Datasets:

jacquelinehe
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tydiqa_gold

query stringlengths 30 152	raw_query stringlengths 11 133	ctxs listlengths 1 1	answer stringlengths 2 981
Question: When was quantum field theory developed?? Answer:	When was quantum field theory developed?	[ { "retrieval text": "Quantum field theory naturally began with the study of electromagnetic interactions, as the electromagnetic field was the only known classical field as of the 1920s.[8]:1" } ]	1920s
Question: Who was the first Nobel prize winner for Literature?? Answer:	Who was the first Nobel prize winner for Literature?	[ { "retrieval text": "The Nobel Prize in Literature (Swedish: Nobelpriset i litteratur) is awarded annually by the Swedish Academy to authors for outstanding contributions in the field of literature. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which are awarded for outstandin...	Sully Prudhomme
Question: When is the dialectical method used?? Answer:	When is the dialectical method used?	[ { "retrieval text": "Dialectic or dialectics (Greek: διαλεκτική, dialektikḗ; related to dialogue), also known as the dialectical method, is at base a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned arguments. Dialectic res...	discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned arguments
Question: Who invented Hangul?? Answer:	Who invented Hangul?	[ { "retrieval text": "Hangul was personally created and promulgated by the fourth king of the Joseon dynasty, Sejong the Great.[1][2] Sejong's scholarly institute, the Hall of Worthies, is often credited with the work, and at least one of its scholars was heavily involved in its creation, but it appears to have ...	Sejong the Great
Question: What do Grasshoppers eat?? Answer:	What do Grasshoppers eat?	[ { "retrieval text": "Grasshoppers are plant-eaters, with a few species at times becoming serious pests of cereals, vegetables and pasture, especially when they swarm in their millions as locusts and destroy crops over wide areas. They protect themselves from predators by camouflage; when detected, many species ...	Grasshoppers are plant-eaters, with a few species at times becoming serious pests of cereals, vegetables and pasture, especially when they swarm in their millions as locusts and destroy crops over wide areas
Question: How large is the Kerman province of southeastern Iran?? Answer:	How large is the Kerman province of southeastern Iran?	[ { "retrieval text": "Kerman Province (Persian: استان کرمان‎, Ostān-e Kermān) is the largest province of the 31 provinces of Iran. Kerman is in the southeast of Iran with its administrative center in the city of Kerman. In 2014 it was placed in Region 5.[3] Mentioned in ancient times as the Achamenid satrapy of ...	183,285km
Question: When was Guitar Hero Live first released?? Answer:	When was Guitar Hero Live first released?	[ { "retrieval text": "Guitar Hero Live is a music video game developed by FreeStyleGames and published by Activision. It was released for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Wii U, Xbox 360, and Xbox One in October 2015 and to iOS devices including Apple TV in November 2015. As with previous games in the series, the g...	October 2015
Question: When were bluebonnets named the state flower of Texas?? Answer:	When were bluebonnets named the state flower of Texas?	[ { "retrieval text": "On March 7, 1901, Lupinus subcarnosus became the only species of bluebonnet recognized as the state flower of Texas;[2] however, Lupinus texensis emerged as the favorite of most Texans. So, in 1971, the Texas Legislature made any similar species of Lupinus that could be found in Texas the s...	March 7, 1901
Question: Who created the series Clannad?? Answer:	Who created the series Clannad?	[ { "retrieval text": "Clannad(クラナド,Kuranado) is a Japanese visual novel developed by Key and released on April 28, 2004 for Windows PCs. While both of Key's first two previous works, Kanon and Air, had been released first as adult games and then censored for the younger market, Clannad was released with a rating...	Key
Question: When was the USS Taylor built?? Answer:	When was the USS Taylor built?	[ { "retrieval text": "Taylor's keel was laid down by Bath Iron Works Corp., Bath, Maine, on May 5, 1983. She was launched November 5, 1983, and commissioned December 1, 1984 in Bath, Maine. Taylor was sponsored by Barbara A. Taylor, the widow of the ship's namesake, and Diane Taylor-Oeland as matron of honor." ...	May 5, 1983
Question: What's the difference between man-slaughter and homicide?? Answer:	What's the difference between man-slaughter and homicide?	[ { "retrieval text": "\n\nIn the United States, the law regarding murder varies by jurisdiction. In most U.S. jurisdictions there is a hierarchy of acts, known collectively as homicide, of which first degree murder and felony murder are the most serious, followed by second degree murder, followed by voluntary ma...	In most U.S. jurisdictions there is a hierarchy of acts, known collectively as homicide, of which first degree murder and felony murder are the most serious, followed by second degree murder, followed by voluntary manslaughter and involuntary manslaughter which are not as serious, and ending finally in justifiable homi...
