courses must conform to IAAF standards for a record to be recognized. However, marathon routes still vary greatly in elevation, course, and surface, making exa...	The current men's world record in the marathon is held by Eliud Kipchoge, who ran the Berlin Marathon on September 25th 2022 with a time of 2 hours 1 minute and 09 seconds.	closed_qa	### Instruction: Given the reference text about the marathon, who currently holds the men's record in the marathon? ### Context: World records were not officially recognized by the IAAF until 1 January 2004; previously, the best times for the marathon were referred to as the 'world best'. Courses must conform to IAAF s...
Given a reference text about the Cuban Missile Crisis, when did the crisis occur and how long did it last?	The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October Crisis (of 1962) (Spanish: Crisis de Octubre) in Cuba, the Caribbean Crisis (Russian: Карибский кризис, tr. Karibsky krizis, IPA: [kɐˈrʲipskʲɪj ˈkrʲizʲɪs]) in Russia, or the Missile Scare, was a 35-day (October 16 – November 20, 1962) confrontation between the United ...	The Cuban Missile crises lasted 35 days, from October 16 to November 20, 1962.	closed_qa	### Instruction: Given a reference text about the Cuban Missile Crisis, when did the crisis occur and how long did it last? ### Context: The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October Crisis (of 1962) (Spanish: Crisis de Octubre) in Cuba, the Caribbean Crisis (Russian: Карибский кризис, tr. Karibsky krizis, IPA: [...
What is a PFD?	Process engineering involves the utilization of multiple tools and methods. Depending on the exact nature of the system, processes need to be simulated and modeled using mathematics and computer science. Processes where phase change and phase equilibria are relevant require analysis using the principles and laws of the...	PFD is an abbreviation for process flow diagram. Process flow diagrams specify material flow paths, storage equipment (such as tanks and silos), transformations (such as distillation columns, receiver/head tanks, mixing, separations, pumping, etc.), and flowrates. They also list all pipes and conveyors and their conte...	closed_qa	### Instruction: What is a PFD? ### Context: Process engineering involves the utilization of multiple tools and methods. Depending on the exact nature of the system, processes need to be simulated and modeled using mathematics and computer science. Processes where phase change and phase equilibria are relevant require ...
Do you know the species Etlingera diepenhorstii	Etlingera diepenhorstii is a monocotyledonous plant species that was first described by Johannes Elias Teijsmann and Simon Binnendijk, and given its current name by Rosemary Margaret Smith. Etlingera diepenhorstii is part of the genus Etlingera and the family Zingiberaceae. The species' range is in Sumatra. No subspec...	Yes, I do. The Etlingera diepenhorstii is a monocotyledonous plant species that was first described by Johannes Elias Teijsmann and Simon Binnendijk, and given its current name by Rosemary Margaret Smith. Etlingera diepenhorstii is part of the genus Etlingera and the family Zingiberaceae. The species' range is in Suma...	closed_qa	### Instruction: Do you know the species Etlingera diepenhorstii ### Context: Etlingera diepenhorstii is a monocotyledonous plant species that was first described by Johannes Elias Teijsmann and Simon Binnendijk, and given its current name by Rosemary Margaret Smith. Etlingera diepenhorstii is part of the genus Etlinge...
Tell me when did the Borussia Dortmund found?	Ballspielverein Borussia 09 e. V. Dortmund, commonly known as Borussia Dortmund (German pronunciation: [boˈʁʊsi̯aː ˈdɔɐ̯tmʊnt] (listen)), BVB (pronounced [beːfaʊ̯ˈbeː] (listen)), or simply Dortmund (pronounced [ˈdɔʁtmʊnt] (listen)), is a German professional sports club based in Dortmund, North Rhine-Westphalia. It is b...	Founded in 1909	closed_qa	### Instruction: Tell me when did the Borussia Dortmund found? ### Context: Ballspielverein Borussia 09 e. V. Dortmund, commonly known as Borussia Dortmund (German pronunciation: [boˈʁʊsi̯aː ˈdɔɐ̯tmʊnt] (listen)), BVB (pronounced [beːfaʊ̯ˈbeː] (listen)), or simply Dortmund (pronounced [ˈdɔʁtmʊnt] (listen)), is a German...
