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**A**:
Under these conditions, we arrive at our main result: uniform consistency of long term dose response curves**B**: This result appears to be the first rate in supsupremum\suproman_sup norm for a nonlinear, long term dose response**C**: It accommodates general types of short term rewards, actions, and contexts. | CAB | BAC | ACB | ABC | Selection 4 |
**A**: Columns II-VII present results on the gender wage gap from alternative empirical specifications and alternative sample selections. We discuss these specifications further in Section C.3. Across all specifications, our findings of an increase in the gender wage gap in male majority LLMs, and a decrease in the gen... | BCA | ACB | ACB | CAB | Selection 4 |
**A**: If bargaining is conceptualized as splitting a pie, one player prefers to cede some portion of the pie if it means the entire pie grows to a size that justifies profit-sharing. This phenomenon arises in real-world settings**B**: For instance, Apple allows third party developers to build software on iPhones. Open... | CBA | BCA | ACB | ACB | Selection 2 |
**A**: The HR policy is implemented as soft reserves**B**: This means that while members of the protected group receive preferential treatment for HR-protected positions,
these positions are not exclusively set aside for them**C**: Any HR-protected position that remains after all members of the protected category have ... | CBA | CAB | BAC | ABC | Selection 4 |
**A**: The tradeoff between the resources that the operator assigns to the S&C functionalities is analyzed from the point of view of the service prices, quantities and profits.**B**:
The present work frames the physical tradeoff between the S&C functionalities within an economic setting, which will contribute to fill ... | ABC | ABC | CAB | ACB | Selection 3 |
**A**:
The response of other industrial facilities to electricity prices has already been thoroughly discussed in the literature (see [Golmohamadi, 2022] for a recent review article). For example, in the aluminium smelting industry, [Depree et al., 2022] have discussed ‘arbitrage price,’ which identifies a correlation... | ABC | BCA | ABC | ACB | Selection 4 |
**A**: Simulations using three real-world datasets [57, 16, 39] consistently show that incorporating response times significantly reduces identification errors, compared to traditional methods that rely solely on choices. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to integrate response times into bandits (and... | ABC | CBA | CAB | CAB | Selection 2 |
**A**:
In the absence of hypothetical full-information choices, no information about utilities is available**B**: Thus, this theory cannot be tested. It is not necessary at this point to delve into the manifold issues with utilitarianism and utilitarian calculation in general (e.g., Kolm, \APACyear1993).**C**: Further... | ACB | CAB | CAB | CBA | Selection 1 |
**A**: Even if a party wishes to choose the option designed for another type that requires less data contribution, they can longer do so as the coordinator can embed the type into the option and easily verify a party’s eligibility at the time of contract signing. Since models are freely replicable, granting the highest... | CBA | BCA | BAC | BAC | Selection 1 |
**A**: To calculate differenced outcomes for each decade, we estimate all
measures for the year 2000 based on both schemes.323232Since the 2000 census industry question was based on the NAICS industry**B**: detailed than 10–11 industries used by Fortin et al**C**: (2021, 2022) | CBA | CAB | ABC | BCA | Selection 2 |
**A**: A strict version of the responsiveness axiom would also characterize the endpoint rules when combined with strategyproofness and anonymity**B**: The endpoint rules are characterized by strategyproofness, anonymity, and translation equivariance.212121Translation equivariance is presented as a simple example of an... | ABC | CAB | BAC | ABC | Selection 3 |
**A**: The data used in this study come from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), covering the years between 1977 and 1997**B**: individuals and their households. To ensure consistency across time, we used the version of the PSID data provided by the Cross-National Equivalent File (PSID-CNEF), which harmonizes ke... | ABC | BAC | CBA | ACB | Selection 4 |
**A**: National Science Foundation through TESS: Data collected by Time-sharing Experiments for the Social Sciences, NSF Grant 0818839, Jeremy Freese and James Druckman, Principal Investigators. The author has no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
**B**: In-kind support was... | CBA | CAB | CAB | BAC | Selection 1 |
**A**: A natural question is whether they are also achieved in expectation (since, in principle, realizations with very negative surplus could occur with low probability)**B**: In our setting, it turns out that all the analysis would be unaffected if we added good ex ante expected performance to the definition of robus... | ABC | ABC | BCA | ABC | Selection 3 |
**A**: The ISCHEMIA trial randomized 5,179 patients with moderate to severe cardiac ischemia to one of two care strategies**B**: Conservative-arm patients were meant to receive medical therapy alone, with possible invasive treatment when medical therapy was deemed inadequate [Maron et al., 2020; Spertus et al., 2020b].... | ACB | BAC | BCA | ABC | Selection 1 |
**A**:
Confirm, through a verification theorem, that v𝑣vitalic_v is indeed the value function, and that the corresponding candidate optimal control is indeed optimal**B**: Once completed, it provides sufficient conditions for optimality. Under suitable conditions, e.g. uniqueness of solutions to the HJB equation, the... | ACB | ABC | BCA | CBA | Selection 1 |
**A**: In other words, in the context of system theory, what do we think about the impulse response function of the target variable?
