wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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359 | List of Atlas Shrugged characters | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20Atlas%20Shrugged%20characters | List of Atlas Shrugged characters
representatives, since he does have some real knowledge on the running of trains. She notices, however, that he is the least appreciated by his own bosses.
- The Wet Nurse (Tony) is a young bureaucrat sent by the government to watch over Rearden's mills. Though he starts out as a cyni... | 200 |
359 | List of Atlas Shrugged characters | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20Atlas%20Shrugged%20characters | List of Atlas Shrugged characters
r extracting more oil from what were thought to be exhausted oil wells. When first introduced, he is aggressive towards Dagny, whom he does not yet know and whom he blames for what are, in fact, her brother's policies which directly threaten his business. When the government passes law... | 201 |
579 | Alien | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alien | Alien
Alien
Alien primarily refers to:
- Extraterrestrial life, life which does not originate from Earth
- Specifically, intelligent extraterrestrial beings; see List of alleged extraterrestrial beings
- Alien (law), a person in a country who is not a national of that country
Alien(s), or The Alien(s) may also ref... | 202 |
579 | Alien | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alien | Alien
film by Ridley Scott
- "Aliens" (film), the 1986 sequel by James Cameron
- "Alien 3", third film in the series from 1992 by David Fincher
- "", a 1980 unofficial sequel of the 1979 "Alien" film
- "The Alien" (unproduced film), an incomplete 1960s IndianAmerican film
- "The Alien" (2016 film), a 2016 Mexican ... | 203 |
579 | Alien | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alien | Alien
wave group
- The Aliens (Scottish band), a 2005–2008 rock group
### Albums.
- "Alien" (Northlane album)
- "Alien" (Strapping Young Lad album)
- "Alien" (Tankard album)
- "Alien" (soundtrack)
- "Aliens" (soundtrack)
### Songs.
- "Alien" (Britney Spears song)
- "Alien" (Jonas Blue and Sabrina Carpenter so... | 204 |
579 | Alien | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alien | Alien
Fours"
- "Alien", a song by Nerina Pallot on the album "Dear Frustrated Superstar"
- "Alien", a song by P-Model on the album "Landsale"
- "Alien", a song by Thriving Ivory on their self-titled album
- "Alien", a song by Tokio Hotel on the album "Humanoid". Also, fans of the band call themselves Aliens
- "The... | 205 |
579 | Alien | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alien | Alien
game based on the "Alien" science fiction horror film series
## Other media.
- "Alien" (Armenian TV series), a 2017 melodrama series
- "The Aliens" (TV series), 2016 British sci-fi television series
- "Alien" (sculpture), a 2012 work by David Breuer-Weil, in Mottisfont, Hampshire, England
- "Aliens" (Dark Ho... | 206 |
579 | Alien | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alien | Alien
ien" science fiction horror film series
## Other media.
- "Alien" (Armenian TV series), a 2017 melodrama series
- "The Aliens" (TV series), 2016 British sci-fi television series
- "Alien" (sculpture), a 2012 work by David Breuer-Weil, in Mottisfont, Hampshire, England
- "Aliens" (Dark Horse Comics line)
# O... | 207 |
572 | Agricultural science | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural%20science | Agricultural science
Agricultural science
Agricultural science is a broad multidisciplinary field of biology that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding of agriculture. (Veterinary science, but not animal science, is often excluded from the... | 208 |
572 | Agricultural science | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural%20science | Agricultural science
studying and improving plant-based crops.
Agricultural sciences include research and development on:
- Plant Breeding and Genetics
- Plant Pathology
- Horticulture
- Soil Science
- Entomology
- Production techniques (e.g., irrigation management, recommended nitrogen inputs)
- Improving agri... | 209 |
572 | Agricultural science | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural%20science | Agricultural science
products (e.g., production, preservation, and packaging of dairy products)
- Prevention and correction of adverse environmental effects (e.g., soil degradation, waste management, bioremediation)
- Theoretical production ecology, relating to crop production modeling
- Traditional agricultural sys... | 210 |
572 | Agricultural science | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural%20science | Agricultural science
to the major producers, such as China, India, Brazil, the US and the EU.
