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1 | The Manhattan Project and its atomic bomb helped bring an end to World War II. Its legacy of peaceful uses of atomic energy continues to have an impact on history and science. | |
3 | The Manhattan Project was the name for a project conducted during World War II, to develop the first atomic bomb. It refers specifically to the period of the project from 194 ⦠2-1946 under the control of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, under the administration of General Leslie R. Groves. | |
4 | versions of each volume as well as complementary websites. The first websiteâThe Manhattan Project: An Interactive Historyâis available on the Office of History and Heritage Resources website, http://www.cfo. doe.gov/me70/history. The Office of History and Heritage Resources and the National Nuclear Security | |
5 | The Manhattan Project. This once classified photograph features the first atomic bomb â a weapon that atomic scientists had nicknamed Gadget.. The nuclear age began on July 16, 1945, when it was detonated in the New Mexico desert. | |
8 | In June 1942, the United States Army Corps of Engineersbegan the Manhattan Project- The secret name for the 2 atomic bombs. | |
9 | One of the main reasons Hanford was selected as a site for the Manhattan Project's B Reactor was its proximity to the Columbia River, the largest river flowing into the Pacific Ocean from the North American coast. | |
10 | group discussions, community boards or panels with a third party, or victim and offender dialogues, and requires a skilled facilitator who also has sufficient understanding of sexual assault, domestic violence, and dating violence, as well as trauma and safety issues. | |
11 | punishment designed to repair the damage done to the victim and community by an offender's criminal act. Ex: community service, Big Brother program indeterminate sentence | |
14 | The purpose of this paper is to point out a number of unresolved issues in the criminal justice system, present the underlying principles of restorative justice, and then to review the growing amount of empirical data on victim-offender mediation. | |
15 | Each of these types of communitiesâthe geographic community of the victim, offender, or crime; the community of care; and civil societyâmay be injured by crime in different ways and degrees, but all will be affected in common ways as well: The sense of safety and confidence of their members is threatened, order wit... | |
20 | Phloem is a conductive (or vascular) tissue found in plants. Phloem carries the products of photosynthesis (sucrose and glucose) from the leaves to other parts of the plant. ⦠The corresponding system that circulates water and minerals from the roots is called the xylem. | |
23 | Phloem is a conductive (or vascular) tissue found in plants. Phloem carries the products of photosynthesis (sucrose and glucose) from the leaves to other parts of the plant. | |
27 | Phloem carries the products of photosynthesis (sucrose and glucose) from the leaves to other parts of the plant. ⦠The corresponding system that circulates water and minerals from the roots is called the xylem. | |
32 | The Rise of Industrial America, 1877-1900. When in 1873 Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner entitled their co-authored novel The Gilded Age, they gave the late nineteenth century its popular name. The term reflected the combination of outward wealth and dazzle with inner corruption and poverty. | |
34 | The rise of industrial America, the dominance of wage labor, and the growth of cities represented perhaps the greatest changes of the period. Few Americans at the end of the Civil War had anticipated the rapid rise of American industry. | |
37 | The railroads powered the industrial economy. They consumed the majority of iron and steel produced in the United States before 1890. As late as 1882, steel rails accounted for 90 percent of the steel production in the United States. They were the nationâs largest consumer of lumber and a major consumer of coal. | |
40 | Medical Tours Costa Rica: Medical Tourism Made Easy! âNo Other Firm Has Helped More Patients. Receive Care Over the Last 15 Yearsâ | |
