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wodeham | ## 1. Life
Adam Wodeham [Goddam/Woodham] (c. 1295-1358) was born near
Southampton. He entered the Franciscan order at a young age.
Wodeham's earliest philosophical education was at the Franciscan
*studium* in London where he first studied under Walter Chatton
(c. 1317-1321) and then William of Ockham (1320-1324).
Du... |
wolff-christian | ## 1. Biographical Sketch
Christian Wolff was born 24 January 1679 in Breslau in the province of
Silesia (now part of Poland) to parents of modest
means.[1]
Wolff was educated at the Lutheran-humanist
Maria-Magdelena-Gymansium, where his teachers included Christian
Gryphius (1649-1706), a baroque poet and dramatis... |
wollstonecraft | ## 1. Biography
The second of seven children, Mary Wollstonecraft was born in
Spitalfields, London, on 27 April 1759, in a house on Primrose Street.
Her paternal grandfather was a successful master weaver who left a
sizeable legacy, but her father, Edward John, mismanaged his share of
the inheritance. He tried to es... |
word-meaning | ## 1. Basics
The notions of *word* and *word meaning* are problematic
to pin down, and this is reflected in the difficulties one encounters
in defining the basic terminology of lexical semantics. In part, this
depends on the fact that the term 'word' itself is highly
polysemous (see, e.g., Matthews 1991; Booij 2007;... |
work-labor | ## 1. Conceptual Distinctions: Work, Labor, Employment, Leisure
It is not difficult to enumerate examples of work. Hence, Samuel
Clark:
>
> by *work* I mean the familiar things we do in fields,
> factories, offices, schools, shops, building sites, call centres,
> homes, and so on, to make a life and a living. Ex... |
world-government | ## 1. Historical Background
For I dipt into the future, far as human eye could see,
Saw the Vision of the world, and all the wonders that would be;
...
Till the war-drum throbb'd no longer, and the battle-flags were
furl'd
In the Parliament of man, the Federation of the world.
There the commo... |
impossible-worlds | ## 1. Reasons for Introducing Impossible Worlds
Why might one believe in impossible worlds? One argument is the
so-called "argument from ways" (Vander Laan 1997), which
is related to the first definition of impossible world given above.
This draws on the analogy with
David Lewis's
notorious argument concerning our... |
possible-worlds | ## 1. Possible Worlds and Modal Logic
Although 'possible world' has been part of the
philosophical lexicon at least since Leibniz, the notion became firmly
entrenched in contemporary philosophy with the development of
*possible world semantics* for the languages of propositional and
first-order modal logic. In addit... |
wright | ## 1. Biographical Sketch
Chauncey Wright was born in Northampton, Massachusetts, in 1830, where
his family had lived since colonial times and where his father had
been a merchant and deputy-sheriff of the county. In 1848, he entered
Harvard College. His education there included two years of advanced
study in natur... |
wilhelm-wundt | ## 1. Biographical Timeline
1832 born at
Neckarau/Mannheim, August 16
1845 enters Bruchsal
Gymnasium
1851-2 study of
medicine at Tubingen
1852-5 study of
medicine at Heidelberg
1853 first publication
"on the sodium chloride content of urine"
1855 medical assistant
at a Heidelberg clinic
1856 semester of study
with J... |
wyclif | ## 1. Life and Works
### 1.1 Life
John Wyclif was born near Richmond (Yorkshire) before 1330 and
ordained in 1351. He spent the greater part of his life in the schools
at Oxford: he was fellow of Merton in 1356, master of arts at Balliol
in 1360, and doctor of divinity in 1372. He definitely left Oxford in
1381 fo... |
wyclif-political | ## 1. Wyclif's Later Works
Government and the relation of divine justice to human law, both
secular and ecclesiastical, figure as occasional themes throughout the
treatises of the *Summa de Ente*. After receiving his doctorate
in theology in 1373, his attention began to focus more completely on
these topics, and hi... |
xenocrates | ## 1. Metaphysics
Most of what we can reconstruct about Xenocrates pertains to his
metaphysics. We do this largely by identifying views of his that
appear in Aristotle's criticisms of the metaphysical views of his
predecessors and contemporaries, and chaining together with these
other texts that can plausibly be tak... |
xenophanes | ## 1. Life and Works
In his *Lives of the Philosophers* (Diels-Kranz, testimonium
A1), Diogenes Laertius reports that Xenophanes was born in the small
Ionian town of Colophon and flourished during the sixtieth Olympiad
(540-537 BCE). Laertius adds that when Xenophanes was
"banished from his native city" he "joined t... |
xunzi | ## 1. Xunzi and *Xunzi*
The name Xunzi means Master Xun and refers to Xun Kuang
Xun Kuang , who was renowned in his day as "the most
revered of teachers" (*zui wei laoshi*
Zui Wei Lao Shi ). His precise dates are unknown, and
extant sources contradict one another: in particular, there is
disagreement as to whether h... |
yorck | ## 1. Yorck's Life
Count Paul Yorck von Wartenburg was born in Berlin on March 1, 1835.
His grandfather was the famous Field Marshal Hans David Ludwig Yorck
von Wartenburg. (The Field Marshal's courageous signing of the
Convention of Tauroggen, originally unauthorized by the king and thus
in effect treasonous, start... |
zabarella | ## 1. Life and Works
Giacomo (or Jacopo) Zabarella was born into an old and noble Paduan
family on the 5th of September in 1533. From his father
Giulio Zabarella he inherited the title of palatine count. Zabarella
enjoyed a humanist education and entered the University of Padua,
where he received the doctorate in 1... |
zeno-elea | ## 1. Life and Writings
The dramatic occasion of Plato's dialogue, *Parmenides*, is a
visit to Athens by the eminent philosopher Parmenides and Zeno, his
younger associate, to attend the festival of the Great Panathenaea.
Plato describes Parmenides as about sixty-five years old, Zeno as
nearly forty, and Socrat... |
paradox-zeno | ## 1. Background
Before we look at the paradoxes themselves it will be useful to sketch
some of their historical and logical significance. First, Zeno sought
to defend Parmenides by attacking his critics. Parmenides rejected
pluralism and the reality of any kind of change: for him all was one
indivisible, unchanging... |
zermelo-set-theory | ## 1. The Axioms
The introduction to Zermelo's paper makes it clear that set theory is regarded as a fundamental theory:
>
> Set theory is that branch of mathematics whose task is to
> investigate mathematically the fundamental notions
> "number", "order", and
> "function", taking them in their pristine, simpl... |
zhuangzi | ## 1. Zhuangzi's Life and Times
Zhuangzi flourished through the latter half of the 4th century BC
roughly contemporary with Mencius, and the movement known as the
School of Names (Ming Jia *ming-jia* name
school). Zhuangzi shows familiarity with Classical Chinese
theories of pragmatic-semantics and makes his own the... |
zhu-xi | ## 1. Life and Works
Zhu Xi was born in Youqi in Fujian in October 1130. Many anecdotes
attest that he was a highly precocious child. It was recorded that at
age five he ventured to ask what lay beyond Heaven, and by eight he
understood the significance of the *Classic of Filiality*
(*Xiaojing*). As a youth, he was ... |
zombies | ## 1. The idea of zombies
Descartes held that non-human animals are automata: their behavior is
wholly explicable in terms of physical mechanisms. But human behavior
(he argued) could not be explained like that. Exploring the idea of a
machine that would look and behave like a human being, he thought two
things woul... |
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