- Various sciences relating to agricultural resources and the environment (e.g. soil science, agroclimatology); biology of agricultural crops and animals (e.g. crop science, animal science and their included sciences, e.g. ru... | 211 |
572 | Agricultural science | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural%20science | Agricultural science
tissue culture, to modify living organisms: plants, animals, and microorganisms.
# Fertilizer.
One of the most common yield reducers is because of fertilizer not being applied in slightly higher quantities during transition period, the time it takes the soil to rebuild its aggregates and organic ... | 212 |
572 | Agricultural science | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural%20science | Agricultural science
Gilbert began a set of long-term field experiments at Rothamsted Research Station in England; some of them are still running.
In the United States, a scientific revolution in agriculture began with the Hatch Act of 1887, which used the term "agricultural science". The Hatch Act was driven by farme... | 213 |
572 | Agricultural science | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural%20science | Agricultural science
Luther Burbank
- George Washington Carver
- Carl Henry Clerk
- George C. Clerk
- René Dumont
- Sir Albert Howard
- Kailas Nath Kaul
- Justus von Liebig
- Jay Lush
- Gregor Mendel
- Louis Pasteur
- M. S. Swaminathan
- Jethro Tull
- Artturi Ilmari Virtanen
- Eli Whitney
- Sewall Wright... | 214 |
572 | Agricultural science | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural%20science | Agricultural science
Animal husbandry
- Animal nutrition
- Farm management
- Agronomy
- Botany
- Theoretical production ecology
- Horticulture
- Plant breeding
- Plant fertilization
- Aquaculture
- Biological engineering
- Genetic engineering
- Nematology
- Microbiology
- Plant pathology
- Range manageme... | 215 |
572 | Agricultural science | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural%20science | Agricultural science
of Food and Agricultural Sciences
- International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development
- International Food Policy Research Institute, IFPRI
- List of agriculture topics
- National FFA Organization
- Research Institute of Crop Production (RICP) (in the Czech Republ... | 216 |
572 | Agricultural science | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural%20science | Agricultural science
Marcia, "Computer les kilocalories", Cérès, n. 59, sept-oct. 1977
- Russell E. Walter, "Soil conditions and plant growth", Longman group, London, New York 1973
- Salamini Francesco, Oezkan Hakan, Brandolini Andrea, Schaefer-Pregl Ralf, Martin William, "Genetics and geography of wild cereal domest... | 217 |
572 | Agricultural science | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural%20science | Agricultural science
and Flax," Academy of Sciences of Urss, National Science Foundation, Washington, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem 1960
- Winogradsky Serge, "Microbiologie du sol. Problèmes et methodes. Cinquante ans de recherches," Masson & c.ie, Paris 1949
# External links.
- Consultative ... | 218 |
572 | Agricultural science | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural%20science | Agricultural science
, Paris 1949
# External links.
- Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)
- Agricultural Research Service
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
- International Livestock Research Institute
- The National Agricultu... | 219 |
590 | Austin (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austin%20(disambiguation) | Austin (disambiguation)
Austin (disambiguation)
Austin is the capital of Texas in the United States.
Austin may also refer to:
# People names.
- Austin (name) - a short form of Augustin, or Augustine
- Augustin (disambiguation)
- Augustine (disambiguation)
- August (disambiguation)
# Geographical locations.
##... | 220 |
590 | Austin (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austin%20(disambiguation) | Austin (disambiguation)
Austin, Kentucky
- Austin, Minnesota
- Austin, Missouri
- Austin, Nevada
- Austin, Ohio
- Austin, Oregon
- Austin, Texas
- Austin County, Texas (note that the city of Austin, Texas is located in Travis County)
# Schools.
- Austin College, Sherman, Texas
- University of Texas at Austin,... | 221 |
590 | Austin (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austin%20(disambiguation) | Austin (disambiguation)
Austin Car Company, short-lived American automobile maker
# Entertainment.
- "Austin" (song), a single by Blake Shelton
- Austin, a kangaroo Beanie Baby produced by Ty, Inc.