41 | Medical Tours Costa Rica difference: At MTCR, our aim is to become your âone-stop shopâ for health care services, so we have put together packages with you, the medical tourist, in mind, offering a wide variety of specialties. | |
44 | Medical Tours costa Rica office remains within the hospital and the Cook brothers 15 year relationship running the hospitalâs insurance office and seven years running the international patient department serves you the client very well. | |
45 | About us. Medical Tours Costa Rica has helped thousands of patients and are the innovators in medical travel to Costa Rica. Brad and Bill Cook are visionaries that saw the writing on the wall while running the International insurance office for Costa Ricaâs busiest and most respected hospital The Clinica Biblica. | |
48 | Over the last decade, Costa Rica has evolved from being a mere eco-tourism destination and emerged as a country of choice for foreigners, particularly from United States and Canada. These seek quality healthcare services and surgeries at a much lower price than their home countries. | |
52 | But the basic details of your urine -- color, smell, and how often you go -- can give you a hint about whatâs going on inside your body. Pee is your bodyâs liquid waste, mainly made of water, salt, and chemicals called urea and uric acid. Your kidneys make it when they filter toxins and other bad stuff from your bl... | |
66 | Autoimmune Hepatitis. A liver disease in which the body's immune system damages liver cells for unknown reasons. PubMed Health Glossary. (Source: NIH-National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases).ombination therapy of ursodeoxycholic acid and corticosteroids for primary biliary cirrhosis with featur... | |
72 | The state of the barley harvest could PERHAPS cause the start of a year to be postponed to THE FOLLOWING NEW MOON (thereby giving the previous year a 13th month), but the state of the barley harvest could NEVER DETERMINE THAT AN EARLIER NEW MOON SHOULD BE USED TO START THE YEAR! | |
75 | âWheat ripens later than barley and, according to the Gezer Manual, was harvested during the sixth agricultural season, yrh qsr wkl (end of April to end of May)â (page 88; also see the chart on page 37 of Borowskiâs book, reproduced below). | |
81 | What organs are on your left side of body. Causes of Pain under Left Rib Cage. Here are just some of the possible reasons why you may be feeling pain under your left rib cage: Gas Stuck in the Colon â There is a chance that you have gas stuck in your colon. The amount of gas that is stuck may be excessive. | |
86 | Usually, you can feel the pain reverberating from the upper portion of the left side of your abdomen towards the left side of your ribcage. Irritation on the Spleen â There is a chance that your spleen has already ruptured because of various reasons and this can cause some pains on the left rib cage. | |
89 | 1 COMMERCIAL CONCRETE. Since 1981, Wheeler Services, Inc has handled commercial concrete projects such as Medical offices, Auto plants, Commercial buildings, Retail buildings, Colleges, Manufacturing Plants, Restaurants, Churches, Our areas of service include Georgia, Alabama, North Carolina and South Carolina. | |
90 | Lendmark Financial Services, LLC Steve was named Chief Credit Officer of Lendmark Financial Services, LLC in January 2016. In his current role, Steve oversees the credit philosophy and manages both the short and long-term credit strategy for Lendmark. | |
91 | Wheeler Services, Inc. is a commercial contractor specialized in building concrete structures such as foundations, slabs on grade,elevated decks, retaining walls, heavy duty paving, hardscaping,staircases, and storm water management structures. Additionally, its commercial and residential landscaping division has been ... | |
92 | Dr. Wheeler graduated from the Latvian Med Academy, Riga, Latvia (fn: 594 01) in 1977. She works in Crisfield, MD and 1 other location and specializes in Emergency Medicine. Dr. Wheeler is affiliated with Atlantic General Hospital, McCready Foundation and Peninsula Regional Medical Center. Experience Years Experience: ... | |
93 | With over 20 years of experience in the financial services industry, Steve has extensive expertise in consumer finance risk management and compliance, operational risk management, and securitization and funding strategy. | |