Given a reference text about Thomas William Dobbie, tell me his nationality.	Thomas William Dobbie (November 13, 1829 – April 1, 1908) was a Canadian civil engineer, provincial land surveyor and political figure. He represented Elgin East in the 1st Canadian Parliament as a Conservative member. He was born in Bayham Township, Upper Canada in 1829, the son of Andrew Dobbie, a Scottish immigrant...	Thomas William Dobbie was Canadian.	closed_qa	### Instruction: Given a reference text about Thomas William Dobbie, tell me his nationality. ### Context: Thomas William Dobbie (November 13, 1829 – April 1, 1908) was a Canadian civil engineer, provincial land surveyor and political figure. He represented Elgin East in the 1st Canadian Parliament as a Conservative me...
From the passage provided, extract the difference in caffeine between a light roast and a dark roast.	Sucrose is rapidly lost during the roasting process, and may disappear entirely in darker roasts. During roasting, aromatic oils and acids weaken, changing the flavor; at 205 °C (401 °F), other oils start to develop. One of these oils, caffeol, is created at about 200 °C (392 °F), which is largely responsible for coffe...	Light roasts and dark roasts differ in caffeine content by about 0.1%.	closed_qa	### Instruction: From the passage provided, extract the difference in caffeine between a light roast and a dark roast. ### Context: Sucrose is rapidly lost during the roasting process, and may disappear entirely in darker roasts. During roasting, aromatic oils and acids weaken, changing the flavor; at 205 °C (401 °F), ...
Where will the third Summer Olympic Games be held?	It will be the third Summer Games to be held in Australia after the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Victoria and the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, New South Wales. It will also be the fourth Summer Games to be held in the Southern Hemisphere, after the aforementioned games in Australia and the 2016 Summer Olympics...	The third Summer Games to be held in Australia will be hosted in Brisbane, Queensland.	closed_qa	### Instruction: Where will the third Summer Olympic Games be held? ### Context: It will be the third Summer Games to be held in Australia after the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Victoria and the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, New South Wales. It will also be the fourth Summer Games to be held in the Southern Hem...
Given a reference text about Reginaldo de França Lopes, tell me what sport and position he played and when he retired.	Reginaldo de França Lopes (born 31 October 1969), known as Reginaldo França, is a Brazilian professional football manager and former player. A defensive midfielder, França played his entire career for teams in the Ceará state, aside from a short period at Cascavel in 2004, and notably represented Ferroviário in the 20...	Reginaldo de França Lopes was a footballer who played defensive midfielder. He retired from playing football in 2006 and became a manager.	closed_qa	### Instruction: Given a reference text about Reginaldo de França Lopes, tell me what sport and position he played and when he retired. ### Context: Reginaldo de França Lopes (born 31 October 1969), known as Reginaldo França, is a Brazilian professional football manager and former player. A defensive midfielder, Franç...
Given this paragraph, who wrote and directed Heads I Win, Tails You Lose	Heads I Win, Tails You Lose (Italian: Testa o Croce, also known as Heads or Tails) is a 1982 Italian comedy film written and directed by Nanni Loy. The film consists in two back-to-back stories that deals with two "taboo" themes, the celibacy of the clergy in the episode of Renato Pozzetto and the homosexuality in the...	Based on this passage of text, Nanni Loy wrote and directed the movie Heads I Win, Tails You Lose.	closed_qa	### Instruction: Given this paragraph, who wrote and directed Heads I Win, Tails You Lose ### Context: Heads I Win, Tails You Lose (Italian: Testa o Croce, also known as Heads or Tails) is a 1982 Italian comedy film written and directed by Nanni Loy. The film consists in two back-to-back stories that deals with two "t...
Based on the provided text, how many awards did the book "The Killing Jar" win and what year were they awarded?	The Killing Jar (Chatto and Windus) is the debut novel of Nicola Monaghan, published in March 2006. It tells the story of Kerrie Ann Hill, a young girl growing up on a drug-ridden housing estate in Nottingham. Kerrie Ann meets an elderly neighbour when she's young, Mrs Ivanovich, an entomologist who teaches Kerrie abou...	The Killing Jar won 3 awards and they were awarded in 2006	closed_qa	### Instruction: Based on the provided text, how many awards did the book "The Killing Jar" win and what year were they awarded? ### Context: The Killing Jar (Chatto and Windus) is the debut novel of Nicola Monaghan, published in March 2006. It tells the story of Kerrie Ann Hill, a young girl growing up on a drug-ridde...
