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4
1
NOITCES
CHAPTER
1
Basic structure and function of cells
Epithelial cells rarely operate independently of each other and com-
CELL STRUCTURE
monly form aggregates by adhesion, often assisted by specialized inter-
cellular junctions. They may also communicate with each other either
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CELLS by... | 31 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
Cell structure
5
1
RETPaHC
CC MMVV AAPPMM
AAJJCC
Receptor
Transmembrane protein
pore complex
of proteins
Carbohydrate
residues
External
(extracellular)
surface
MM
MM
CCyy
LLPPMM
Internal
(intracellular)
surface
NN Lipid bilayer
appearance
in electron
microscope
Intrinsic
membrane
protein Extrinsic Transmembrane
protein... | 32 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
Basic structure and function of cells
5.e1
1
RETPaHC
Combinations of biochemical, biophysical and biological tech-
niques have revealed that lipids are not homogenously distributed in
membranes, but that some are organized into microdomains in the
bilayer, called ‘detergent-resistant membranes’ or lipid ‘rafts’, rich i... | 33 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
BaSIC STRuCTuRE aNd fuNCTION Of CEllS
6
1
NOITCES
of external signals, including hormones and other ligands, and sites for abundant proteins; SER is abundant in steroid-producing cells and
the recognition and attachment of other cells. Internally, plasma mem- muscle cells. A variant of the endoplasmic reticulum in musc... | 34 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
Basic structure and function of cells
6.e1
1
RETPaHC
The glycocalyx plays a significant role in maintenance of the integrity
of tissues and in a wide range of dynamic cellular processes, e.g. serving
as a vascular permeability barrier and transducing fluid shear stress to
the endothelial cell cytoskeleton (Weinbaum et ... | 35 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
Cell structure
7
1
RETPaHC
A B
N
GG
V
GG M
C Phagocytic pathway Secretory pathway Membrane recycling Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Clathrin-coated pit
Early endosome
Late endosome
Lysosomal
fusion
Secondary lysosome
Residual body
Vesicle shuttling
between cisternae trans-Golgi network
Golgi cisternae
cis-Golgi network
... | 36 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
BaSIC STRuCTuRE aNd fuNCTION Of CEllS
8
1
NOITCES
salts. Traffic between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi appara- Endocytic (internalization) pathway
tus is bidirectional and takes place via carrier vesicles derived from the
The endocytic pathway begins at the plasma membrane and ends in
donor site that bud, tet... | 37 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
Basic structure and function of cells
8.e1
1
RETPaHC
Carrier vesicles in transit from the endoplasmic reticulum to the
Golgi apparatus (anterograde transport) are coated by coat protein
complex II (COPII), whereas COPI-containing vesicles function in the
retrograde transport route from the Golgi apparatus (reviewed in ... | 38 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
Cell structure
9
1
RETPaHC
may also be secreted – often as part of a process to alter the extracellular A
matrix, as in osteoclast-mediated erosion during bone resorption. For
further reading on lysosome biogenesis, see Saftig and Klumperman
(2009).
lysosomal dysfunction
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a conseque... | 39 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
Basic structure and function of cells
9.e1
1
RETPaHC
The transcription factor EB (TFEB) is responsible for regulating lyso-
somal biogenesis and function, lysosome-to-nucleus signalling and
lipid catabolism (for further reading, see Settembre et al (2013)). If any
of the actions of lysosomal hydrolases, of the lysosome... | 40 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
BaSIC STRuCTuRE aNd fuNCTION Of CEllS
10
1
NOITCES
erythrocytes lack mitochondria altogether. Cells with few mitochondria ent and its electronic charge, and the potential difference across the
generally rely largely on glycolysis for their energy supplies. These membrane. These factors combine to produce an electrochem... | 41 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
4
1
NOITCES
CHAPTER
1
Basic structure and function of cells
Epithelial cells rarely operate independently of each other and com-
CELL STRUCTURE
monly form aggregates by adhesion, often assisted by specialized inter-
cellular junctions. They may also communicate with each other either
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CELLS by... | 31 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | null | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
Cell structure
5
1
RETPaHC
CC MMVV AAPPMM
AAJJCC
Receptor
Transmembrane protein
pore complex
of proteins
Carbohydrate
residues
External
(extracellular)
surface
MM
MM
CCyy
LLPPMM
Internal
(intracellular)
surface
NN Lipid bilayer
appearance
in electron
microscope
Intrinsic
membrane
protein Extrinsic Transmembrane
protein... | 32 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | null | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
Basic structure and function of cells
5.e1
1
RETPaHC
Combinations of biochemical, biophysical and biological tech-
niques have revealed that lipids are not homogenously distributed in
membranes, but that some are organized into microdomains in the
bilayer, called ‘detergent-resistant membranes’ or lipid ‘rafts’, rich i... | 33 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | null | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
BaSIC STRuCTuRE aNd fuNCTION Of CEllS
6
1
NOITCES
of external signals, including hormones and other ligands, and sites for abundant proteins; SER is abundant in steroid-producing cells and
the recognition and attachment of other cells. Internally, plasma mem- muscle cells. A variant of the endoplasmic reticulum in musc... | 34 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | null | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
Basic structure and function of cells
6.e1
1
RETPaHC
The glycocalyx plays a significant role in maintenance of the integrity
of tissues and in a wide range of dynamic cellular processes, e.g. serving
as a vascular permeability barrier and transducing fluid shear stress to
the endothelial cell cytoskeleton (Weinbaum et ... | 35 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | null | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
Cell structure
7
1
RETPaHC
A B
N
GG
V
GG M
C Phagocytic pathway Secretory pathway Membrane recycling Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Clathrin-coated pit
Early endosome
Late endosome
Lysosomal
fusion
Secondary lysosome
Residual body
Vesicle shuttling
between cisternae trans-Golgi network
Golgi cisternae
cis-Golgi network
... | 36 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | null | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
BaSIC STRuCTuRE aNd fuNCTION Of CEllS
8
1
NOITCES
salts. Traffic between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi appara- Endocytic (internalization) pathway
tus is bidirectional and takes place via carrier vesicles derived from the
The endocytic pathway begins at the plasma membrane and ends in
donor site that bud, tet... | 37 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | null | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
Basic structure and function of cells
8.e1
1
RETPaHC
Carrier vesicles in transit from the endoplasmic reticulum to the
Golgi apparatus (anterograde transport) are coated by coat protein
complex II (COPII), whereas COPI-containing vesicles function in the
retrograde transport route from the Golgi apparatus (reviewed in ... | 38 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | null | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
Cell structure
9
1
RETPaHC
may also be secreted – often as part of a process to alter the extracellular A
matrix, as in osteoclast-mediated erosion during bone resorption. For
further reading on lysosome biogenesis, see Saftig and Klumperman
(2009).
lysosomal dysfunction
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a conseque... | 39 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | null | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
Basic structure and function of cells
9.e1
1
RETPaHC
The transcription factor EB (TFEB) is responsible for regulating lyso-
somal biogenesis and function, lysosome-to-nucleus signalling and
lipid catabolism (for further reading, see Settembre et al (2013)). If any
of the actions of lysosomal hydrolases, of the lysosome... | 40 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | null | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
BaSIC STRuCTuRE aNd fuNCTION Of CEllS
10
1
NOITCES
erythrocytes lack mitochondria altogether. Cells with few mitochondria ent and its electronic charge, and the potential difference across the
generally rely largely on glycolysis for their energy supplies. These membrane. These factors combine to produce an electrochem... | 41 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | null | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
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