94 | Steve Wheeler was recently named Chief Credit Officer for Lendmark Financial Services, LLC. Click to learn more about Steve Wheeler. | |
95 | Dr. Wheeler's Education & Training. Medical School Latvian Med Academy, Riga, Latvia (fn: 594 01); Graduated 1977 | |
96 | He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in American Legal and Constitutional History from the University of Minnesota where he was a member of Phi Beta Kappa. Steve is also a proud veteran who served in the U.S. Army and U.S. Army Reserves. ©2017 Lendmark Financial Services, LLC. Steve was named Chief Credit Officer of Len... | |
97 | Dr. Wheeler's Accepted Insurance. Please verify insurance information directly with your doctor's office as it may change frequently. Not Available; Dr. Wheeler's Office Information & Appointments | |
98 | Wheeler Services is licensed in the Georgia, Alabama, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee. Wheeler Services, Inc. is a commercial contractor specialized in building concrete structures such as foundations, slabs on grade, elevated decks, retaining walls, heavy duty paving, hardscaping, staircases, and storm w... | |
99 | (1841 - 1904) Contrary to legend, AntonÃn DvoÅák (September 8, 1841 - May 1, 1904) was not born in poverty. His father was an innkeeper and butcher, as well as an amateur musician. The father not only put no obstacles in the way of his son's pursuit of a musical career, he and his wife positively encouraged the boy. | |
100 | AntonÃn Dvorák (1841â1904) Antonin Dvorak was a son of butcher, but he did not follow his father's trade. While assisting his father part-time, he studied music, and graduated from the Prague Organ School in 1859. | |
101 | AntonÃn DvoÅák, in full AntonÃn Leopold DvoÅák (born September 8, 1841, Nelahozeves, Bohemia, Austrian Empire [now in Czech Republic]âdied May 1, 1904, Prague), first Bohemian composer to achieve worldwide recognition, noted for turning folk material into the language of 19th-century Romantic music. | |
102 | AntonÃn DvoÅák Biography (BBC) The Bohemia into which Dvorák was born on 8 September 1841, in a village near Prague, was one facing rapid change. Like many from a poor rural environment Dvorák followed a natural drift towards Prague. Dvorákâs musicality was evident early on and his family supported him all thro... | |
103 | Jump to: Overview (4) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (1) | Trivia (5) Antonin Dvorak was a son of butcher, but he did not follow his father's trade. While assisting his father part-time, he studied music, and graduated from the Prague Organ School in 1859. | |
105 | Dvorak Quick Facts: 1 Johannes Brahms once wrote a letter praising and exalting Dvorakâs music; they later became great friends. 2 After moving to America in 1892, Dvorak spent his summer vacation in the small town of Spillville, Iowa in 1893, because of itâs mainly Czech population. | |
107 | Soundtrack | Composer | Music Department. Antonin Dvorak was a son of butcher, but he did not follow his father's trade. While assisting his father part-time, he studied music, and graduated from the Prague Organ School in 1859. | |
108 | Mini Bio (1) Antonin Dvorak was a son of butcher, but he did not follow his father's trade. While assisting his father part-time, he studied music, and graduated from the Prague Organ School in 1859. He also was an accomplished violinist and violist, and joined the Bohemian Theatre Orchestra, which was under the baton ... | |
109 | No Social Security COLA for senior citizens in 2016 seems certain as do Medicare hikes. Means problems for Medicare: Part B premiums cannot increase for most , so minority has to bear burden of rising costs - Oct. 8, 2015. | |
110 | Typical expenses continue to outpace annual benefit hikes. Social Security benefits are likely to increase by 1.7% in 2015, slightly more than this year's 1.5% increase but still well below average increases over the past few decades, according to an unofficial projection by the Senior Citizens League. | |
111 | Obviously, the fact that Social Security benefits didn't rise from a cost of living adjustment in 2016 was bad news for retirees who rely on their monthly checks for a big part of their overall income. | |