- Austin the kangaroo from the children's television series "The Backyardigans"
- Austin Moon, titular character in t... | 222 |
590 | Austin (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austin%20(disambiguation) | Austin (disambiguation)
ong), a single by Blake Shelton
- Austin, a kangaroo Beanie Baby produced by Ty, Inc.
- Austin the kangaroo from the children's television series "The Backyardigans"
- Austin Moon, titular character in the television show "Austin & Ally"
# Other uses.
- USS "Austin", three ships
- Austin s... | 223 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
Altruism
Altruism is the principle and moral practice of concern for happiness of other human beings and/or animals, resulting in a quality of life both material and spiritual. It is a traditional virtue in many cultures and a core aspect of various religious traditions and secular worldviews, though the conc... | 224 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
from Latin "alteri", meaning "other people" or "somebody else".
Altruism in biological observations in field populations of the day organisms is an individual performing an action which is at a cost to themselves (e.g., pleasure and quality of life, time, probability of survival or reproduction), but benefits... | 225 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
is spite; a spiteful action harms another with no self-benefit.
Altruism can be distinguished from feelings of loyalty, in that whilst the latter is predicated upon social relationships, altruism does not consider relationships. Much debate exists as to whether ""true"" altruism is possible in human psycholog... | 226 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
are morally obliged to benefit others. Used in this sense, it is usually contrasted with egoism, which claims individuals are morally obligated to serve themselves first.
# The notion of altruism.
The concept has a long history in philosophical and ethical thought. The term was originally coined in the 19th ... | 227 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
In simple terms, altruism is caring about the welfare of other people and acting to help them.
# Scientific viewpoints.
## Anthropology.
Marcel Mauss's book "The Gift" contains a passage called "Note on alms". This note describes the evolution of the notion of alms (and by extension of altruism) from the no... | 228 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
become a principle of justice. The gods and the spirits accept that the share of wealth and happiness that has been offered to them and had been hitherto destroyed in useless sacrifices should serve the poor and children.
- Compare Altruism (ethics) – perception of altruism as self-sacrifice.
- Compare expla... | 229 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
behaviors such as charity, emergency aid, help to coalition partners, tipping, courtship gifts, production of public goods, and environmentalism.
Theories of apparently altruistic behavior were accelerated by the need to produce theories compatible with evolutionary origins. Two related strands of research on... | 230 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
cues indicating kinship may unconsciously increase altruistic behavior. One kinship cue is facial resemblance. One study found that slightly altering photographs so that they more closely resembled the faces of study participants increased the trust the participants expressed regarding depicted persons. Anothe... | 231 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
their families.
- Vested interests. People are likely to suffer if their friends, allies, and similar social ingroups suffer or even disappear. Helping such group members may therefore eventually benefit the altruist. Making ingroup membership more noticeable increases cooperativeness. Extreme self-sacrifice ... | 232 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
a similar strategy by cooperating if and only if others cooperate in return.
- One consequence is that people are more cooperative if it is more likely that individuals will interact again in the future. People tend to be less cooperative if they perceive that the frequency of helpers in the population is low... | 233 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
to respond if someone helps them. This has been used by charities that give small gifts to potential donors hoping thereby to induce reciprocity. Another method is to announce publicly that someone has given a large donation. The tendency to reciprocate can even generalize so people become more helpful toward ... | 234 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
of non-cooperation.
- People are more likely to cooperate on a task if they can communicate with one another first. This may be due to better assessments of cooperativeness or due to exchange of promises. They are more cooperative if they can gradually build trust, instead of being asked to give extensive hel... | 235 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
the group.
- Indirect reciprocity. The avoidance of poor reciprocators and cheaters causes a person's reputation to become very important. A person with a good reputation for reciprocity have a higher chance of receiving help even from persons they have had no direct interactions with previously.
- Strong re... | 236 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
reciprocate but has an increased chance of acting in a way that is selfish but also as a byproduct benefits the altruist.
