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**A**: It combines ncRNA sequences across 47 different databases, resulting in a total of ∼similar-to\sim∼27 million RNA sequences (Supplementary Table 2, 3, 4).**B**: This dataset is a comprehensive collection of ncRNA sequences, representing all ncRNA types from a broad range of organisms**C**:
The large-scale datas... | CBA | BCA | BCA | CAB | Selection 1 |
**A**: When subpopulations have different trait values, selection acts to create a non-uniform distribution of populations sizes**B**: This illustrates the essence of the general case (14), where the Shannon entropy is replaced by a weighted entropy [47].**C**:
This equation describes the balance between variation in ... | ABC | ABC | ABC | BCA | Selection 4 |
**A**: In SO scenarios, one might simply assess the absolute difference between the fitness expected from training data and the fitness observed on new data**B**: However, in MO scenarios, it is crucial to consider each solution’s contribution to the Pareto front**C**: We introduce two novel metrics to measure this est... | ACB | ABC | CAB | BCA | Selection 2 |
**A**: Barbieri et al. [6] proposed an unsupervised, physics-informed DNN (IVIM-NET) with results comparable to Bayesian methods with further optimizations by Kaandorp et al. [24] (IVIM-NEToptimoptim{}_{\textrm{optim}}start_FLOATSUBSCRIPT optim end_FLOATSUBSCRIPT)**B**: Zhang et al. [42] used a multi-layer perceptron w... | BAC | BCA | BAC | ACB | Selection 2 |
**A**: The advantages of the GNN architecture are well illustrated by the results for chignolin.
A previous machine-learning study of chignolin identified two slow CVs, one for the folding-unfolding transition and one distinguishing competing folded states[63]. Our VAMPnets appear to recover these two CVs (Figures 3 an... | BAC | CBA | CBA | ACB | Selection 4 |
**A**: [47] introduced two models inspired by the COVID-19 pandemic, incorporating elements of game theory, disease dynamics, human behaviour, and economics. A study by A. Rajeev et al. [55] delved into an evolutionary game theory model to examine individuals’ behavioural patterns and identify stable states**B**: M. Al... | CAB | BCA | ACB | CAB | Selection 2 |
**A**: Convergence of the chains was assessed using Rubin’s R𝑅Ritalic_R statistic [23]**B**: The analysis produced approximate samples from the posterior distribution of the parameter vector θ∗superscript𝜃∗\theta^{\ast}italic_θ start_POSTSUPERSCRIPT ∗ end_POSTSUPERSCRIPT (see Figure 4 below).
**C**: The MCMC analysis... | ABC | ABC | BAC | BCA | Selection 4 |
**A**:
Other authors have studied biophysical network models of premotor neurons**B**: The stationary distributions of the motor neurons were then used to infer synaptic polarities, i.e., whether a synaptic**C**: Rakowski et al. (2013) and (2017) simulated the dynamics of a pre-motor and motor circuit | CAB | CAB | BCA | ACB | Selection 4 |
**A**: What might you do? If you start very early and have plenty of time, you might prefer to walk all the way. If you have very little time, you might need to run all the way**B**: But if you had an intermediate amount of time, what might you do? Here, we perform this experiment for two long distances over 800 meters... | ACB | BCA | CAB | ABC | Selection 2 |
**A**: Metabolic cost models developed from isolated muscles experiments in-vitro have generally been compared with whole body movement tasks such as walking and have not been compared in detail with in-vivo human isometric experiments designed explicitly to test those models [22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27]**B**: Previous met... | CAB | ABC | BAC | CAB | Selection 3 |
**A**:
Figure 2: The pathogens distribution on nodes with different distances from the root node (values on titles)**B**: Initial parameters are as in Figure 1**C**: The x𝑥xitalic_x-axis is α𝛼\alphaitalic_α and the y𝑦yitalic_y-axis is the ratio of the number of nodes infected with each pathogen to the total number... | BAC | BAC | CAB | ABC | Selection 4 |
**A**: The black line is the least-squares fit to the red data**B**: The
curve is closely fitted by the simple power relationship, y=0.0506x−0.822𝑦0.0506superscript𝑥0.822y=0.0506x^{-0.822}italic_y = 0.0506 italic_x start_POSTSUPERSCRIPT - 0.822 end_POSTSUPERSCRIPT.**C**: values | ABC | BAC | BCA | ABC | Selection 3 |