How many series did Dance Mums air?	Dance Mums with Jennifer Ellison is a British reality television series that made its debut on Lifetime on 20 October 2014. Created by Shiver Productions, it is set in Liverpool, England, at Jelli Studios and follows the early careers of children in dance and show business, as well as the participation of their mothers...	Two seasons, it was not commissioned for a third series.	closed_qa	### Instruction: How many series did Dance Mums air? ### Context: Dance Mums with Jennifer Ellison is a British reality television series that made its debut on Lifetime on 20 October 2014. Created by Shiver Productions, it is set in Liverpool, England, at Jelli Studios and follows the early careers of children in danc...
Why is free climbing called free climbing?	Most of the climbing done in modern times is considered free climbing—climbing using one's own physical strength, with equipment used solely as protection and not as support—as opposed to aid climbing, the gear-dependent form of climbing that was dominant in the sport's earlier days. Free climbing is typically divided ...	Free climbing is named so because it is performed solely using one's own physical strength, "free" from any support from equipment other than as protection. That is, gear is never used to help a climber actually climb, only to catch them in case they fall.	closed_qa	### Instruction: Why is free climbing called free climbing? ### Context: Most of the climbing done in modern times is considered free climbing—climbing using one's own physical strength, with equipment used solely as protection and not as support—as opposed to aid climbing, the gear-dependent form of climbing that was ...
When did Google purchase YouTube	In October 2006, YouTube was bought by Google for $1.65 billion. Google's ownership of YouTube expanded the site's business model, expanding from generating revenue from advertisements alone to offering paid content such as movies and exclusive content produced by YouTube. It also offers YouTube Premium, a paid subscri...	Google purchased YouTube in October 2006 for $1.65 billion	closed_qa	### Instruction: When did Google purchase YouTube ### Context: In October 2006, YouTube was bought by Google for $1.65 billion. Google's ownership of YouTube expanded the site's business model, expanding from generating revenue from advertisements alone to offering paid content such as movies and exclusive content prod...
Based on the following paragraph on the current use of obsidian, what's the difference between obsidian scalpels and steel scalpels?	Obsidian can be used to make extremely sharp knives, and obsidian blades are a type of glass knife made using naturally occurring obsidian instead of manufactured glass. Obsidian is used by some surgeons[who?][example needed] for scalpel blades, although this is not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)...	Obsidian scalpels have a cutting edge that is many times sharper than a steel scalpel. In addition, obsidian scalpels have a smooth blade surface whereas all metal knifes have a jagged, irregular blade surface.	closed_qa	### Instruction: Based on the following paragraph on the current use of obsidian, what's the difference between obsidian scalpels and steel scalpels? ### Context: Obsidian can be used to make extremely sharp knives, and obsidian blades are a type of glass knife made using naturally occurring obsidian instead of manufac...
Given a reference text about a president, tell me when he died.	William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841) was an American military officer and politician who served as the ninth president of the United States. Harrison died just 31 days after his inauguration in 1841, and had the shortest presidency in United States history. He was also the first United States presi...	April 4, 1841	closed_qa	### Instruction: Given a reference text about a president, tell me when he died. ### Context: William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841) was an American military officer and politician who served as the ninth president of the United States. Harrison died just 31 days after his inauguration in 1841, and h...
Given this paragraph about the Southwestern United States, name the largest cities in that area	The Southwestern United States, also known as the American Southwest or simply the Southwest, is a geographic and cultural region of the United States. Its exact boundaries are not officially defined, but attempts to do so generally include Arizona and New Mexico as the core of the region. Adjacent portions of Californ...	The largest cities in the Southwestern United States are Phoenix, Las Vegas, El Paso, Albuquerque, and Tucson.	closed_qa	### Instruction: Given this paragraph about the Southwestern United States, name the largest cities in that area ### Context: The Southwestern United States, also known as the American Southwest or simply the Southwest, is a geographic and cultural region of the United States. Its exact boundaries are not officially de...
Who is the youngest driver to win a Formula 1 race?	Max Verstappen is the youngest winner of a Grand Prix; he was 18 years and 228 days old when he won the 2016 Spanish Grand Prix	Max Verstappen is the youngest driver to win a F1 race with 18 years and 228 days old at the 2016 Spanish Grand Prix, during his first race at Red Bull Racing Team	closed_qa	### Instruction: Who is the youngest driver to win a Formula 1 race? ### Context: Max Verstappen is the youngest winner of a Grand Prix; he was 18 years and 228 days old when he won the 2016 Spanish Grand Prix ### Answer: Max Verstappen is the youngest driver to win a F1 race with 18 years and 228 days old at the 2016 ...