- Costly signaling and the handicap principle. Since altruism takes away resources from the altruist it can be an "honest signal" of resource availability and the abilities needed to gathe... | 237 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
is pointless if everyone has the same traits, resources, and cooperative intentions but become a potentially more important signal if the population increasingly varies on these characteristics.
- Group selection. It has controversially been argued by some evolutionary scientists such as David Sloan Wilson th... | 238 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
consisting of the more altruistic persons may outcompete groups consisting of the less altruistic persons. Such altruism may only extend to ingroup members while there may instead prejudice and antagonism against outgroup members (See also in-group favoritism). Group selection theory has been criticized by man... | 239 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
behaviors would have been selected for if such behaviors on average increased inclusive fitness in the ancestral environment. This need not imply that on average 50% or more of altruistic acts were beneficial for the altruist in the ancestral environment; if the benefits from helping the right person were very... | 240 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
to non-competitors than to competitors, and to members ingroups than to members of outgroup.
The study of altruism was the initial impetus behind George R. Price's development of the Price equation, which is a mathematical equation used to study genetic evolution. An interesting example of altruism is found i... | 241 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
and neurohormonal mechanisms, evolved in order to facilitate long-term, high-cost altruism between those closely depending on one another for survival and reproductive success.
Such cooperative behaviors have sometimes been seen as arguments for left-wing politics such by the Russian zoologist and anarchist P... | 242 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA in October 2006, they showed that both pure monetary rewards and charitable donations activated the mesolimbic reward pathway, a primitive part of the brain that usually responds to food and sex. However, when volunteers generously placed the... | 243 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
and pleasurable. One brain region, the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex/basal forebrain, contributes to learning altruistic behavior, especially in those with trait empathy. The same study has shown a connection between giving to charity and the promotion of social bonding.
In fact, in an experiment publis... | 244 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
to conclude that the point was not that they reached immoral conclusions, but that when they were confronted by a difficult issue — in this case as whether to shoot down a passenger plane hijacked by terrorists before it hits a major city — these patients appear to reach decisions without the anguish that affl... | 245 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
way through moral thickets. Does that mean they should be held to different standards of accountability?"
In another study, in the 1990s, Dr. Bill Harbaugh, a University of Oregon economist, concluded people are motivated to give for reasons of personal prestige and in a similar fMRI scanner test in 2007 with... | 246 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
the conclusion that there are other factors in cause in charity, such as a person's environment and values.
## Psychology.
The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences defines "psychological altruism" as "a motivational state with the goal of increasing another’s welfare." Psychological altruism is ... | 247 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
the selflessness of altruistic acts is brought to question. The social exchange theory postulates that altruism only exists when benefits to the self outweigh costs to the self. Daniel Batson is a psychologist who examined this question and argues against the social exchange theory. He identified four major mo... | 248 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
"empathy-altruism hypothesis" basically states that psychological altruism does exist and is evoked by the empathic desire to help someone who is suffering. Feelings of empathic concern are contrasted with feelings of personal distress, which compel people to reduce their own unpleasant emotions. People with e... | 249 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
altruism, studies often observe altruism as demonstrated through prosocial behaviors such as helping, comforting, sharing, cooperation, philanthropy, and community service. Research has found that people are most likely to help if they recognize that a person is in need and feel personal responsibility for red... | 250 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
bystanders.