112 | Oct. 15, 2015 â Here is what the Social Security Administration has to say about the cost-of-living adjustment (COLA) next year for senior citizens and others in the program: âWith consumer prices down over the past year, monthly Social Security and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits for nearly 65 million ... | |
115 | Oct 1, 2014 @ 1:02 pm. + Zoom. Social Security benefits are likely to increase by 1.7% in 2015, slightly more than this year's 1.5% increase but still well below average increases over the past few decades, according to an unofficial projection by the Senior Citizens League. | |
116 | The small increase in Social Security next year â which equals an extra $2 for someone getting a $1,000 monthly check â would come after retirees got no increase in Social Security benefits in 2016 for the third time in four decades.The final COLA figure is typically not determined until the fall. | |
118 | Don't Expect a Big Social Security Increase in 2017, Either. Recipients got no benefit increase in 2016, and next year will be challenging as well. Oct 25, 2015 at 8:00AM. | |
119 | If youâre looking for a condo for sale in this Montreal area, youâll have your hands full with the culture, the food, and the laidback attitude of Villeray. Condos for Sale in NDG. Notre-Dame-de-Grâce, or NDG as the locals call it, is one of the more English-speaking neighbourhoods of Montreal. | |
120 | DuProprio offers you the best exposure and the support of an entire team so you can sell your property and save thousands! *In British Columbia, Saskatchewan and Quebec, the services are provided to private sellers through a for-sale-by-owner model. In Alberta, Ontario and Manitoba, the services to homeowners are provi... | |
121 | Condo Old Montreal - Compare all new condominiums for sale in Old Montreal, Island of Montreal. Vieux-Montral, Montral, QC, Canada. | |
122 | Vida LaSalle is a project of 100 townhouses and 200 condos in LaSalle. The first phase of condos has 42 studio, one and two bedroom (... ) The Adamus project proposes its first phase of 24 new condos for sale in Beaconsfield. The units, spread across a 4-storey (... | |
123 | With a number of condo developments springing up in the city, it can be difficult to narrow down your choices for the perfect Montreal condo for sale. Our skilled agents organize your steps towards meeting your goals with our condo projects located in popular and trendy neighbourhoods. | |
124 | In the heart of Old Montreal, intimate project of 42 contemporary condos with a customized design for each unit, inspired by the (... ) In Ville-Marie, the Montcalm project by Samcon consists of 109 condominiums ranging from 490 to 1,025 sq.ft, each granted (... | |
125 | District Griffin is one of the first of the super condo buidings to be finished in the Griffintown area. Aptly named for is location at the bottom of Peel street, District Griffin has some 350 condo units, many of which are now for sale and for rent. The growning amenities in the area make it an interesting investment. | |
126 | If youâre looking for a condo for sale in this Montreal area, youâll have your hands full with the culture, the food, and the laidback attitude of Villeray. Notre-Dame-de-Grâce, or NDG as the locals call it, is one of the more English-speaking neighbourhoods of Montreal. | |
127 | Real Estate, Condos, Lofts, Homes, Apartments, for sale, for rent, to buy, Selling, Buying Renting, New Construction, New Build, Resale, New Condos, Resale Condos in Downtown Montreal, RE/MAX Action, Downtown Realty Team, Alex Kay, Charles La Haye, Michael Martin, #downtownrealtyteam, #downtown4sale, Real Estate Broker... | |
128 | Le Bossuet is an 8 condo construction project for sale in Hochelagua-Maisonneuve neighbourhood (HoMa). Each unit is granted (... ) The 3430 Masson is a condo construction project for sale in Rosemont neighborhood, in Montreal. This three storey building (... ) Constructions Diego presents Rosemont Condominiums, a condo... | |
130 | Pupillary reflex. In medicine, there are two pupillary reflexes 1 -. The pupillary light reflex is the reduction of pupil size in response to light. 2 The pupillary accommodation reflex is the reduction of pupil size in response to an object coming close to the eye. | |