**A**: Second, there is a separation of mutational time scales: site complexity changes take place at a much lower rate than recognition site and target mutations (ν≪μmuch-less-than𝜈𝜇\nu\ll\muitalic_ν ≪ italic_μ). Third, because selection on the recognition function depends only the binding affinity phenotype ΔGΔ𝐺\... | ACB | BCA | CBA | BAC | Selection 3 |
**A**: For peak calling, MACS2 (v2.1.2) software was used with option --nomodel --nolambda --keep-dup all -p 0.01. ATAC-seq tracks were visualized using Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV), and footprinting analysis was performed using HINT-ATAC (Li2019, ). Note that the paired-end output of the sequence was used to reco... | BAC | BCA | CAB | ABC | Selection 3 |
**A**: A strong core-periphery structure implies the system has a set of dominant, highly interconnected basins of attraction (the core) where transitions are frequent and stable**B**: The peripheral basins of attraction are less frequently visited, with transitions mainly leading back to the core**C**: This structure ... | BAC | BAC | CBA | ABC | Selection 4 |
**A**: 2023; Harini, Sekijima, and Gromiha 2024a), focusing on extracting structural features at the binding interface, such as energy and contact distance. Based on the extracted features, they developed structure-based machine-learning approaches for affinity prediction. However, these methods are highly dependent on... | CBA | CAB | BCA | BAC | Selection 1 |
**A**: Additionally, because our metric is lighter, faster and requires significantly fewer resources, it is efficient than previous metrics. We believe this work will empower researchers to train and test generative models more efficiently.**B**: Our metric has been shown to be monotonic with respect to various noise ... | ABC | CBA | CAB | ACB | Selection 2 |
**A**:
Figure 1: Commuting network among Brazilian cities. The map displays the locations of Brazilian cities, which correspond to the network nodes**B**: Edge widths indicate the number of commuters between city pairs. In this visualization, edges are grouped based on their proximity using a kernel-based edge bundlin... | BCA | ACB | BAC | CAB | Selection 2 |
**A**:
To address this issue, network embedding techniques can be employed [39]**B**: Shingo Tsuji successfully used a deep neural network (DNN) to embed a PIN into latent space, creating a framework for inferring Alzheimer’s disease targets [37]. Building on this, more advanced AI-powered embedding algorithms, such a... | CBA | ABC | ACB | ABC | Selection 3 |
**A**: Given the ability to treat design directly as the reverse problem for structural and functional prediction, developments in these categories should be closely linked**B**: Advancements in structural prediction, most notably from Alphafold2, have yet to make its impact in protein design**C**: Proper evaluation me... | ABC | BAC | ABC | ABC | Selection 2 |
**A**: Unlike simpler PCA-based inference models, VNNs offer stability [11] and transferability guarantees [18], which ensure reproducibility of the inference outcomes by VNNs with high confidence.
**B**: Theorem 1 in [11] established the equivalence between processing data samples with principal component analysis (PC... | CAB | ACB | BCA | CBA | Selection 1 |
**A**:
Relationships between living things and their natural environments are the only focus of ecological research. Ecological systems are developed by their interactions, which are important for population ecology. In nature, resources are frequently distributed extensively over the ecosystem**B**: Therefore, organi... | CAB | ABC | BAC | CAB | Selection 2 |
**A**: This trend continued with the OOD Testing independent from pMT-unseen tetsing, where Fusion-pMT scored 0.6320, significantly higher than pMTnet’s 0.5744.
In terms of accuracy (ACC), Fusion-pMT also showed superior performance. On the pMT-unseen tetsing, Fusion-pMT had an accuracy of 0.7092, while pMTnet had 0.65... | CBA | CAB | BAC | BAC | Selection 1 |
**A**: Täuber, and Mauro Mobilia**B**:
The C++ code used to generate the data and the Python and Matlab codes to process and visualize the data within this work can be found at the Open Science Framework repository (Lluís Hernández-Navarro, Kenneth Distefano, Uwe C**C**: 2024. | BAC | ABC | CBA | ACB | Selection 1 |
**A**: Here, we discuss the functionality included in PENSA and demonstrate its usefulness on three real-world applications: We show how to describe the influence of local frustration on loop opening during the catalytic cycle of an oxidoreductase,Stelzl et al**B**: (2020) how to quantify the influence of force-field p... | CBA | BCA | ABC | CBA | Selection 3 |
**A**: In this way, we wished to see how the ERP component is regulated by the distinctiveness of the event and the selective listening mechanism.