It is worth noting that both the MLP and the 1D CNN build around the assumption of fixed finite support for their target variable, in our case, GDP growth.141414The support of a real-valu... | CBA | CAB | ABC | CAB | Selection 3 |
**A**: This is probably due to the high number of competitive nations in Europe even without England and Germany, which is amplified by the seeding of Argentina and Brazil, the best South American teams. Then—between Seeded sets S1 and S2—the share of UEFA slightly decreases as even more successful nations are placed i... | CBA | CAB | BAC | BAC | Selection 1 |
**A**: This behavior is driven by the potential benefits of being waitlisted, specifically the increased probability of admission to more selective daycare centers. These findings support the claim that applicants respond to dynamic incentives, providing evidence against alternative explanations such as declining outsi... | CAB | BAC | ABC | BAC | Selection 1 |
**A**: the return rates on capital depend on the amount of capital a person or household owns. More casually spoken: the richer you are, the faster your wealth grows. Detailed theoretical and empirical information on this phenomenon can be found e.g**B**: in [1, 19, 18, 2, 17]. Diverse explanations for increasing retur... | CBA | BCA | ABC | CBA | Selection 2 |
**A**: Their architectures can be extended and optimized with variations such as Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Units (GRU), which improve the model’s ability to retain and utilize information over longer sequences.**B**:
RNNs introduce recurrent connections, allowing information to persist and be s... | ACB | CBA | ABC | CAB | Selection 4 |
**A**: A formal analysis of this claim will be the topic of the next section where we apply a Shapley decomposition of the model predictions.
**B**: 3, where both capital share and inequality seem to remain stable from 2000 onward, we can argue that the fluctuations in inequality are likely driven by a combination of f... | CAB | ACB | ABC | CBA | Selection 4 |
**A**: However, such agreement is not guaranteed in general; in cases where the two approaches diverge, it becomes essential to assess which underlying assumption - sparsity or the validity of IVs - is more plausible in the specific context.**B**: We emphasize that our Bayesian shrinkage approach does not rely on IVs, ... | BCA | CBA | BCA | CAB | Selection 2 |
**A**: This assumption allows us to isolate the decision-making process regarding the resource allocation and emphasize the role of the Transition Investment Ratio in balancing financial performance and sustainability objectives without introducing additional complexities. Future work could build on this framework by i... | BCA | ABC | BAC | CBA | Selection 4 |
**A**:
The main contribution of this work is the endowment of the Granger causality framework with causal reasoning solely on theoretical groundings. This revision birthed an algorithm**B**: Section 3 built on the intuitions from Section 2, and interpreted GC from CBN perspectives as conditional (in)dependence tests, ... | ABC | BCA | ACB | BAC | Selection 3 |
**A**: sansserif_crs over$ start_ARG ← end_ARG sansserif_VC **B**: sansserif_Gen ( 1 start_POSTSUPERSCRIPT italic_λ end_POSTSUPERSCRIPT ),
and**C**: 𝖵𝖢.𝖼𝗋𝗌←$𝖵𝖢.𝖦𝖾𝗇(1λ)formulae-sequence𝖵𝖢𝖼𝗋𝗌currency-dollar←𝖵𝖢𝖦𝖾𝗇superscript1𝜆{\sf VC}.{{\sf crs}}{\overset{\$}{\leftarrow}}{\sf VC}.{\sf Gen}(1^{\lamb... | CAB | BAC | BCA | BAC | Selection 3 |
**A**: Essentially, it uses mathematics that complicate a simple fact rather than mathematics that simplify complex relations.**B**: This approach makes the theorem, about diversity and social intelligence, inaccessible to individuals outside the mathematical field**C**:
The Hong-Page theorem is, in essence, a misuse ... | ACB | CBA | ABC | ABC | Selection 2 |