131 | 1 The pupillary light reflex is the reduction of pupil size in response to light. 2 The pupillary accommodation reflex is the reduction of pupil size in response to an object coming close to the eye. | |
132 | normal pupillary reflex response. Pupils equal and responsive , is a common phrase used in various emergency or hospital television series. The pupil should respond by getting smaller caused by the contraction of the constrictor muscles in the iris. | |
134 | abnormal pupillary reflex means. If this doesn't happen, it could mean that either the retina or optic nerve is damaged, or the visceromotor output pathway from the oculomotor nerve is not working. This type of response indicates ipsilateral issues. | |
137 | 1 Swing a light back and forth in front of the two pupils and compare the reaction to stimulation in both eyes. 2 When light reaches a pupil there should be a normal direct and consensual response. | |
138 | 1 When performing a pupillary exam, it sometimes helps to illuminate pupils indirectly from the side, so you can actually see what is happening. 2 Observe the pupil size and shape at rest, looking for anisocoria (one pupil larger than the other). 3 Observe the direct response (constriction of the illuminated pupil). | |
139 | There is no Census data for the city of KESWICK, VA. We have pulled information for the ZIP Code 22947 instead. | |
140 | Charlottesville, VA: CBSA Type: Metro: CBSA Division: CBSA Division Name: CBSA Population: 201,559: CBSA Division Population: 0: MSA: 1540: MSA Name: Charlottesville, VA MSA: PMSA: PMSA Name: City State Key: X26934: Preferred Last Line Key: X26934 | |
141 | If the ratio of the TDP to Total Population is greater than 1, the location gains population during the day when commuting workers are present. If the ratio is less than 1, the location is more of a bedroom community where people commute to another place for work. Population Density = Total Population per square mile. | |
142 | Zip Code 22947 - Keswick VA Virginia, USA - Albemarle County Home | Products | Learn About ZIP Codes | Find a Post Office | Search | Contact | FAQs keswick, va 22947 | |
143 | * Demographic data is based on information taken from the 2000 Census. City of Keswick, VA covers 2 Area Codes. City of Keswick, VA covers 1 Zip Code. 11 Cities within 15 Miles of the City of Keswick, VA. | |
144 | The per capita income in Keswick in 2010 was $52,086, which is wealthy relative to Virginia and the nation. This equates to an annual income of $208,344 for a family of four. However, Keswick contains both very wealthy and poor people as well. | |
145 | Keswick, VA » Community Life » Keswick VA Census Records - Community Information for Keswick Keswick, Virginia Census Data & Community Profile Welcome to the heart of Keswick city data where you can quickly find the key Keswick detailed data and census information you need. Whether you want to know about Keswick's hi... | |
146 | Keswick: State: VA [Virginia] Counties: ALBEMARLE, VA FLUVANNA, VA LOUISA, VA: Multi County: Yes: City Alias(es): Keswick Shadwell Cobham Boyd Tavern Campbell Cismont: Area Code: 434: City Type: P [Post Office] Classification: [Non-Unique] Time Zone: Eastern (GMT -05:00) Observes Day Light Savings: Yes: Latitude: 38.05... | |
147 | In a small town with a Keswick VA population of less than ten thousand, it is hard to keep anything quiet from the public. For some reason, every little thing that happens in the public is usually passed around through the rumor mill. In towns with a Keswick Virginia population of less than ten thousand people, the pac... | |
148 | Keswick Iowa Population 2017 2018, Keswick Iowa Population 2018, Keswick Iowa Population 2017, Keswick Iowa Demographics 2017 2018, Keswick Iowa Statistics 2017 2018 Suburban Stats Current Keswick, Iowa Population, Demographics and stats in 2017, 2018. | |
149 | Oral Phase. The first phase of swallowing is the oral phase which involves the tongue, mandible, lips, cheeks and palate all working together to ensure the food is adequately prepared for the future stages. In this phase, food is mixed with saliva and chewed with the aid of the muscles of mastication. | |