**B**: The motivation for this experimental design was to investigate the cognitive processing of speech events**C**: Going from paradigm 1 to 3, the experimental complexity... | CAB | BAC | CBA | CBA | Selection 1 |
**A**: assembled structures or copied polymers. As a consequence, complex systems can achieve stereotyped reproducible behaviors, despite living in high-dimensional disordered state spaces, through simple non-equilibrium mechanisms that also provide speed benefits.
**B**: Finally, resets have been shown to be a broadly... | BAC | CBA | CAB | CBA | Selection 3 |
**A**: This scale is instrumental in both clinical settings and research studies for monitoring the progression of the disease and assessing the impact of therapeutic interventions on cognitive function.**B**: A lower FVC value thus reflects a worse disease state for a fibrosis patient.
In the evaluation of Alzheimer’s... | BAC | BCA | ACB | CAB | Selection 4 |
**A**: Similarly, when the default FI (red triangles) was compared to leave-one-out NFPFP5 (cyan squares), the FI was superior. Both the NFPFP5 and FI typically out-performed chronological age, except for predicting weakness (deficit grip strength)**B**:
Figure 1: The FI predicts future FPFP5 deficits better than NFPF... | ABC | BAC | ABC | BCA | Selection 2 |
**A**:
Our downstream performance on genomic benchmarks indicates the potential of METAGENE-1 as a general-purpose foundation model**B**: We are continuing to actively explore this direction, through incorporating additional human reference genomes and multi-species genomic datasets in our metagenomic pretraining data... | BAC | ACB | CBA | BAC | Selection 2 |
**A**:
We employ two age grouping strategies**B**: This approach is motivated by its interpretability, as decade intervals are commonly used and easily understood, making the results accessible to a broad audience. The second grouping is based on research by [24], which identified key inflection points in aging at app... | ACB | CBA | CAB | BCA | Selection 1 |
**A**:
We find the model learns a factorised representation (Fig. 1G) and maintains a similar level of sparseness compared to the discrete model (Fig**B**: 1F). We also observe that both discrete and asynchronous models have very similar learning trajectories (Fig**C**: 1D), reaching the same error at convergence. In ... | CAB | CAB | ABC | BAC | Selection 3 |
**A**: We demonstrate the wide applicability of UniGuide by tackling a variety of geometry-constrained drug discovery tasks**B**: With performance either on par with or superior to tailored models, we conclude that UniGuide offers advantages beyond its unification**C**: Firstly, while the novelty of conditional models ... | CAB | CAB | BCA | ABC | Selection 4 |
**A**:
Peptides have aroused great interest due to their potential as therapeutic agents (Wang et al., 2022)**B**: Here, we focus on peptide generation by diffusion models.**C**: Currently, there are several reviews (Wan et al., 2022; Ge et al., 2022; Goles et al., 2024) that summarize the application of generative mo... | CAB | ACB | ABC | CBA | Selection 2 |
**A**: Activation of GABAB receptors initiates a signaling cascade that can lead to the opening of potassium channels and inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity. This results in the slow and prolonged inhibitory effects of GABA, contributing to the overall inhibitory tone in the nervous system.**B**: GABAA receptors ... | BCA | ABC | ACB | CAB | Selection 4 |
**A**: We compared our model to an end-to-end baseline derived from Shen et al. (2019) [11], aligned with our goals of spatially accurate reconstructions.
**B**: While recent image reconstruction models, such as diffusion models, produce high-resolution outputs, our study prioritizes spatial accuracy and interpretabili... | CAB | ABC | BAC | CBA | Selection 1 |
**A**:
**B**: Noticed that all those are encoded in Branish and none of them has been assigned weight yet**C**: This function G takes the state as input, based on its knowledgement of the world, it will output a matrix of gist, which might be possible actions in IG and thoughts, answers, and questions in TG | BAC | ACB | BAC | CBA | Selection 4 |
**A**: By exploring its applications across multiple disciplines, we aimed to inspire further exploration and application of the FHN model in diverse scientific domains.