Many studies have observed the effects of volunteerism (as a form of altruism) on happiness and health and have consistently found a strong connection between volunteerism and current and future health and well-being. In a study of older adults, those who volunteered were higher on life satisfacti... | 251 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
not belong to a volunteer organization experienced a major illness while only 36% of those who did volunteer experienced one. A study on adults ages 55+ found that during the four-year study period, people who volunteered for two or more organizations had a 63% lower likelihood of dying. After controlling for ... | 252 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
the idea that altruistic acts bring about happiness, it has also been found to work in the opposite direction—that happier people are also kinder. The relationship between altruistic behavior and happiness is bidirectional. Studies have found that generosity increases linearly from sad to happy affective state... | 253 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
generous acts make people feel good about themselves, it is also important for people to appreciate the kindness they receive from others. Studies suggest that gratitude goes hand-in-hand with kindness and is also very important for our well-being. A study on the relationship happiness to various character str... | 254 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
of our societies and how individuals come to exhibit charitable, philanthropic, and other pro-social, altruistic actions for the common good is a largely researched topic within the field. The American Sociology Association (ASA) acknowledges public sociology saying, "The intrinsic scientific, policy, and publ... | 255 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
altruism is framed, organized, carried out, and what motivates it at the group level is an area of focus that sociologists seek to investigate in order to contribute back to the groups it studies and "build the good society". The motivation of altruism is also the focus of study; some publications link the occ... | 256 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
depression and burnout seen in healthcare professionals, an unhealthy focus on others to the detriment of one's own needs, hoarding of animals, and ineffective philanthropic and social programs that ultimately worsen the situations they are meant to aid.
# Religious viewpoints.
Most, if not all, of the world... | 257 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
and compassion is the wish that all beings be free from suffering. "Many illnesses can be cured by the one medicine of love and compassion. These qualities are the ultimate source of human happiness, and the need for them lies at the very core of our being" (Dalai Lama).
Still, the notion of altruism is modif... | 258 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
punishment or correction based on moral judgment, but from the law of karma, which functions like a natural law of cause and effect. A simple illustration of such cause and effect is the case of experiencing the effects of what one causes: if one causes suffering, then as a natural consequence one would experi... | 259 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
also considers all living things to be equal. The first Tirthankara, Rishabhdev, introduced the concept of altruism for all living beings, from extending knowledge and experience to others to donation, giving oneself up for others, non-violence and compassion for all living things.
Jainism prescribes a path o... | 260 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
greed destroys everything. Jainism recommends conquering anger by forgiveness, pride by humility, deceit by straightforwardness and greed by contentment.
Jains believe that to attain enlightenment and ultimately liberation, one must practice the following ethical principles (major vows) in thought, speech and... | 261 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
The house-holders are encouraged to practice the above-mentioned five vows. The monks have to observe them very strictly. With consistent practice, it will be possible to overcome the limitations gradually, accelerating the spiritual progress.
The principle of non-violence seeks to minimize karmas which limit... | 262 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
to microscopic organisms. Jainism acknowledges that every person has different capabilities and capacities to practice and therefore accepts different levels of compliance for ascetics and householders.
## Christianity.
Altruism is central to the teachings of Jesus found in the Gospel, especially in the Serm... | 263 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
them with impostors of authentic self-affirmation and altruism, by analysis of other-regard within creative individuation of the self, and by contrasting love for the few with love for the many. Love confirms others in their freedom, shuns propaganda and masks, assures others of its presence, and is ultimately... | 264 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
of love for others. Considering that "the love with which a man loves himself is the form and root of friendship" and quotes Aristotle that "the origin of friendly relations with others lies in our relations to ourselves," he concluded that though we are not bound to love others more than ourselves, we natural... | 265 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
was probably opposing this Thomistic doctrine, which is present in some theological schools within Catholicism.
Many biblical authors draw a strong connection between love of others and love of God. 1 John 4 states that for one to love God one must love his fellowman, and that hatred of one's fellowman is the... | 266 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
Max Scheler distinguishes two ways in which the strong can help the weak. One way is a sincere expression of Christian love, "motivated by a powerful feeling of security, strength, and inner salvation, of the invincible fullness of one’s own life and existence". Another way is merely "one of the many modern su... | 267 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
'ithaar' (إيثار) (altruism) is the notion of 'preferring others to oneself'. For Sufis, this means devotion to others through complete forgetfulness of one's own concerns, where concern for others is rooted to be a demand made by ALLAH on the human body, considered to be property of ALLAH alone. The importance... | 268 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
this world.