**A**: The evolution of cluster price standard deviations across the weeks in the scenario years 1989, 1995 and 2009 is illustrated in Appendix B.1**B**: This is an implicit objective of clustering nodes based on prices.**C**: We also observe the price standard deviations corresponding to a single price zone or cluster... | CAB | BAC | ABC | ACB | Selection 4 |
**A**: For instance, suppose that some units already receive the treatment in period 00 before the policy shock that distributes the treatment in period 1111. In this setting, the canonical DID design is infeasible in practice unless these units are discarded ex ante from the data**B**: By contrast, our DID-IV design c... | CAB | ACB | BCA | BAC | Selection 3 |
**A**: Without sufficient regulatory frameworks and public investments in AI technology, urban mobility systems stagnate, and congestion remains a critical issue**B**: Policymakers must avoid complacency by developing a clear AI strategy.**C**:
Policy Failure Risk: This scenario highlights the risks of inaction | BCA | CAB | CBA | CBA | Selection 1 |
**A**: Our analysis indicates that in most cases, the actual values of CO2 emissions growth (represented by black dots) fall within the range of the predicted densities. Improvements in predictive accuracy across the calendar are evident, particularly if we compare density predictions in week 5 versus week 24**B**: For... | BAC | ACB | ABC | BCA | Selection 2 |
**A**:
Recall that the EU adopts an administrative classification known as the Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics classification or NUTS [40], which subdivides country members into a multi-layer hierarchical structure having as the lower stratum the local are units or municipalities (LAUs), in turn uniqu... | CBA | CBA | ABC | BCA | Selection 3 |
**A**: Thus, certain information should be exchanged to induce an efficient trade, and the solution concept therein is a perfect Bayes equilibrium.
In a similar vein, Čopič and Ponsatí (2008) study robust prior-independent mechanisms when the buyer’s and seller’s valuations are discounted over time and hence both agent... | BAC | BAC | ABC | BAC | Selection 3 |
**A**: Another potential advantage of the revealing policy is that, when it has been used in a market for years and the market fundamentals (including the distribution of student preferences and school priorities) do not change much over years, the cutoff lottery numbers for schools will tend to stabilize**B**: Althoug... | ABC | CAB | BAC | ACB | Selection 4 |
**A**: Tables 1 and 2 show the RMSE and average CRPS statistics for our nowcast/estimate exercise. The top row of each table evaluates the accuracy of the nowcasts for U.S. GDP. Model-based “estimates” of U.S. GDP are not required, since the advance estimate of quarterly U.S. GDP is published at the end of the followin... | ACB | ABC | BCA | CAB | Selection 2 |
**A**: Although new last-place votes were introduced, the number of last-place votes for A𝐴Aitalic_A remained the same, and hence this candidate still has a majority of last-place votes**B**:
We now have a Borda count election without any partial ballots, and since A𝐴Aitalic_A gained as many or more points than any ... | CBA | BAC | CAB | ACB | Selection 2 |
**A**: Sciarra et al. (2020) built upon these insights, placing both methods within a network theory framework and redefining complexity as centrality scores within similarity matrices, which they found useful for exploring relationships in SDG achievement as well [25]. This study applies the SDGs-Generalized Economic ... | BAC | ABC | ABC | CAB | Selection 4 |
**A**:
In terms of the standard errors, we see a ranking among the linear RA estimators**B**: Except in one case, nonlinear SRA standard errors are between 0.5%-1.5% smaller than for the linear SRA ones. Finally, nonlinear PRA standard errors are between 0%-5% smaller than those for the nonlinear SRA estimates. In thi... | ABC | ACB | BCA | BCA | Selection 2 |
**A**:
The main drawback of our approach is its dependence on a selection rule for choosing a candidate algorithm. When we are able to reject the null, as in our application, then the optimality properties of the selection rule (in particular, whether it satisfies improvement convergence as defined in Section 4) do no... | ABC | ACB | CAB | BCA | Selection 1 |