**B**: In conclusion, we hope our review will serve as a guide for understanding and using the diverse dynamical behaviors offered by the FHN model**C... | CAB | CBA | CBA | ABC | Selection 1 |
**A**: On the other hand, phase shifts smaller than π𝜋\piitalic_π lead to connections with the preceding excited region, resulting in connective pulses that propagate in the same direction as the driving wave (Supp. Fig. S5B).**B**: Specifically, phase shifts greater than π𝜋\piitalic_π prompt the system to connect wi... | CBA | ACB | ABC | BAC | Selection 1 |
**A**:
MPNN operates on a graph consisting of a set of vertices and edges**B**: We follow Dauparas et al**C**: (2022); Ganea et al. (2022) and set as initial node features a positional encoding that reflects the residue’s ordering within the sequence, while for the edge features, we use a concatenation of pairwise dis... | ABC | CAB | BCA | BCA | Selection 1 |
**A**:
A future research direction is deriving the brain’s slow dynamics and learning mechanisms**B**: Promising results have emerged in simplified neuron models [12]. Transferring the approach to realistic neuron models creates a data-driven possibility to recover biological slow dynamics.**C**: Training many paramet... | ACB | BCA | CBA | CBA | Selection 1 |
**A**: In extreme cases this mismatch in individual fitness and population viability can lead to evolutionary suicide, where viable populations adapt in a way that they can no longer persist (Parvinen, 2005; Ferriere and Legendre, 2013). Conversely, because of the interplay between evolutionary and ecological processes... | CBA | BAC | BCA | ABC | Selection 1 |
**A**: An advantage, in contrast, is that DNA-based approaches are well suited for parallelization. These (dis)advantages are familiar from DNA computing in general.**B**: This can certainly not be said about DNA computers. Their computational speed depends on how fast the chemical reactions take place, which can be of... | CBA | BCA | ACB | BCA | Selection 1 |
**A**: (2023) developed a model using Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) contextual embeddings (Devlin et al., 2018) to predict MEG signals. In terms of decoding, one paper (Défossez et al., 2023) successfully reconstructed audio from MEG signals through contrastive learning which was based ... | ACB | CAB | CBA | BAC | Selection 2 |
**A**: In a homogeneous attractant environment, after a large number of runs and tumbles the net displacement of the cell is zero. But in presence of an attractant concentration gradient, runs in the favorable direction are extended and those in the opposite direction are shortened, giving rise to a chemotactic drift [... | CBA | BCA | BCA | CAB | Selection 4 |
**A**: Neural encoding models, particularly those designed to predict neural activity from naturalistic images, significantly enhance our understanding of how visual stimuli are processed and represented in the brain**B**: Such models are crucial for developing advanced visual neuroprosthetics aimed at simulating neura... | BAC | CAB | CAB | ACB | Selection 4 |
**A**: Future research should be focused on further investigation and characterization of the differences in the results produced by traditional DGE and XAI techniques and their biological relevance, being the XAI techniques not limited to SHAP. Other interesting directions would include, introducing more data modaliti... | CBA | CAB | ACB | ACB | Selection 1 |
**A**: Existing software tools that implement these corrections are PoPoolation (3, 4), poolfstat (5, 6), and npstat (2). These tools however lack usability, do not scale to contemporary large datasets, and do not support haplotype-corrected frequencies in low-coverage E&R experiments such as those from HAF-pipe or oth... | CBA | ACB | CAB | ABC | Selection 1 |
**A**: Additionally, techniques employing recurrent neural architectures have been employed for the sequential modeling of amino acids [35]. [36] introduced a novel approach that utilizes neural networks to emulate an energy landscape, facilitating the inference of protein folds**B**: The groundbreaking AlphaFold alg... | CBA | CAB | BAC | BCA | Selection 4 |
**A**: Thus we were able to obtain the exact solutions of the KPP equation which to the best of our knowledge were not known before.