Given this paragraph, what is the size in acres of Walt Disney World?	The Walt Disney World Resort, also called Walt Disney World or Disney World, is an entertainment resort complex in Bay Lake and Lake Buena Vista, Florida, United States, near the cities of Orlando and Kissimmee. Opened on October 1, 1971, the resort is operated by Disney Parks, Experiences and Products, a division of T...	According to this text, Walt Disney World is 12,500 acres and sits on 25,000 acres of property owned by the company.	closed_qa	### Instruction: Given this paragraph, what is the size in acres of Walt Disney World? ### Context: The Walt Disney World Resort, also called Walt Disney World or Disney World, is an entertainment resort complex in Bay Lake and Lake Buena Vista, Florida, United States, near the cities of Orlando and Kissimmee. Opened o...
Can you name a few of Leonardo's famous works	Leonardo is identified as one of the greatest painters in the history of art and is often credited as the founder of the High Renaissance. Despite having many lost works and fewer than 25 attributed major works—including numerous unfinished works—he created some of the most influential paintings in Western art. His mag...	Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, Vitruvian Man, Salvator Mundi	closed_qa	### Instruction: Can you name a few of Leonardo's famous works ### Context: Leonardo is identified as one of the greatest painters in the history of art and is often credited as the founder of the High Renaissance. Despite having many lost works and fewer than 25 attributed major works—including numerous unfinished wor...
per this reference of Itsunen Shoyu, who did he convince to bring Zen Buddhism to Japan?	In 1642 he travelled to Nagasaki as a trader in Chinese medicine, and in 1644 entered Kofukuji Temple, becoming its 3rd abbot in 1645. Established by monks immigrated from China, the temple was then a base of the Ōbaku school of Zen Buddhism in Japan. In 1654 after multiple requests he succeeded in persuading Yinyuan L...	Yinyuan Longqi (Ingen Ryuki) the 33rd abbot of Wanfu Temple	closed_qa	### Instruction: per this reference of Itsunen Shoyu, who did he convince to bring Zen Buddhism to Japan? ### Context: In 1642 he travelled to Nagasaki as a trader in Chinese medicine, and in 1644 entered Kofukuji Temple, becoming its 3rd abbot in 1645. Established by monks immigrated from China, the temple was then a ...
per this reference text about Delaware Route 16, how many times does the road change between being a divided highway and undivided?	In Saint Johnstown, the road becomes a divided highway and DE 36 splits from DE 16 by heading to the northeast on Shawnee Road. DE 16 soon becomes undivided again and continues east through agricultural areas and woods with some residences, crossing Toms Dam Branch and running through the community of Owens. Farther ea...	DE Route 16 changes 3 times between divided and undivided highways per the information provided.	closed_qa	### Instruction: per this reference text about Delaware Route 16, how many times does the road change between being a divided highway and undivided? ### Context: In Saint Johnstown, the road becomes a divided highway and DE 36 splits from DE 16 by heading to the northeast on Shawnee Road. DE 16 soon becomes undivided a...
Where is Ivan Trotski from?	Ivan Trotski is a Belarusian race walker.	Belarus	closed_qa	### Instruction: Where is Ivan Trotski from? ### Context: Ivan Trotski is a Belarusian race walker. ### Answer: Belarus</s>
Based on this article, how did the existence of trains impact the development of Roche Percee?	In 1872 the Boundary Commission travelled through this area while surveying the border between Canada and the United States. During the 1874 March West trek of the North-West Mounted Police, the force established its first camp (called Short Creek Camp) at this location. The community began being served by the Soo Line...	The area that became Roche Percee was impacted by trains when the Soo Line connected the village to a train line. This train line allowed for coal mining in the region to develop by providing access for transporting coal. After the development of these coal mines, the area was eventually able to grow enough to become i...	closed_qa	### Instruction: Based on this article, how did the existence of trains impact the development of Roche Percee? ### Context: In 1872 the Boundary Commission travelled through this area while surveying the border between Canada and the United States. During the 1874 March West trek of the North-West Mounted Police, the ...