**A**: Accordingly, this is where our formal analysis starts.
**B**: While this example provides a good illustration of our main results, it is too simple to capture all of them**C**: In particular, mixing – which as we show, is severely curtailed, but not necessarily precluded under imprecise discounting – can also pl... | CAB | BCA | CBA | CBA | Selection 1 |
**A**: (2003) document the trade-off between efficiency and speed in the Federal Communication Commission spectrum auctions, where speed and revenue can be enhanced through the improved design proposed by Kwasnica et al. (2005)**B**: Andersson and Erlanson (2013) numerically show that a hybrid Vickrey-English-Dutch alg... | ABC | BCA | BAC | CAB | Selection 2 |
**A**: An important exclusion from this is the particular case of susceptible (in Weber’s sense, i.e., the just-noticeable differences are small) players, where our solution leads to the asymmetric Nash solution with weights expressed via the Weber coefficients of the players. Hence, our results show the Nash solution ... | BAC | CBA | BCA | BCA | Selection 2 |
**A**: \citeasnounkruse2019comparing had a sample of 4883 observations, so long memory seems a reasonable modelling strategy in their case**B**: However, this approach cannot be applied to moderate sample size, such as the ones typically encountered in macroeconomic forecasting.**C**: On the other hand \citeasnounkruse... | ACB | ABC | BAC | BCA | Selection 4 |
**A**: While the use of an identity matrix restricts information flow to individual nodes, the multi-layer design compensates by enabling the model to capture intricate non-linear dependencies**B**: This approach is particularly effective for datasets where temporal or spatial relationships are not explicitly defined b... | ACB | ACB | BCA | ACB | Selection 3 |
**A**: Specifically, if one assumes independence across structural errors and imposes a triangular (or acyclic) system, then the Cholesky decomposition of the variance matrix can identify the contemporaneous interaction matrix only up to a permutation and scaling. Concretely:
**B**: Consistent with most studies that le... | CBA | BAC | CAB | BCA | Selection 3 |
**A**: Each task (i.e., responding “yes” or “no”) is repeated 100 times. ChatGPT represents the WEIRD benchmark.
**B**: Note: The top panel of the figure shows the number of Proposer “yes” responses by SCAs to contingent offers ranging from 0% to 100% in the Ultimatum Game**C**: The bottom panel shows the “no” count or... | BCA | ABC | ABC | CAB | Selection 4 |
**A**: These papers cover a diverse range of topics and methodologies, showcasing the versatility of our approach. The visual representations of these knowledge graphs are provided in Figure 6 and 7, which highlight the varying structures and complexities of the narratives in these influential papers.
**B**: To concret... | BCA | BAC | CAB | BAC | Selection 3 |
**A**:
The remainder of this paper is structured as follows**B**: We explain our model and experimental setup in Section 3 and Section 4, respectively. Our main results, mechanism, and several robustness checks are presented in Section 5. Section 6 concludes.**C**: We provide an overview of how our work relates to oth... | BAC | CAB | BAC | ACB | Selection 4 |
**A**: Data aggregation and processing is subject to economies of scale and economies of scope**B**: The former are active up to a threshold amount, so that for amounts greater than the threshold diseconomies of scale take place**C**: The latter are in effect when data from both P0 an P1 are aggregated, which implies t... | BAC | CAB | BAC | ABC | Selection 4 |
**A**: better performance with respect to the considered benchmark. Different loss functions are reported with different markers, and the horizontal lines indicate the 5% and the 10% critical values using fixed-b𝑏bitalic_b asymptotics.
**B**: A negative value of the test statistic indicates a lower loss for the Bank o... | BAC | CBA | CAB | BCA | Selection 2 |
**A**: As ML applications in electricity markets continue to grow, it is reasonable to include more ML users, such as conventional generators, demand, and system operators, in the model**B**: We leave this for future work.