Additionally we obtain the exact analytical traveling wave solutions of the generalized Burgers–Huxley equation.**B**: (6)**C**: In this paper we will use the method of exclusion of the i... | BAC | CBA | ACB | CAB | Selection 2 |
**A**: Stochasticity in ecological systems is typically categorized into two main types: demographic stochasticity and environmental stochasticity Lande et al. (2003)**B**: Demographic stochasticity arises from random variation in the reproductive success of individuals. For instance, each individual might have an equa... | ABC | ACB | BAC | CBA | Selection 1 |
**A**: The curve catches also the rise in cases that began in mid-October.**B**: Since the gap between the curve and the data is smaller from July, we can deduce that a better monitoring policy is induced by the introduction of Green Pass obligation (notice that the Green Pass can also be granted if swabs are negative)... | ABC | BCA | CBA | BAC | Selection 3 |
**A**:
There are three key steps in Dual-RAG-IF: 1) Mutation region identification: Mutation regions can be determined either manually or automatically. For manual design, the input must include a target 2D structure in dot-bracket notation defining with the target dual graph, along with a sequence that marks mutation... | ABC | ACB | BCA | BCA | Selection 2 |
**A**: Fig. 3(a) shows the evolution of ΦΦ\Phiroman_Φ for (i) an initially uniform distribution for F𝐹Fitalic_F, and (ii) a distribution F𝐹Fitalic_F consisting of randomly placed Gaussian spherical clusters of equal standard deviation.
The long–time states of ΦΦ\Phiroman_Φ for both (i) and (ii) show an significant in... | ACB | ABC | ABC | CAB | Selection 1 |
**A**:
Allosteric regulation is one of the most relevant transduction mechanisms at the molecular level [11, 35, 36]**B**: Ion binding in metal sensor proteins is a brilliant example of the exploitation of this multi-scale strategy, in which the affinity of the molecule to the DNA substrate is modulated through the co... | CBA | ABC | CBA | ACB | Selection 4 |
**A**: We let the drug effectiveness γ𝛾\gammaitalic_γ to be a free parameter instead of fixing it**B**: This allows for variability in how different patients respond to the drug, and provides a more accurate assessment of how close the initial total cancer cell population is to the carrying capacity, i.e**C**: how clo... | CBA | CAB | BCA | ABC | Selection 4 |
**A**: In Fig. 4 and in Figs. S3-7 of the supplementary material calibration curves for all uncertainty measures across all molecules are shown for GPR with Coulomb as well as GPR with SOAP. In nearly all cases, the GPR standard deviation demonstrates much better global calibration, with notably lower miscalibration ar... | BCA | ACB | ABC | CAB | Selection 4 |
**A**: Notably, XATGRN’s robust performance highlights its ability to handle the skewed degree challenge more effectively compared to DeepFGRN and DGCGRN.
However, it is worth noting that in certain cases, such as the human COVID-19, breast cancer, and lung cancer datasets, the recall of XATGRN is slightly lower than t... | ABC | BAC | ABC | CBA | Selection 4 |
**A**: The human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) line BIHi250-A (https://hpscreg.eu/cell-line/BIHi250-A) was cultivated in Essential 8 medium prepared according to the original recipe [60] and grown on Geltrex (Thermo, A1413302) coated tissue culture plates**B**: Media change was performed daily for six days with... | ABC | ACB | ACB | ACB | Selection 1 |
**A**: MyESL took 5.255.255.255.25 minutes to read and pre-process input datasets and less than 1111 minute to build the ESL model and process result files. The peak memory usage for this analysis was 1.31.31.31.3 GB.**B**:
We analyzed a fungus dataset containing amino acid sequence alignments of 1,23312331,2331 , 233... | BCA | BAC | CBA | CAB | Selection 4 |
**A**: An estimated probability is counted as correct if it falls on the right side of 0.5. If we chose a single peer’s probability rating at random, the accuracy of our collective inferences about the claims would match the average accuracy of the peers: about 62% for the set of 1,200 general-knowledge claims in our o... | BAC | ACB | CBA | CBA | Selection 1 |
**A**: While diffusion models have shown promising performance, they are not without limitations. Due to their iterative nature, requiring thousands of steps to generate outputs, diffusion models often suffer from inefficiencies in sampling. In the context of molecular conformation generation, some diffusion model vari... | BAC | CAB | BCA | CBA | Selection 2 |
**A**: This study begins with an introduction in Section I, followed by a review of related works in Section II**B**: The background study is detailed in Section III, methodology is detailed in Section IV, results are analyzed in Section V, and limitations with future work are discussed in Section VI**C**: Finally, Sec... | ACB | BAC | ABC | CBA | Selection 3 |
**A**: Additionally, learning discrete states independently becomes prohibitively costly when estimating dynamics for a population that contains multiple independent subgroups. In this scenario, SLDS learns distinct systems for each potential combination of dynamics**B**: For example, switched systems often learn appro... | BAC | CAB | BCA | BCA | Selection 1 |
**A**: The family subsets have varying sizes in terms of interactions ( from 19K to 220K), number of proteins ( from 100 to 1K), and number of compounds (from 10K to 120K).