This concept was emphasized by Sufis of Islam like Rabia al-Adawiyya who paid attention to the difference between dedication to ALLAH (i.e. God) and dedication to people. Thirteenth-century Turkish Sufi poet Yunus Emre explained this philosophy as "Yaratılanı severiz, Yaratandan ötürü" or "We love... | 269 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
attribute in humanity. This is defined as bestowal, or giving, which is the intention of altruism. This can be altruism towards humanity that leads to altruism towards the creator or God. Kabbalah defines God as the force of giving in existence. Rabbi Moshe Chaim Luzzatto in particular focused on the 'purpose ... | 270 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
to the level of altruism, love for one another. Ashlag focused on society and its relation to divinity.
## Sikhism.
Altruism is essential to the Sikh religion. The central faith in Sikhism is that the greatest deed any one can do is to imbibe and live the godly qualities like love, affection, sacrifice, pati... | 271 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
the late seventeenth century, Guru Gobind Singh Ji (the tenth guru in Sikhism), was in war with the Mughal rulers to protect the people of different faiths when a fellow Sikh, Bhai Kanhaiya, attended the troops of the enemy. He gave water to both friends and foes who were wounded on the battlefield. Some of th... | 272 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
in all of them," replied Bhai Kanhaiya. The Guru responded, "Then you should also give them ointment to heal their wounds. You were practicing what you were coached in the house of the Guru."
It was under the tutelage of the Guru that Bhai Kanhaiya subsequently founded a volunteer corps for altruism. This vol... | 273 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
it will free their souls from guilt or "Paapa" and will led them to heaven or "Swarga" in afterlife. Altruism is also the central act of various Hindu mythology and religious poems and songs.
Swami Vivekananda, the legendary Hindu monk, has said -"Jive prem kare jeijon, Seijon sebiche Iswar" (Whoever loves an... | 274 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
Brahma Sutras, Sivananda notes that karma is insentient and short-lived, and ceases to exist as soon as a deed is executed. Hence, karma cannot bestow the fruits of actions at a future date according to one's merit. Furthermore, one cannot argue that karma generates apurva or punya, which gives fruit. Since ap... | 275 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
altruism. Altruistic acts are generally celebrated and very well received in Hindu literature and is central to Hindu morality.
# Philosophy.
There exists a wide range of philosophical views on humans' obligations or motivations to act altruistically. Proponents of ethical altruism maintain that individuals ... | 276 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
related concept in descriptive ethics is psychological egoism, the thesis that humans always act in their own self-interest and that true altruism is impossible. Rational egoism is the view that rationality consists in acting in one's self-interest (without specifying how this affects one's moral obligations).... | 277 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
pledge by Gates, Buffett and others to donate to charity at least half of their wealth
- Inclusive fitness
- Group selection
- Humanity (virtue)
- Kin selection
- Misanthropy
- Mutual aid
- Non nobis solum
- Philanthropy
- Prisoner's dilemma
- Prosocial behavior
- Random act of kindness
- Reciproca... | 278 |
336 | Altruism | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altruism | Altruism
ial behavior
- Random act of kindness
- Reciprocal altruism
- Selfishness
- Social psychology
- Solidarity (sociology)
- Spite
- Tit for tat
# References.
- Comte, Auguste, "Catechisme positiviste" (1852) or "Catechism of Positivism", tr. R. Congreve, (London: Kegan Paul, 1891)
- Kropotkin, Peter, ""... | 279 |
580 | Astronomer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronomer | Astronomer
Astronomer
An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who focuses their studies on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth. They observe astronomical objects such as stars, planets, moons, comets, and galaxies – in either observational (by analyzing the data) or theoretical astro... | 280 |
580 | Astronomer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronomer | Astronomer
of celestial objects and analyze the data. In contrast, theoretical astronomers create and investigate models of things that cannot be observed. Because it takes millions to billions of years for a system of stars or a galaxy to complete a life cycle, astronomers must observe snapshots of different systems a... | 281 |
580 | Astronomer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronomer | Astronomer
and description of phenomena in the sky, while astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena and the differences between them using physical laws. Today, that distinction has mostly disappeared and the terms "astronomer" and "astrophysicist" are interchangeable. Professional astronomers are highly educat... | 282 |
580 | Astronomer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronomer | Astronomer
small. The American Astronomical Society, which is the major organization of professional astronomers in North America, has approximately 7,000 members. This number includes scientists from other fields such as physics, geology, and engineering, whose research interests are closely related to astronomy. The ... | 283 |
580 | Astronomer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronomer | Astronomer
a more sensitive image to be created because the light is added over time. Before CCDs, photographic plates were a common method of observation. Modern astronomers spend relatively little time at telescopes usually just a few weeks per year. Analysis of observed phenomena, along with making predictions as to... | 284 |
580 | Astronomer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronomer | Astronomer
have a broad background in maths, sciences and computing in high school. Taking courses that teach how to research, write and present papers are also invaluable. In college/university most astronomers get a Ph.D. in astronomy or physics.