Question: When did DC comics first introduce the Guardians of the Universe?? Answer:	When did DC comics first introduce the Guardians of the Universe?	[ { "retrieval text": "The Guardians of the Universe are a fictional race of extraterrestrials appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly in association with Green Lantern. They first appeared in Green Lantern Vol. 2, Issue 1 (July 1960), and were created by John Broome and Gil Kane.[1] Th...	July 1960
Question: What is the largest parrot in New Zealand?? Answer:	What is the largest parrot in New Zealand?	[ { "retrieval text": "The kakapo is a large, rotund parrot; the adult can measure from 58 to 64cm (23 to 25in) in length, and weight can vary from 0.95 to 4kg (2 to 9lb) at maturity.[13][14] Males are larger than females. Twenty-eight males were found to average 2kg (4.4lb) in one study, and 39 males were found ...	Kakapo
Question: When was the first Assassin's Creed released?? Answer:	When was the first Assassin's Creed released?	[ { "retrieval text": "The video game series took inspiration from the novel Alamut by the Slovenian writer Vladimir Bartol,[1] while building upon concepts from the Prince of Persia series.[2] It begins with the self-titled game in 2007, and has featured eleven main games. The most recent released game is 2018's...	2007
Question: What percentage of the Earth's atmosphere is oxygen?? Answer:	What percentage of the Earth's atmosphere is oxygen?	[ { "retrieval text": "By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen,[2] 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases. Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor, on average around 1% at sea level, and 0.4% over the entire atmosphere. Air content and atmospheric pressur...	20.95%
Question: When was the X-Men cartoon television series first aired?? Answer:	When was the X-Men cartoon television series first aired?	[ { "retrieval text": "X-Men, also known as X-Men: The Animated Series, is an American animated television series which debuted on October 31, 1992, in the United States on the Fox Kids network.[2] X-Men was Marvel Comics' second attempt at an animated X-Men TV series after the pilot, X-Men: Pryde of the X-Men, w...	October 31, 1992
Question: When was the Battle of Suoi Chau Pha fought?? Answer:	When was the Battle of Suoi Chau Pha fought?	[ { "retrieval text": "\n\nThe Battle of Suoi Chau Pha (6 August 1967) was fought during the Vietnam War between Australian troops and the Viet Cong. The battle took place during Operation Ballarat, an Australian search and destroy operation in the eastern Hat Dich area, north-west of Nui Dat in Phuoc Tuy provinc...	6 August 1967
Question: How old was Cho Namchul when he died?? Answer:	How old was Cho Namchul when he died?	[ { "retrieval text": "Cho Namchul (November 30, 1923 - July 2, 2006, alternately Cho Namcheol) was a professional Go player (Baduk in Korean). He died of natural causes in Seoul at the age of 83." } ]	83
Question: What is the Navy's military mascot?? Answer:	What is the Navy's military mascot?	[ { "retrieval text": "Bill the Goat is the mascot of the United States Naval Academy. The mascot is a live goat and is also represented by a costumed midshipman. There is also a bronze statue of the goat in the north end zone of Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium.[1] This statue also plays a role in \"Army Wee...	Bill the Goat
Question: How many permanent members of the United Nations Security Council are there?? Answer:	How many permanent members of the United Nations Security Council are there?	[ { "retrieval text": "The permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (also known as the Permanent Five, Big Five, or P5) are the five states which the UN Charter of 1945 grants a permanent seat on the UN Security Council: China (formerly the Republic of China), France, Russia (formerly the Sovie...	five
Question: Who created the Gundam animated series?? Answer:	Who created the Gundam animated series?	[ { "retrieval text": "Gundam(Japanese:ガンダム,Hepburn:Gandamu), also known as the Gundam series(ガンダムシリーズ,Gandamu Shirīzu), is a science fiction media franchise created by Sunrise that features giant robots (mecha) with the name \"Gundam\" (after the original titular mecha). The franchise began on April 7, 1979 wit...	Sunrise