**B**: These datasets include interactions belonging to different protein superfamilies, including membrane receptors, ion channels, transporters, ... | ACB | CBA | CAB | BCA | Selection 2 |
**A**: To overcome this limitation, we have introduced virtual adversarial training as a means to improve the model generalizability (see Method 4.6)**B**: Given the vast diversity of HLA and TCR repertoires, the experimentally validated bindings currently available are limited and even biased, posing a tough challenge... | ACB | BAC | CBA | ABC | Selection 2 |
**A**:
By providing a simultaneous handle on the multiple timescales that govern behavior such as cruising and wandering, differential modulation of speed and egocentric direction preference, our approach sets the stage for dissecting the underlying brain circuits for navigation in a transparent vertebrate brain. Alon... | ACB | ABC | BCA | CBA | Selection 2 |
**A**: In the presence of the error signal, SGD in a single neuron model leads to a local plasticity rule, that could be plausibly implemented in a biological neuron, unlike in multi-layer networks (see Appendix C). Finally, it will be interesting to investigate the computational abilities of a neuron with non-linear d... | BAC | ACB | CBA | CAB | Selection 3 |
**A**: (c,d) Performance of neural network architectures across datasets. Bar plots indicate the mean test set performance (with error bars denoting the standard deviation), in comparison with the XGBoost baseline (dashed line: average performance, shaded area: standard deviation). Performance was quantified as balance... | ABC | CBA | CAB | ABC | Selection 2 |
**A**: Moreover,**B**: While this is obvious for directed networks and level-1 semi-directed networks, for higher-level semi-directed networks it takes some care to prove that the intuitive definition works**C**: Reflecting the relative complexity of restricting a semi-directed network to a subset of its taxa,
we show ... | ACB | CBA | BAC | BAC | Selection 2 |
**A**: Notably, we observed that smaller initial gains can paradoxically hinder learning. This result is explained by our analysis of the Lyapunov exponent, which is crucial for the stability and information propagation within the network. We found that smaller initial gains resulted in larger deviations of the Lyapuno... | CAB | BCA | ABC | CBA | Selection 2 |
**A**:
Pre-training set. 2,372,675 SMILES strings were obtained from ChEMBL v33 44**B**: SMILES strings longer than 80 tokens were dropped. The final set consisting of 1,584,858 molecules was randomly divided into training (n𝑛nitalic_n = 1,500,000), validation (n𝑛nitalic_n= 40,000), and test splits (n𝑛nitalic_n = 4... | CBA | BCA | ACB | ABC | Selection 3 |
**A**:
The primary limitation for both the semi- and fully-automated segmentation tracking methods is the accuracy of the segmentations, which can have downstream effects on length and width predictions for animals**B**: In turbid water, the pectoral and caudal fins are occasionally left out of the segmentation, or th... | CBA | CAB | BAC | ACB | Selection 4 |
**A**:
To start using the SpinPath JavaScript tool, the user first selects a WSI and uploads it to the program. The OpenSeadragon.js package is then used to display the image in a viewer, allowing the user to move and zoom into the image as needed**B**: Using the GeoTiff.js and Transformers.js libraries to access the ... | CBA | BCA | ACB | BCA | Selection 3 |
**A**: However, in finite systems the absorbing configuration can always be achieved, even in the supercritical phase. To avoid this issue, we apply a quasi-stationary method to characterize the dynamics of the model. Specifically, we apply a reactivation method [28, 29]
in which we perform a reinfection of one individ... | ABC | CBA | CAB | BAC | Selection 3 |
**A**: Since the cluster mass is the only parameter in our modeling, the spectrum of masses for the catalytic reactants should be sparse, so that catalysts are rare**B**: In many catalytic reactions, only a small subset of the reactants are catalytic**C**: Here we treat an extreme model where only monomers are catalyti... | CAB | ACB | BAC | CBA | Selection 3 |
**A**: By optimising over these convex sets with a given set of rate parameters, one can obtain upper and lower bounds on the moments. These bounds provide error guarantees for predicting moments, unlike approximation methods based on system size expansion or moment closure. Whether similar approaches could be utilised... | BCA | CBA | CAB | BAC | Selection 3 |
**A**:
We emphasise that we have assumed that the probability of selecting a link connecting nodes in opposite states, σ𝜎\sigmaitalic_σ, is independent of the degree of the nodes which it connects. This is a shortcoming of the homogeneous pair approximation**B**: Extensions have been proposed, such as the heterogeneo... | BCA | ABC | CAB | ACB | Selection 2 |
