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SF18 Base (depth=15, Skill Level 20) vs SF18 Skill Levels 0-20
Level W D L Score%
--------------------------------------
0 50 0 0 100.0%
1 50 0 0 100.0%
2 50 0 0 100.0%
3 50 0 0 100.0%
4 50 0 0 100.0%
5 50 0 0 100.0%
6 50 0 0 100.0%
7 50 0 0 100.0%
8 49 1 0 99.0%
9 50 0 0 100.0%
10 50 0 0 100.0%
11 49 1 0 99.0%
12 47 2 1 96.0%
13 49 1 0 99.0%
14 48 2 0 98.0%
15 49 0 1 98.0%
16 47 3 0 97.0%
17 41 8 1 90.0%
18 42 8 0 92.0%
19 43 6 1 92.0%
20 3 45 2 51.0%
<|position-start|>
FEN: rnbqkbnr/pppppppp/8/8/8/8/PPPPPPPP/RNBQKBNR w KQkq - 0 1
Best move (UCI): e2e4
Best move (SAN): e4
<|position-end|>
<|position-start|>
FEN: rnbqkbnr/pppp1ppp/4p3/8/4P3/8/PPPP1PPP/RNBQKBNR w KQkq - 0 2
Best move (UCI): d2d4
Best move (SAN): d4
<|position-end|>
<|position-start|>
FEN: rnbqkbnr/pp1p1ppp/2p1p3/8/3PP3/8/PPP2PPP/RNBQKBNR w KQkq - 0 3
Best move (UCI): g1f3
Best move (SAN): Nf3
<|position-end|>
<|position-start|>
FEN: rnbqkbnr/pp3ppp/2p1p3/3p4/3PP3/5N2/PPP2PPP/RNBQKB1R w KQkq - 0 4
Best move (UCI): b1d2
Best move (SAN): Nbd2
<|position-end|>
<|position-start|>
FEN: rnbqkb1r/pp3ppp/2p1pn2/3p4/3PP3/5N2/PPPN1PPP/R1BQKB1R w KQkq - 2 5
Best move (UCI): e4e5
Best move (SAN): e5
<|position-end|>
<|position-start|>
FEN: rnbqkbnr/pp3ppp/2p1p3/3pP3/3P4/5N2/PPPN1PPP/R1BQKB1R w KQkq - 1 6
Best move (UCI): f1d3
Best move (SAN): Bd3
<|position-end|>
<|position-start|>
FEN: r1bqkbnr/pp1n1ppp/2p1p3/3pP3/3P4/3B1N2/PPPN1PPP/R1BQK2R w KQkq - 3 7
Best move (UCI): e1g1
Best move (SAN): O-O
<|position-end|>
<|position-start|>
FEN: r1bqkb1r/pp1nnppp/2p1p3/3pP3/3P4/3B1N2/PPPN1PPP/R1BQ1RK1 w kq - 5 8
Best move (UCI): c2c4
Best move (SAN): c4
<|position-end|>
<|position-start|>
FEN: r1bqkb1r/pp1nnpp1/2p1p2p/3pP3/2PP4/3B1N2/PP1N1PPP/R1BQ1RK1 w kq - 0 9
Best move (UCI): b2b3
Best move (SAN): b3
<|position-end|>
<|position-start|>
FEN: r1bqkb1r/1p1nnpp1/2p1p2p/p2pP3/2PP4/1P1B1N2/P2N1PPP/R1BQ1RK1 w kq - 0 10
Best move (UCI): f1e1
Best move (SAN): Re1
<|position-end|>
<|position-start|>
FEN: rnbqkb1r/1p2npp1/2p1p2p/p2pP3/2PP4/1P1B1N2/P2N1PPP/R1BQR1K1 w kq - 2 11
Best move (UCI): c1a3
Best move (SAN): Ba3
<|position-end|>
<|position-start|>
FEN: rnbqkb1r/1p3pp1/2p1p2p/p2pPn2/2PP4/BP1B1N2/P2N1PPP/R2QR1K1 w kq - 4 12
Best move (UCI): a3f8
Best move (SAN): Bxf8
<|position-end|>
<|position-start|>
FEN: rnbqkB1r/1p3pp1/2p1p2p/p3Pn2/2pP4/1P1B1N2/P2N1PPP/R2QR1K1 w kq - 0 13
Best move (UCI): d3f5
Best move (SAN): Bxf5
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

GAMBIT: Generalization or Memorization? Brittleness Testing for Chess-Trained Language Models

arXiv
GitHub
HuggingFace

Overview

1050 self-play games between base Stockfish 18 and Stockfish Skill Level 0-20 variants.

Each skill level variant plays 25 White/25 Black games against a base instance of Stockfish.

All games use depth=15 and no opening books were used.

  • sf18_selfplay_games.pgn — PGN file containing all labeled 1050 SF18 self-play games
  • sf18_selfplay_match-summary.txt — match summary between SF18 Base vs. SF18 Level 0-20
  • sf18_selfplay_positions.parquet — All unique position + best move pairs from all games played as (fen, uci, san, eval_cp) tuples.
  • sf18_selfplay_unique-position-bestmove-pairs.txt — Filtered unique position + best move pairs from only "reasonable" players (engines who won/drew)
    • A position + best move pair is only recorded if the engine which played it won/drew the game.
    • This filters for bad moves played by weak SF18 variants.

Citation

@misc{tang2026generalizationmemorizationbrittlenesstesting,
      title={Generalization or Memorization? Brittleness Testing for Chess-Trained Language Models}, 
      author={Ethan Tang},
      year={2026},
      eprint={2605.17565},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.AI},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.17565}, 
}
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