**C**: While the equilibrium model considers wind power producers as the sole users of ML, the pr... | CAB | BCA | CBA | CBA | Selection 2 |
**A**: The regression-adjusted DTE estimates obtained with logit model are nearly identical to the simple DTE estimates and reduce the standard errors by 0.1%-1.1% across values of**B**:
Figure 4 shows the distributional effect of insurance coverage on the number of primary care visits**C**: The DTE estimates (top lef... | CAB | BCA | BAC | BCA | Selection 1 |
**A**: This capability is critical for stress-testing and exploring rare, high-severity loss scenarios.
**B**: Latent Space: The latent space encodes each claim as a probabilistic distribution**C**: By sampling from this space, the VAE generates synthetic claims that extrapolate beyond the observed dataset while adheri... | BCA | BCA | CBA | CAB | Selection 4 |
**A**: The EMM dataset may not uniformly cover all media sources, and EM-DAT may have incomplete records for less severe disasters or those in underrepresented regions (Jones et al., 2022; Below et al., 2009)**B**:
Our study has several limitations**C**: Further research is needed to clarify the causal mechanisms behi... | BCA | BAC | CAB | CBA | Selection 2 |
**A**: with the lowest incidence, even though their mean responses are similar.**B**: “10”, is remarkably different from that of Washington DC,333333The survey also covered Washington DC**C**: It is aggregated here alongside
the states, even though it is entirely urban, unlike any state | ABC | CAB | BAC | BCA | Selection 2 |
**A**:
In computer science, Caragiannis et al. (2012) and Ferraioli and Ventre (2018) consider a primitive authentication rate, and they restrict attention to truthful equilibria of direct mechanisms**B**: (2012) allow the principal to use arbitrarily severe punishments to deter any report that is not authenticated wi... | ABC | ABC | ACB | ABC | Selection 3 |
**A**: As Figure 4 shows, we see that the results are quite general: The industrial complexity of a location and its neighborhood are important for growth, while only the complexity of the neighborhood’s exports matters for a location’s growth**B**: The regression table for all these results can be found in the SI.
**C... | ACB | CAB | BCA | CAB | Selection 3 |
**A**: As is standard, we can re-write the total effect as follows:101010Here, we assume that the direct and indirect effects do not vary at different levels of Z**B**: See more discussion by Imai et al**C**: (2011). All results in the paper hold with other decompositions. See additional discussions of general cases in... | BCA | BAC | CBA | ABC | Selection 4 |
**A**: First, there is a small loss in the primary dimension because some marginally beneficial innovations are not implemented. Note that the foregone benefits are small for these innovations**B**: Proposition 2 demonstrates that implementing a positive hurdle rate is strictly beneficial to the firm. The intuition is ... | BAC | CBA | CAB | ACB | Selection 1 |
**A**: manufacturing sector in 2018. Then, we use data on the actual tariff change, the decline in the imports from China, and the rise in input inventories to calibrate the trade war with China that started in 2018, and the rise in delivery delays for inputs.**B**: We start by calibrating the model to match moments of... | BAC | BAC | BCA | CBA | Selection 4 |
**A**: Q={4}𝑄4Q=\{4\}italic_Q = { 4 }**B**: effect of s2tsuperscriptsubscript𝑠2𝑡s_{2}^{t}italic_s start_POSTSUBSCRIPT 2 end_POSTSUBSCRIPT start_POSTSUPERSCRIPT italic_t end_POSTSUPERSCRIPT on s3tsuperscriptsubscript𝑠3𝑡s_{3}^{t}italic_s start_POSTSUBSCRIPT 3 end_POSTSUBSCRIPT start_POSTSUPERSCRIPT italic_t end_POST... | BAC | CAB | CBA | CAB | Selection 1 |
**A**: Pioneering work by Aumann (1962), Bewley (2002) and Dubra et al**B**: (2004) studied the representation of incomplete preferences under risk and uncertainty. Incomplete preferences in non-deterministic environments have been the object of a growing literature: see, for example,
Nascimento and Riella (2011)**C**:... | BCA | ABC | BAC | CAB | Selection 1 |
**A**: To disambiguate inventor careers, we use a modified version of the algorithm proposed by Trajtenberg et al., (2009)**B**: While other disambiguation methods based on supervised machine learning have been proposed (Li et al.,, 2014; Pezzoni et al.,, 2014), we find them unsuitable for our purposes due to the lack ... | ACB | ABC | CBA | CBA | Selection 1 |
**A**: The different colors represent the different calibration methods. The charts use 1,000 replications from samples of size 2,000, 4,000 and 8,000 generate from DGP 4 (difficult outcome regression / difficult propensity score).**B**:
Note: The figure depicts the RMSE across replications**C**: From left to right, t... | ACB | CAB | BAC | CBA | Selection 2 |