**A**: We achieve this balance by designing a novel GP kernel function that defines a smooth, locally linear prior on dynamics. While our main focus is on providing an alternative to the rSLDS, the gpSLDS also contributes a new prior which allows for more interpretable learning of dynamics and fixed points than standar... | ABC | CBA | ABC | CAB | Selection 2 |
**A**: Participants diagnosed with NDs were categorized into aforementioned groups based on disease specific clinical diagnostic criteria diagnosis:
**B**: These participants were either categorized as healthy (CTL) or diagnosed and treated for a ND by a subspecialist neurologist or geriatric psychiatrist from Johns Ho... | CAB | BCA | CBA | BCA | Selection 3 |
**A**: To the best of our knowledge, this is with the very recent exception of [4] the only known example of an explicit primal-dual algorithm in phylogenetics**B**: [13]). We suspect that unpacking many of these integer linear programming formulations to study properties of the linear programming relaxations could be ... | BAC | CBA | ACB | BCA | Selection 3 |
**A**: It is also assumed**B**: The infected cells produce new viruses at the rate mdI𝑚subscript𝑑𝐼md_{I}italic_m italic_d start_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_I end_POSTSUBSCRIPT during their life;
and dVsubscript𝑑𝑉d_{V}italic_d start_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_V end_POSTSUBSCRIPT is the death rate of new virions, where m𝑚mital... | BCA | CAB | CAB | CBA | Selection 4 |
**A**: In Fig.3 an input at location 13 generates a set of values across a range of nearby nodes**B**: In Fig 3a, the recursion creates a symmetrical gradient. In Fig 3b, a reward node is connected to node 16, In Fig 3c, the de-inforcement function is activated, providing the impetus for the agent to choose the highest... | ACB | CAB | ACB | BCA | Selection 4 |
**A**: This artificial category acts as a segmentation tool within the vast, undetermined space of potential arguments and predicates [52]. These arguments and predicates may align with existing human-like categories or form entirely novel “alien-like” categories that could represent statistical constructs [11] or “pol... | BCA | ABC | CBA | ACB | Selection 3 |
**A**: Seasonal antigenic prediction, particularly for influenza A H3N2, has benefited from machine learning approaches that help forecast viral evolution, supporting timely vaccine updates [304]. Finally, phylogenetic analyses have identified optimal influenza virus candidates for seasonal vaccines, underscoring the s... | BAC | CAB | CBA | BCA | Selection 2 |
**A**: Due to its ubiquitous applications, collagen needs to be thermally stable**B**: Collagen is one of the most abundant proteins in animals and has numerous applications in the field of medicine 90**C**: Yu et al.51 have experimentally gathered the melting temperature of 633 different primary sequences of collagen ... | CAB | BAC | BCA | CAB | Selection 2 |
**A**: We are interested in what would happen if grazers and browsers are added into a purely competitive environment among plants and whether trees, grass, grazers, and browsers can coexist. Therefore, we focus on the co-existence steady state of four species (which is unique) in the proposed savanna system (1.1) and ... | ABC | BCA | BAC | ACB | Selection 4 |
**A**: Transformer architectures excel at capturing global features from textual data**B**: The Transformer encoder comprises two sub-layers: a multi-head attention layer and a fully-connected feed-forward layer. Each sub-layer is followed by a residual connection and layer normalization to normalize input values for a... | CAB | BCA | CAB | ACB | Selection 4 |
**A**: In this package, we integrate tools for protein structure downloading and processing, interface-fitted tetrahedral mesh generation, parameter assignment, and the output of mesh data files, electrostatic potential functions, and ionic concentration functions in formats compatible with visualization tools such as ... | ACB | BCA | BAC | CAB | Selection 3 |
**A**: These evaluation metrics are defined below in terms of true positive (TP), true negative (TN), false positive (FP), and false negative (FN) cases.