151 | Stages of the Swallow. (Logemann, 1983, 1989,1997; Cherney, 1994) The oral preparatory phase. This part of the swallow is voluntary. It is a mechanical phase that can be by-passed by dropping liquid or food into the back of the throat. In this stage, the food is chewed into smaller pieces and tasted. | |
152 | -purpose: to move food from the front of the oral cavity to the anterior faucial arches, where the reflexive swallow is initiated. -Less than one second in duration. -Bolus passes posteriorly in the oral cavity to the faucial pillars. -CNs V, VII, IX, X, XI and XII. | |
154 | Dysphagia, or difficulty in swallowing, is not a disease in itself but a condition that can be brought on by many different causes because swallowing is a delicate process, easily disturbed. Some causes are minor and quickly treatable; others are serious, even life-threatening. | |
155 | The coupling of the findings of diminished tongue sensory and motor function with increasing age might contribute to the increased prevalence of dysphagia, aspiration and pneumonia seen in the elderly (12, 13). In healthy individuals, the oral phase of swallowing is generally completed in approximately 1 second (14). | |
157 | (5) neuromuscular components of swallowing. 1)Lip closure to hold the bolus in the mouth anteriorly (keeps food from spilling) 2)Tension in the labial and buccal musculature to close the anterior and lateral sulci. 3)Rotary jaw (circular) motion for mastication/grinding. | |
159 | Sorrento, LA Profile: Facts, Map & Data. Sorrento, Louisiana - Basic Facts. The Town of Sorrento had a population of 1,589 as of July 1, 2016. The primary coordinate point for Sorrento is located at latitude 30.1836 and longitude -90.8666 in Ascension Parish. The formal boundaries for the Town of Sorrento (see map belo... | |
160 | Edenborn, in 1909, named the town Sorrento after Sorrento, Italy where it is claimed he took his young bride for their honeymoon. The first postmaster of the town of Sorrento was Willie Everrett, followed by Joe Gravois in 1915 and Sidney Chauvin in 1925. | |
161 | The Board of Trustees. Ascension Parish Tourism Commission. Sorrento, Louisiana. We have compiled the accompanying statement of financial position of Ascension Parish Tourism Commission. as of December 31,2010, and the related statement of activities for the year then ended. | |
162 | Sorrento, Louisiana is located in Ascension Parish. Zip codes in Sorrento, LA include 70778. The median home price in Sorrento is $15 which is roughly $15/per square foot. More Sorrento information. | |
163 | Activities in Sorrento Louisiana. Sorrento. Sorrento, a small town in Ascension Parish, was first known as Conway before being renamed in 1909. The town received its name from William Edenborn, a German immigrant who built the railroad through the region. He named the town Sorrento after the city in Italy where he took... | |
164 | Sorrento was incorporated as a village in 1956, and on August 20, 1962 was reclassified as a town. Sorrentoâs population today is 1,460. It is home to River Parish Community College and a growing number of other commercial developments along Highway 22 near Interstate 10. | |
165 | Meg Farris talks about rising rivers in Sorrento. SORRENTO, La. â Ascension Parish residents began bracing for the worst as water began creeping over major roadways Monday night. Parts of Airline Highway were underwater as a result of rain and heavy flooding throughout the southeast Louisiana. Officials said they bel... | |
167 | According to our research of Louisiana and other state lists there were 7 registered sex offenders living in Sorrento, Louisiana as of April 07, 2017. The ratio of number of residents in Sorrento to the number of sex offenders is 212 to 1. Median real estate property taxes paid for housing units in 2000: | |
168 | Latest news from Sorrento, LA collected exclusively by city-data.com from local newspapers, TV, and radio stations. Ancestries: French (26.1%), Italian (8.3%), French Canadian (7.8%), American (6.2%), German (4.5%), Cajun (2.7%). | |
170 | Mississippian Period. 1 A specific complex adaptation to linear, environmentally circumscribed floodplain habitat zones. 2 Pottery tempered with crushed mussel shell - an important innovation since it allowed potters to enhance the qualities of their clays and thus build more durable and larger vessels in a wider ran... | |