**A**: However, it is limited by its use of broad 2-digit sector level of analysis. This high-level aggregation prevents researchers from exploring finer details of sector interactions or product-specific relationships. For instance, in the automotive industry, this limitation makes it difficult to analyze the complexi... | BAC | CAB | ACB | BCA | Selection 2 |
**A**:
Florian Gunsilius is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Economics at Emory University**B**: His research interests are nonparametric approaches for statistical identification, estimation, and inference**C**: His current focus is on statistical optimal transport theory, mean field estimation, causal inf... | BCA | ABC | CAB | BAC | Selection 2 |
**A**: Early work focused primarily on the role of strategy complexity within game theory (Rubinstein,, 1986; Abreu and Rubinstein,, 1988)**B**: There is also interest in formalizing definitions of complexity, e.g., Gabaix and Graeber, (2024) build a general model of production within a cognitive economy in order to op... | CBA | CBA | BAC | ACB | Selection 4 |
**A**: The framework is built around a bi-level design, with an inner simulation layer, with agents learning behavioural rules conditioned on an observation of updateable characteristics 𝜽𝜽\boldsymbol{\theta}bold_italic_θ, and an outer layer updating these characteristics 𝜽𝜽\boldsymbol{\theta}bold_italic_θ. As agen... | CBA | BCA | ACB | BAC | Selection 1 |
**A**: The idea of approximating semiparametric models with growing parametric models is, of course, not new, as there is a well developed literature on sieve estimation. Compared to this broad literature however, the goal of the present paper is much more specific**B**: We aim to find conditions under which we can tra... | CBA | BCA | BCA | ABC | Selection 4 |
**A**: (2018) extend this framework to quantile regressions.
Our break detection and asymptotic analysis of the breakpoint estimator builds on and extends that of Lee et al**B**: (2018) to a panel setting. A key contribution of our paper is the establishment of the super-consistency of the estimated breakpoint by explo... | BCA | CAB | CAB | CBA | Selection 1 |
**A**: When the model is misspecified, the parameter of interest is set as the minimizer of the population GMM criterion function, which is referred to as the pseudo-true value**B**:
It is worth emphasizing that this type of moment misspecification can only happen in over-identified moment condition models**C**: We as... | ABC | CAB | BAC | CAB | Selection 3 |
**A**: Harrington (2018) discuss the approaches of static checking an algorithm’s source code444Here “source code” refers to any formal representation of an algorithm, which also includes, for instance, the architecture and weights of neural network models**B**: without running it and dynamic testing the algorithm555He... | BAC | CAB | CBA | ABC | Selection 4 |
**A**: These selections results in 3,277 observations, for which 26 percent of wage observations are censored**B**: Table LABEL:Table:Lee presents the estimates obtained using the IV Tobit model.**C**:
Following Lee (1995), we proceed with the analysis focusing on the data for married couples with non-negative family ... | ABC | BAC | CBA | BCA | Selection 4 |
**A**: Compared to the full sample, the restricted sample displays notable differences in both characteristics and outcomes.**B**:
Table I presents summary statistics for the full sample and the restricted sample**C**: The restricted sample includes students within 0.7 grade points of the Dean’s List cutoff, who compl... | CAB | ACB | BCA | CBA | Selection 1 |
**A**: One-to-many causal relations are highlighted in red**B**:
Figure 1: One and the same action — lifting sanctions to Iran — may lead to quite different outcomes depending on many other factors, such as growing availability of renewable energy sources or shale oil**C**: Loosely inspired by [3]. | BCA | BAC | ACB | CAB | Selection 2 |