**B**: We investigated a number of performance metrics to evaluate and compare our proposed method to existing ones**C**: These metrics are namely accuracy, precision... | ACB | CAB | BAC | ACB | Selection 2 |
**A**: Clinical Trial Matching**B**: Many studies have focused on learning patient retrieval and enrollment information for predicting individual patient outcomes within clinical trials, rather than making overall predictions about trial success.
Doctor2Vec [1] learns representations for medical providers from EHR data... | ABC | BAC | BAC | CBA | Selection 1 |
**A**: In particular, the notations in [64] will be used. It is convenient to recall the following definitions (from [64]),
**B**: Owing to the large size of the 2-group behavior model (making the computation of the eigenvalues of its Jacobian evaluated at the respective DFE less tractable mathematically), the lineariz... | CAB | CBA | ACB | CAB | Selection 2 |
**A**: The methods of both Zou and Zhang, (2015) and Castoe et al., (2009) require that the foreground lineages share the same amino acid. However, there are cases where replicated changes in protein function arise from different amino acids at the same site (Zhen et al., , 2012; Mohammadi et al., , 2022). One approa... | BAC | ABC | CAB | CAB | Selection 2 |
**A**: While it is true that between minutes 5 and 6 more than one ant reaches the barrier, the process would then be mediated by multiple ants seeking information, retaining it, and triggering a cascade**B**: From the moment this effective ant reaches the barrier, it remains activated and triggers a panic avalanche am... | ACB | CBA | CAB | CBA | Selection 1 |
**A**: To this end, we recruited three raters to annotate Chapter 9 of Harry Potter across the two domains**B**:
Furthermore, we examined whether domain-specific fine-tuning would specifically bolster the model’s capability in predicting MEG responses associated with words from that domain, as compared to words outsid... | BAC | ABC | ACB | BCA | Selection 1 |
**A**: This NEM method to study games in the thermodynamic limit, is applicable to any two-player two-strategy game, both cooperative like Public Goods game or non-cooperative like Hawk-Dove game or Prisoner’s dilemma game, since we are making an exact mapping to the spin-1/2 Ising model via Nash equilibrium**B**: In f... | CBA | ABC | BCA | ACB | Selection 4 |
**A**: (2022; 2024), the authors proposed models to identify time delays between cross-regional brain interactions, overcoming the challenge of distinguishing indirect, concurrent, and bi-directional interactions in two or more populations**B**: However, their model focuses on analyzing sessions individually and is not... | ACB | ACB | BAC | BCA | Selection 4 |
**A**: Hence, the population is considered to be composed of cell sub-populations in two different states: up-regulated and down-regulated bacteria, namely motile m𝑚mitalic_m and static s𝑠sitalic_s, respectively, and the concentration of autoinducers is given by q𝑞qitalic_q. As autoinducers are produced by both sub-... | CBA | BCA | BAC | BCA | Selection 1 |
**A**: However, a regime configuration based on a more natural classification of traits, i.e., shape of the antlers, results in an MGPM that is more plausible in explaining the process that generated observed data.**B**: We showed how an MGPM with multiple regimes does not necessarily result in a better fit to the obse... | ABC | BAC | BCA | CBA | Selection 4 |
**A**: Regarding PI feature, SHTE has a higher mean pitch interval (2.512.512.512.51) with more variability (STD 1.011.011.011.01), indicating a wider range of interval sizes**B**: The generated data has a mean interval of 2.332.332.332.33 with a smaller standard deviation (0.320.320.320.32), indicating it varies less ... | CAB | ACB | CAB | ABC | Selection 2 |
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