Question: How long has Lucha Libre been around?? Answer:	How long has Lucha Libre been around?	[ { "retrieval text": "Lucha libre (Spanish pronunciation:[ˈlut͡ʃa ˈliβɾe], meaning \"freestyle wrestling\"[1] or literally translated as \"free fight\") is the term used in México for professional wrestling. Since its introduction to Mexico in the early 20th century, it has developed into a unique form of the ge...	20th century
Question: When was special relativity developed?? Answer:	When was special relativity developed?	[ { "retrieval text": "Albert Einstein published the theory of special relativity in 1905, building on many theoretical results and empirical findings obtained by Albert A. Michelson, Hendrik Lorentz, Henri Poincaré and others. Max Planck, Hermann Minkowski and others did subsequent work." } ]	1905
Question: When did Marxism develop?? Answer:	When did Marxism develop?	[ { "retrieval text": "\nMarxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that views class relations and social conflict using a materialist interpretation of historical development and takes a dialectical view of social transformation. It originates from the works of 19th-century German philosophers Karl Marx and F...	19th-century
Question: Which Assassin's Creed is the latest released?? Answer:	Which Assassin's Creed is the latest released?	[ { "retrieval text": "The video game series took inspiration from the novel Alamut by the Slovenian writer Vladimir Bartol,[1] while building upon concepts from the Prince of Persia series.[2] It begins with the self-titled game in 2007, and has featured eleven main games. The most recent released game is 2018's...	Assassin's Creed Odyssey
Question: Why is it called guerrilla?? Answer:	Why is it called guerrilla?	[ { "retrieval text": "The Spanish word \"guerrilla\" is the diminutive form of \"guerra\" (\"war\"). The term became popular during the early-19th century Peninsular War, when the Spanish and Portuguese people rose against the Napoleonic troops and fought against a highly superior army using the guerrilla strate...	is the diminutive form of "guerra" ("war")
Question: What was the first film directed by Andrei Tarkovsky?? Answer:	What was the first film directed by Andrei Tarkovsky?	[ { "retrieval text": "Tarkovsky's first feature film was Ivan's Childhood in 1962. He had inherited the film from director Eduard Abalov, who had to abort the project. The film earned Tarkovsky international acclaim and won the Golden Lion award at the Venice Film Festival in the year 1962. In the same year, on ...	Ivan's Childhood
Question: Who was the last Han Dynasty Emperor?? Answer:	Who was the last Han Dynasty Emperor?	[ { "retrieval text": "Emperor Xian of Han (2 April 181 – 21 April 234), personal name Liu Xie, courtesy name Bohe, was the 14th and last emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty in China. He reigned from 28 September 189 until 11 December 220.[4][5]" } ]	Emperor Xian of Han
Question: Who wrote the song "Happy Days"?? Answer:	Who wrote the song "Happy Days"?	[ { "retrieval text": "\"Happy Days\" is a song written by Norman Gimbel and Charles Fox. It is the theme song of the 1970s television series Happy Days.[3] It can be heard during the TV show's opening and closing credits as it runs in perpetual rerun syndication." } ]	Norman Gimbel and Charles Fox
Question: Who was the first ruler of the Tang dynasty?? Answer:	Who was the first ruler of the Tang dynasty?	[ { "retrieval text": "Emperor Gaozu of Tang (7 April 566 – 25 June 635), born Li Yuan, courtesy name Shude, was the founder of the Tang Dynasty of China, and the first emperor of this dynasty from 618 to 626. Under the Sui dynasty, Li Yuan was the governor in the area of modern-day Shanxi, and was based in Taiyu...	Emperor Gaozu of Tang