Who is Roger Federer?	Roger Federer (born 8 August 1981) is a Swiss former professional tennis player. He was ranked world No. 1 by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for 310 weeks, including a record 237 consecutive weeks, and finished as the year-end No. 1 five times. He won 103 singles titles on the ATP Tour, the second most o...	Roger Federer is a Swiss former professional tennis player. He has won 20 major's singles title, totally 103 singles titles on the ATP tour. He was ranked world No.1 for 310 weeks, and was considered as the great of all time by many people.	closed_qa	### Instruction: Who is Roger Federer? ### Context: Roger Federer (born 8 August 1981) is a Swiss former professional tennis player. He was ranked world No. 1 by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for 310 weeks, including a record 237 consecutive weeks, and finished as the year-end No. 1 five times. He won 1...
What is Marketing Automation?	Marketing Automation is a subset of customer relationship management (CRM) or customer experience management (CXM) that focuses on the definition, segmentation, scheduling and tracking of marketing campaigns. The use of marketing automation makes processes that would otherwise have been performed manually much more eff...	Marketing Automation is software that helps marketers to do create efficient online and offline campaigns. It's part of CRM suite and people usually integrate it with their salesforce application and marketing website. The Marketing Automation platform allows marketers to automate and simplify customer communication by...	closed_qa	### Instruction: What is Marketing Automation? ### Context: Marketing Automation is a subset of customer relationship management (CRM) or customer experience management (CXM) that focuses on the definition, segmentation, scheduling and tracking of marketing campaigns. The use of marketing automation makes processes tha...
What are all the books in the Lord of the Rings trilogy?	Although often called a trilogy, the work was intended by Tolkien to be one volume of a two-volume set along with The Silmarillion.[T 3] For economic reasons, The Lord of the Rings was published over the course of a year from 29 July 1954 to 20 October 1955 in three volumes titled The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two To...	The Lord of the Rings trilogy is comprised of: The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers and The Return of the King.	closed_qa	### Instruction: What are all the books in the Lord of the Rings trilogy? ### Context: Although often called a trilogy, the work was intended by Tolkien to be one volume of a two-volume set along with The Silmarillion.[T 3] For economic reasons, The Lord of the Rings was published over the course of a year from 29 July...
How large is the Gull Harbour and where exactly is it located	Gull Harbour (former names States Harbour, Great Harbour) is the 1.3 km wide bay indenting for 2.8 km the east coast of Weddell Island in the Falkland Islands. It is entered north of Gull Point and south of Mark Point, and is centred at 51°53′56″S 60°53′20″WCoordinates: 51°53′56″S 60°53′20″W. The principal settlement o...	Gull Harbour, that has been formerly named as States Harbour or Great Harbour is the 1.3 km wide bay indenting for 2.8 km the east coast of Weddell Island in the Falkland Islands. It is entered north of Gull Point and south of Mark Point, and is centred at 51°53′56″S 60°53′20″W. The principal settlement of the island,...	closed_qa	### Instruction: How large is the Gull Harbour and where exactly is it located ### Context: Gull Harbour (former names States Harbour, Great Harbour) is the 1.3 km wide bay indenting for 2.8 km the east coast of Weddell Island in the Falkland Islands. It is entered north of Gull Point and south of Mark Point, and is ce...
In what year did Apple debut the 'Mac Operating System'?	In 1984, Apple debuted the operating system that is now known as the ""Classic"" Mac OS with its release of the original Macintosh System Software. The system, rebranded ""Mac OS"" in 1997, was pre-installed on every Macintosh until 2002 and offered on Macintosh clones for a short time in the 1990s. Noted for its ease ...	In 1984, Apple debuted the operating system that is now known as the "Classic" Mac OS	closed_qa	### Instruction: In what year did Apple debut the 'Mac Operating System'? ### Context: In 1984, Apple debuted the operating system that is now known as the ""Classic"" Mac OS with its release of the original Macintosh System Software. The system, rebranded ""Mac OS"" in 1997, was pre-installed on every Macintosh until ...
What shape are Philodendron leaves?	The leaves are usually large and imposing, often lobed or deeply cut, and may be more or less pinnate. They can also be oval, spear-shaped, or in many other possible shape variations. The leaves are borne alternately on the stem. A quality of philodendrons is that they do not have a single type of leaf on the same plan...	They are spear-shaped	closed_qa	### Instruction: What shape are Philodendron leaves? ### Context: The leaves are usually large and imposing, often lobed or deeply cut, and may be more or less pinnate. They can also be oval, spear-shaped, or in many other possible shape variations. The leaves are borne alternately on the stem. A quality of philodendro...