179 | In contrast, if you are broadly happy and satisfied, you are more likely to engage with video games in a balanced, healthy way and your video game playing is likely to lead to feelings of enjoyment and increased energy.ctober 09, 2013, 11:01AM. * 1 Gamey McGamer, I too love violent video games for similar reasons to y... | |
180 | In contrast, if you are broadly happy and satisfied, you are more likely to engage with video games in a balanced, healthy way and your video game playing is likely to lead to feelings of enjoyment and increased energy.n a randomised controlled trial with a clinically depressed sample of adults, the positive influences... | |
181 | Importantly, there are also clear opportunities to use video games as a way to empower young people to manage their mental health and wellbeing, and potentially circumvent psychological distress. An important thing is that players (and their parents) engage thoughtfully with what they are playing.ctober 09, 2013, 11:01... | |
182 | Importantly, there are also clear opportunities to use video games as a way to empower young people to manage their mental health and wellbeing, and potentially circumvent psychological distress. An important thing is that players (and their parents) engage thoughtfully with what they are playing.n a randomised control... | |
183 | Play is not trivial; it's a basic biological drive as critical to our health as sleep or food. That's the word from Stuart Brown, author of the new book Play: How It Shapes the Brain, Opens the Imagination, and Invigorates the Soul (Avery, $24.95).Here are 10 ways that play makes life better:hen we play, dilemmas and c... | |
184 | + More. Play is not trivial; it's a basic biological drive as critical to our health as sleep or food. That's the word from Stuart Brown, author of the new book Play: How It Shapes the Brain, Opens the Imagination, and Invigorates the Soul (Avery, $24.95). Here are 10 ways that play makes life better:hen we play, dilem... |
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msmarco (Decontaminated)
A decontaminated version of the msmarco dataset from the BEIR benchmark, with samples found in the mgte-en pre-training dataset removed.
Decontamination methodology
Contamination was detected using a two-pass approach against the full mgte-en dataset (484 GB, 1,235 parquet files):
Pass 1: Exact hash matching
All texts (queries and corpus documents) were normalized (lowercased, unicode NFKD, whitespace collapsed) and hashed with xxHash-64. The same normalization + hashing was applied to every query and document field in mgte-en. Any sample whose hash appeared in mgte-en was flagged as contaminated.
Pass 2: 13-gram containment (GPT-3 style)
Following the methodology introduced in the GPT-3 paper (Brown et al., 2020), word-level 13-grams were extracted from all remaining samples. For each sample, containment was computed as:
containment = |ngrams_in_sample ∩ ngrams_in_mgte| / |ngrams_in_sample|
Samples with containment >= 0.5 were flagged as near-duplicates.
Qrels filtering
Relevance judgments (qrels) referencing any removed query or corpus document were also removed.
Decontamination results
| Component | Original | Clean | Removed |
|---|---|---|---|
| Corpus | 8,841,823 | 4,036,967 | 4,804,856 |
| Queries | 509,962 | 326,807 | 183,155 |
Qrels per split
| Split | Original | Clean | Removed |
|---|---|---|---|
| test | 9,260 | 3,847 | 5,413 |
| train | 532,751 | 117,945 | 414,806 |
| validation | 7,437 | 4,886 | 2,551 |
Usage
from datasets import load_dataset
corpus = load_dataset("lightonai/msmarco-decontaminated", "corpus", split="corpus")
queries = load_dataset("lightonai/msmarco-decontaminated", "queries", split="queries")
Citation
Please cite the original BEIR benchmark:
@inproceedings{thakur2021beir,
title={BEIR: A Heterogeneous Benchmark for Zero-shot Evaluation of Information Retrieval Models},
author={Thakur, Nandan and Reimers, Nils and Rücklé, Andreas and Srivastava, Abhishek and Gurevych, Irena},
booktitle={NeurIPS Datasets and Benchmarks},
year={2021}
}
License
MIT (same as original BEIR)
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