Question: When was the first web page released?? Answer:	When was the first web page released?	[ { "retrieval text": "The first web page may be lost, but Paul Jones of UNC-Chapel Hill in North Carolina revealed in May 2013 that he has a copy of a page sent to him in 1991 by Berners-Lee which is the oldest known web page. Jones stored the plain-text page, with hyperlinks, on a floppy disk and on his NeXT co...	1991
Question: When did Iain M. Banks create The Culture?? Answer:	When did Iain M. Banks create The Culture?	[ { "retrieval text": "Banks says he conceived the Culture in the 1960s, and that it is a combination of wish fulfilment and a reaction against the predominantly right-wing science fiction produced in the United States.[71] In his opinion, the Culture might be a \"great place to live\", with no exploitation of pe...	1960s
Question: How many people died during WW1?? Answer:	How many people died during WW1?	[ { "retrieval text": "The total number of military and civilian casualties in World War I were about 40 million: estimates range from 15 to 19million deaths and about 23million wounded military personnel, ranking it among the deadliest conflicts in human history." } ]	40 million
Question: How old is the town of Wolfstein in Germany?? Answer:	How old is the town of Wolfstein in Germany?	[ { "retrieval text": "Wolfstein was founded in 1275 on Habsburg King Rudolph I's orders, which called for a “fortified and free” town near his castle, “Woluisstein”, now known as the Alt-Wolfstein (“Old Wolfstein”) ruin. Rudolph forthwith granted the new town the same town rights and freedoms as the town of Spey...	1275
Question: What was the first Atlantic hurricane in 2000?? Answer:	What was the first Atlantic hurricane in 2000?	[ { "retrieval text": "A well-developed tropical wave was observed in satellite imagery over central Africa on July 30. The system tracked westward and emerged into the Atlantic Ocean on August 3. Thereafter, the system rapidly organized, and developed into Tropical Depression Three at 1800 UTC that day. The depr...	Alberto
Question: What is the main version of Islam practiced in Iraq?? Answer:	What is the main version of Islam practiced in Iraq?	[ { "retrieval text": "Iraq's Muslims follow two distinct traditions, Shia and Sunni Islam. According to the 2018 CIA Factbook, Iraq is 95% Muslim: 64–69% Shia (Arabs, Feyli Kurds et al.) and 29–34% Sunni (Arabs and Kurds). The overall percentage of Muslims has increased since the Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017) due ...	Shia
Question: What is within a nucleus of a cell?? Answer:	What is within a nucleus of a cell?	[ { "retrieval text": "Cell nuclei contain most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in a complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. The genes within these chromosomes are the cell's nuclear genome and are structured in such a way to...	genetic material
Question: What is the population of emperor penguins in Antarctica?? Answer:	What is the population of emperor penguins in Antarctica?	[ { "retrieval text": "The total population was estimated in 2009 to be at around 595,000 adult birds, in 46 known colonies spread around the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic; around 35% of the known population lives north of the Antarctic Circle. Major breeding colonies were located at Cape Washington, Coulman Island...	595,000
Question: When did Aristagoras become leader of Miletus?? Answer:	When did Aristagoras become leader of Miletus?	[ { "retrieval text": "Aristagoras (Greek: Ἀρισταγόρας ὁ Μιλήσιος), d. 497/496 BC, was the leader of Miletus in the late 6th century BC and early 5th century BC and a key player during the early years of the Ionian Revolt against the Persian Achaemenid Empire. He was the son-in-law of Histiaeus, and inherited the...	late 6th century BC
Question: How long is the England–Wales border?? Answer:	How long is the England–Wales border?	[ { "retrieval text": "\n\nThe England–Wales border, sometimes referred to as the Wales–England border or the Anglo-Welsh border, is the border between England and Wales, two constituent countries of the United Kingdom.[1][2] It runs for 160 miles (260km)[3] from the Dee estuary, in the north, to the Severn estua...	160 miles