# Amateur astronomers.
While there is a relatively low number of prof... | 285 |
580 | Astronomer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronomer | Astronomer
of themselves as amateur astronomers may devote a few hours a month to stargazing and reading the latest developments in research. However, amateurs span the range from so-called "armchair astronomers" to the very ambitious, who own science-grade telescopes and instruments with which they are able to make th... | 286 |
580 | Astronomer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronomer | Astronomer
developments in research. However, amateurs span the range from so-called "armchair astronomers" to the very ambitious, who own science-grade telescopes and instruments with which they are able to make their own discoveries and assist professional astronomers in research.
# See also.
- List of astronomers
... | 287 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
Academy Awards
The Academy Awards, also officially and popularly known as the Oscars, are awards for artistic and technical merit in the film industry. Given annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), the awards are an international recognition of excellence in cinematic achiev... | 288 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
presented it in 1929 at a private dinner hosted by Douglas Fairbanks in the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel. The Academy Awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and is now seen live worldwide. Its eq... | 289 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
of the award through the 91st ceremony. It was the first ceremony since 1989 without a host.
# History.
The first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16, 1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people.
The post-awards party was held at ... | 290 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11:00 pm on the night of the awards. This method was used until an occasion when the "Los Angeles Times" announced the winners before the ceremony began; as a result, the Academy has, since 1941, used a ... | 291 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
of their work done in a certain category during the qualifying period; for example, Jannings received the award for two movies in which he starred during that period, and Janet Gaynor later won a single Oscar for performances in three films. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, and prof... | 292 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.
Since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies have ended with the Academy Award for Best Picture.
Traditionally, the previous year's winner for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor present the awards for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress, while the previous y... | 293 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
a knight rendered in Art Deco style holding a crusader's sword standing on a reel of film with five spokes. The five spokes represent the original branches of the Academy: Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers, and Technicians.
The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio "El Indio" Fe... | 294 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
during World War II, Oscars were made of painted plaster for three years. Following the war, the Academy invited recipients to redeem the plaster figures for gold-plated metal ones. The only addition to the Oscar since it was created is a minor streamlining of the base. The original Oscar mold was cast i... | 295 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
2016, the Academy returned to bronze as the core metal of the statuettes, handing manufacturing duties to Walden, New York-based Polich Tallix Fine Art Foundry. While based on a digital scan of an original 1929 Oscar, the statuettes retain their modern-era dimensions and black pedestal. Cast in liquid br... | 296 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
Academy officially adopted the name "Oscar" for the trophies in 1939.
One biography of Bette Davis, who was a president of the Academy in 1941, claims she named the award after her first husband, band leader Harmon Oscar Nelson. A frequently-mentioned originator is Margaret Herrick, the Academy executiv... | 297 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
column on March 16, 1934, which was about that year's 6th Academy Awards. The 1934 awards appeared again in another early media mention of "Oscar": a "Time" magazine story. In the ceremonies that year, Walter Elias Disney thanked the Academy for his "Oscar".
## Engraving.
To prevent information identif... | 298 |
324 | Academy Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Awards | Academy Awards
station at the Governor's Ball, a party held immediately after the Oscar ceremony. The R.S. Owens company has engraved nameplates made before the ceremony, bearing the name of every potential winner. The nameplates for the non-winning nominees are later recycled.
## Ownership of Oscar statuettes.
Since... | 299 |
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