**A**: While the finite type space version of the notion of acceptable bet was used by Morris (2020). The notions of money pump we use in this paper are different in their forms from the ones typically appearing in the literature. However, in spirit, those reflect the very same intuition: arbitrage oppurtinity.**B**: T... | CBA | ABC | BAC | ACB | Selection 1 |
**A**: (2021) document increases in work experience throughout high school and college, coupled with a rise in time to college degree for the NLSY97 cohort. Additionally, Appendix B documents substantial changes across NLSY cohorts in the types of occupational experience accumulated over ages 17–26**B**: Most notably, ... | ACB | CAB | BCA | CBA | Selection 3 |
**A**: For continuous features, we use kernel density estimation**B**:
Note: This figure displays the distribution of the features on the training sample by group created from individual XPER values using the K-Medoids methodology**C**: Dark red refers to the first group and light red to the second group. | BCA | CAB | ACB | BAC | Selection 4 |
**A**: We first re-establish that a first-price auction, in which the winner pays her own bid, consistently exhibits coordinated bid suppression. In contrast, the second-price auction aligns winning bids more closely with actual valuations, reduces volatility during the learning phase, and often speeds up convergence**... | ACB | CBA | CAB | CAB | Selection 1 |
**A**: The standard deviation**B**: The GMMf estimator corrects this, with
the average value of w^gmmf,10=0.989subscript^𝑤𝑔𝑚𝑚𝑓100.989\widehat{w}_{gmmf,10}=0.989over^ start_ARG italic_w end_ARG start_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_g italic_m italic_m italic_f , 10 end_POSTSUBSCRIPT = 0.989**C**: w^2sls,10=0.003subscrip... | ABC | CBA | ACB | ABC | Selection 2 |
**A**: Let 𝐕=[𝐯1,…,𝐯R]𝐕subscript𝐯1…subscript𝐯𝑅\mathbf{V}=[\mathbf{v}_{1},\ldots,\mathbf{v}_{R}]bold_V = [ bold_v start_POSTSUBSCRIPT 1 end_POSTSUBSCRIPT , … , bold_v start_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_R end_POSTSUBSCRIPT ] and 𝐯j=[𝐯j,1⊤,…,𝐯j,T⊤]⊤subscript𝐯𝑗superscriptsuperscriptsubscript𝐯𝑗1top…superscriptsubscrip... | ACB | BCA | BAC | ABC | Selection 2 |
**A**: I define treatment cohorts by the period when a state first increased its minimum wage and use the other states that do not increase the minimum wage as control groups (never-treated). Our specifications have two differences. First, to include the confounding event, Medicaid Expansion under the ACA, I use data f... | BCA | ABC | ACB | BAC | Selection 1 |
**A**:
MTS quantifies the average cosine similarity between a word’s vector representation across consecutive time frames**B**: For instance, words related to technology or societal changes might have a high temporal distance due to rapid shifts in their contextual usage, reflecting evolving discourse. The MTS for wor... | CAB | CAB | ABC | ACB | Selection 4 |
**A**: In the context of electronic payments, transactions are typically validated when the payee receives confirmation from the payer’s bank that sufficient funds are available to complete the transaction**B**: However, this process inherently requires revealing the payer’s identity to at least some level of authority... | ACB | BCA | CAB | CBA | Selection 2 |
**A**: benchmark**B**: [14] looks at sovereign bond yields and spreads with respect to the U.S**C**: As explanatory variables they consider
vulnerability (country’s exposure, sensitivity, and capacity to adapt to the impacts of climate change) and resilience (country’s capacity to apply economic investments and convert... | CAB | BCA | BAC | ACB | Selection 3 |
**A**: The independence of item-level treatment effects in this regime explains the superior performance of the IR estimator.
**B**: In contrast, under relaxed capacity constraints where capacity is sufficient to meet desired base-stock levels, the system can be decomposed into independent parallel experiments for each... | BCA | CAB | BCA | BCA | Selection 2 |
**A**: In practice, researchers typically estimate generalized impulse response functions using a two-stage least-squares type estimator**B**: We first analyze this generalized local projection IV
**C**: This is also sometimes called “local projections with an external instrument” (JordaSchularickTaylor(15)) | ACB | BAC | BCA | ABC | Selection 1 |
**A**: Suppose first that s2(b,c)>0subscript𝑠2𝑏𝑐0s_{2}(b,c)>0italic_s start_POSTSUBSCRIPT 2 end_POSTSUBSCRIPT ( italic_b , italic_c ) > 0**B**: Then, by (38) and (20)–(22),
s1(b,c)=3subscript𝑠1𝑏𝑐3s_{1}(b,c)=3italic_s start_POSTSUBSCRIPT 1 end_POSTSUBSCRIPT ( italic_b , italic_c ) = 3, s2(b,c)=1subscript𝑠2𝑏𝑐... | ACB | BCA | ABC | BAC | Selection 3 |
**A**: Time series data must not include gaps**B**: Data must be [TS] tsset or [XT] xtset before using xtbreak**C**: Panel data can be unbalanced. In this case, observations with missing data will not be included in the regressions. depvar, indepvars and varlist may contain time-series operators, see [TS] tsvarlist.