Where is the Stade Louis-ll located?	The Stade Louis-II, also known as Louis II (French pronunciation: [stad(ə) lwi dø]) is a stadium located in the Fontvieille district of Monaco. It serves primarily as a venue for football, being the home of AS Monaco and the Monaco national football team. The stadium is most notable for its distinctive nine arches at ...	The Stade Louis-ll is located in the Fontvielle district of Monaco.	closed_qa	### Instruction: Where is the Stade Louis-ll located? ### Context: The Stade Louis-II, also known as Louis II (French pronunciation: [stad(ə) lwi dø]) is a stadium located in the Fontvieille district of Monaco. It serves primarily as a venue for football, being the home of AS Monaco and the Monaco national football te...
Given this paragraph about Mark Arminski, why was he famous and what did he study last while still at school?	Mark Arminski is an American rock concert poster artist born in 1950 in Detroit, Michigan. He began studying art at the Oakland Community College and pursued printmaking in stone lithography at the Kalamazoo Institute of Arts. Rounding out his formal education was his stay at the Dynamic Graphics Education Foundation i...	Mark Arminski is an American rock concert poster artist. He finished his formal education studying computer generated art.	closed_qa	### Instruction: Given this paragraph about Mark Arminski, why was he famous and what did he study last while still at school? ### Context: Mark Arminski is an American rock concert poster artist born in 1950 in Detroit, Michigan. He began studying art at the Oakland Community College and pursued printmaking in stone l...
Who is the oldest driver to win a Formula 1 race?	Luigi Fagioli is the oldest winner of a Formula One Grand Prix; he was 53 years and 22 days old when he won the 1951 French Grand Prix	The oldest driver to win a Formula 1 race is the Italian named Luigi Fagioli while 53 years and 22 days old, with his only win at the 1951 France Grand Prix.	closed_qa	### Instruction: Who is the oldest driver to win a Formula 1 race? ### Context: Luigi Fagioli is the oldest winner of a Formula One Grand Prix; he was 53 years and 22 days old when he won the 1951 French Grand Prix ### Answer: The oldest driver to win a Formula 1 race is the Italian named Luigi Fagioli while 53 years a...
Who is Sean Connery?	Sir Sean Connery (born Thomas Connery; 25 August 1930 – 31 October 2020) was a Scottish actor. He was the first actor to portray fictional British secret agent James Bond on film, starring in seven Bond films between 1962 and 1983. Originating the role in Dr. No, Connery played Bond in six of Eon Productions' entries a...	Scottish Actor	closed_qa	### Instruction: Who is Sean Connery? ### Context: Sir Sean Connery (born Thomas Connery; 25 August 1930 – 31 October 2020) was a Scottish actor. He was the first actor to portray fictional British secret agent James Bond on film, starring in seven Bond films between 1962 and 1983. Originating the role in Dr. No, Conne...
According to this paragraph, what was the most common type of castle in England following the Norman Conquest?	There are nine castles in Greater Manchester, a metropolitan county in North West England. They consist of four motte-and-bailey castles, three fortified manor houses, an enclosure castle, and a possible shell keep. A motte-and-bailey castle is characterised by two elements: the motte is an artificial mound with a wood...	According to this text, the Motte-and-bailey castles were the most common following the Norman Conquest.	closed_qa	### Instruction: According to this paragraph, what was the most common type of castle in England following the Norman Conquest? ### Context: There are nine castles in Greater Manchester, a metropolitan county in North West England. They consist of four motte-and-bailey castles, three fortified manor houses, an enclosur...
Which year was quantum computer demonstrated to be possible?	Over the years, experimentalists have constructed small-scale quantum computers using trapped ions and superconductors. In 1998, a two-qubit quantum computer demonstrated the feasibility of the technology, and subsequent experiments have increased the number of qubits and reduced error rates. In 2019, Google AI and NAS...	1998	closed_qa	### Instruction: Which year was quantum computer demonstrated to be possible? ### Context: Over the years, experimentalists have constructed small-scale quantum computers using trapped ions and superconductors. In 1998, a two-qubit quantum computer demonstrated the feasibility of the technology, and subsequent experime...
Was Richard Nixon born in California?	Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9, 1913, in what was then the township precinct of Yorba Linda, California, in a house built by his father, located on his family's lemon ranch	Richard Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, CA which is located in Orange County.	closed_qa	### Instruction: Was Richard Nixon born in California? ### Context: Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9, 1913, in what was then the township precinct of Yorba Linda, California, in a house built by his father, located on his family's lemon ranch ### Answer: Richard Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, CA which is loc...