| BCA | BCA | BAC | CAB | Selection 3 |
**A**: In other words, LLM simulations pose a unique dilemma to researchers. Improving ecological validity may require leaving unspecified details in the prompt, which runs the risk of introducing confoundedness. On the other hand, including extensive detail may reduce confounding, but at the expense of ecological vali... | CBA | CAB | CBA | BCA | Selection 2 |
**A**: One immediate application of the previous section is the construction of a canonical way to reduce the dimensionality of discrete DeGroot models.
We start by considering a classic DeGroot model with a large number of agents**B**: Since this new object is a DiKernel, we can discretize it by considering groups of ... | ABC | BCA | ABC | ACB | Selection 4 |
**A**: Kato (2024b) avoid such approximations but focus on the small-gap regime, which may not align well with economic theory.**B**: Adusumilli (2022) rely on local asymptotic normality and diffusion processes, which are approximations that restrict the underlying distributions**C**:
These studies, however, have nota... | ACB | CBA | ACB | BAC | Selection 2 |
**A**: Subsection 3.1 introduces basic facts about spectral graph theory, which are used to derive the equilibrium strategies in Subsection 3.2**B**: This section presents preliminary results for analyzing the optimal public signal**C**: Subsection 3.3 formulates the principal’s optimization problem and presents the op... | BAC | ABC | ABC | ACB | Selection 1 |
**A**: Thus far, we have assumed that agents suffer from complete correlation neglect (Definition 2)**B**: The main challenge is that different statistical estimation methods handle correlations very differently, so they have to be treated on a case-by-case basis. We illustrate these challenges explicitly by contrastin... | CBA | ACB | CAB | BCA | Selection 2 |
**A**: The second extension—by allowing for any distribution of the signal—partially overlaps with the first extension and also works in combination with the fourth. While it is plausible that additional combinations of these extensions might be feasible, we currently do not see a way to allow all four generalizations ... | BAC | ABC | CBA | ACB | Selection 1 |
**A**:
While the open-access case provides a useful analytical benchmark, it rarely reflects the complexities of real-world property regimes**B**: As Elinor Ostrom and others have emphasized, communities typically regulate resource use through membership restrictions, social norms, and formal rules that mitigate the i... | CBA | ACB | ABC | BCA | Selection 3 |
**A**: Specifically, we apply the tools developed in Sections 3 and 4 to construct valid confidence intervals for the Marginal Value of Public Funds (MVPF) associated with a menu of government policies**B**: We begin by outlining the MVPF framework for welfare analysis and highlight why our approach is particularly wel... | BAC | CBA | CAB | BCA | Selection 4 |
**A**: To avoid selection biases, our samples include both commonly selected values from human samples, i.e., 18, 19, and 20, and less common choices, i.e., 11, 12, and 13. These choices correspond to the highest and lowest levels of reasoning depth.**B**:
We next turn our attention to few-shot prompting techniques, i... | ACB | CAB | BAC | ABC | Selection 2 |
**A**: RF’s flexibility in adjusting the weighting of the look-back window over time is evident, particularly around structural breaks**B**: In the two-sided case, we observe a sharp increase in the importance of recent lags just before an abrupt change, while leading observation weights peak right after the break. Thi... | ABC | ABC | BCA | CAB | Selection 3 |
**A**: Our main result is presented in Section 3, while Section 4 outlines a general strategy for verifying the conditions of the main result and demonstrates how to apply it in the examples. Finally, Section 5 compares our results with the known results alluded to in the third paragraph of this section.
**B**: The rem... | BAC | CAB | BAC | BCA | Selection 2 |
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