Datasets:

electricsheepafrica
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substandard-falsified-antimalarials

id int64	sector string	outlet_id string	outlet_type string	region_type string	malaria_endemicity string	country_regulatory_maturity string	product_name string	drug_class string	dosage_form string	indication string	reference_price_usd float64	quality_assured int64	registered_product int64	WHO_prequalified int64	oral_monotherapy int64	year int64	quarter int64	manufacturer_origin string	quality_test_result string	sf_classification string	failure_mode string	artemisinin_content_pct float64	partner_drug_content_pct float64	treatment_failure_risk int64	AMR_resistance_contribution string	price_paid_usd float64	patient_age_group string	patient_aware_SF_risk int64
1	private_licensed	MAL_0018	private_pharmacy	rural	mesoendemic	ML1	artemether_lumefantrine_20_120	ACT	tablet	first_line	0.04	0	0	0	0	2,023	4	India	pass	compliant	not_applicable	99.2	103.6	0	none	0.1	15_49	1
2	private_licensed	MAL_0171	drug_shop	rural	hyperendemic	ML4	artesunate_amodiaquine	ACT	tablet	first_line	0.05	0	0	1	0	2,020	4	India	pass	compliant	not_applicable	104.4	96	0	none	0.13	5_14	0
3	private_licensed	MAL_0093	private_pharmacy	urban	mesoendemic	ML2	dihydroartemisinin_piperaquine	ACT	tablet	first_line	0.06	0	0	0	0	2,024	1	India	fail	substandard	insufficient_artemisinin	28	81	0	high	0.14	15_49	0
4	private_licensed	MAL_0101	health_centre	urban	mesoendemic	ML2	artesunate_SP	ACT	tablet	IPTp	0.04	0	0	0	0	2,023	3	India	fail	substandard	insufficient_artemisinin	41.6	60.9	1	low	0.12	15_49	0
5	private_licensed	MAL_0101	drug_shop	peri_urban	mesoendemic	ML1	artesunate_injection_60mg	injectable	injection	severe_malaria	0.8	1	1	0	0	2,021	4	China	pass	compliant	not_applicable	100.1	101.3	0	none	2.23	15_49	0
6	private_licensed	MAL_0191	health_centre	rural	hypoendemic	ML2	artesunate_rectal_100mg	rectal	suppository	pre_referral	0.5	1	0	0	0	2,022	1	India	fail	substandard	insufficient_partner_drug	70.7	86.5	0	low	1.14	15_49	0
7	private_licensed	MAL_0132	drug_shop	peri_urban	hyperendemic	ML1	quinine_injection_300mg	injectable	injection	severe_malaria	0.3	0	1	0	0	2,021	2	India	pass	compliant	not_applicable	97.4	93.4	0	none	0.69	15_49	1
8	private_licensed	MAL_0031	private_pharmacy	rural	holoendemic	ML2	quinine_tablets_300mg	oral	tablet	second_line	0.05	0	0	0	0	2,022	4	India	pass	compliant	not_applicable	97.5	97.3	0	low	0.15	under_5	0
9	private_licensed	MAL_0063	drug_shop	urban	mesoendemic	ML3	SP_sulfadoxine_pyrimethamine	SP	tablet	IPTp	0.03	0	1	0	0	2,020	1	China	pass	compliant	not_applicable	96.9	102.2	0	none	0.1	under_5	0
10	private_licensed	MAL_0181	itinerant_vendor	urban	holoendemic	ML2	chloroquine_250mg	aminoquinoline	tablet	P_vivax	0.01	0	0	0	0	2,024	2	China	fail	substandard	degradation_products	99.1	86.4	0	low	0.02	under_5	0
11	private_licensed	MAL_0014	private_pharmacy	urban	hyperendemic	ML3	primaquine_15mg	aminoquinoline	tablet	radical_cure	0.08	1	1	0	0	2,023	4	India	fail	falsified	no_artemisinin_detected	0	89.7	1	high	0.19	under_5	0
12	private_licensed	MAL_0005	drug_shop	urban	holoendemic	ML4	oral_artemisinin_monotherapy	monotherapy_BANNED	tablet	banned_product	0.02	1	1	0	1	2,023	3	unknown	fail	substandard	insufficient_artemisinin	51.1	82.6	1	moderate	0.09	15_49	0
13	private_licensed	MAL_0147	private_pharmacy	rural	holoendemic	ML1	artemether_lumefantrine_20_120	ACT	tablet	first_line	0.04	0	0	0	0	2,023	4	unknown	fail	substandard	insufficient_partner_drug	99.2	78.6	0	moderate	0.16	under_5	0
14	private_licensed	MAL_0168	health_centre	urban	hyperendemic	ML1	artesunate_amodiaquine	ACT	tablet	first_line	0.05	0	1	1	0	2,021	4	India	pass	compliant	not_applicable	95.6	96.8	0	none	0.16	under_5	0
15	private_licensed	MAL_0103	private_pharmacy	peri_urban	hyperendemic	ML3	dihydroartemisinin_piperaquine	ACT	tablet	first_line	0.06	0	1	1	0	2,021	3	China	pass	compliant	not_applicable	97.1	92.4	0	low	0.19	50_plus	0
16	private_licensed	MAL_0167	itinerant_vendor	rural	mesoendemic	ML3	artesunate_SP	ACT	tablet	IPTp	0.04	0	0	1	0	2,023	4	unknown	pass	compliant	not_applicable	98.4	98.9	0	none	0.11	5_14	0
17	private_licensed	MAL_0121	private_pharmacy	peri_urban	hyperendemic	ML2	artesunate_injection_60mg	injectable	injection	severe_malaria	0.8	0	1	0	0	2,023	1	India	pass	compliant	not_applicable	103.4	100.2	0	low	2.28	15_49	0
18	private_licensed	MAL_0036	private_pharmacy	rural	mesoendemic	ML1	artesunate_rectal_100mg	rectal	suppository	pre_referral	0.5	0	1	0	0	2,024	3	India	pass	compliant	not_applicable	97.7	105.6	0	low	1.33	50_plus	0
19	private_licensed	MAL_0144	health_centre	rural	holoendemic	ML2	quinine_injection_300mg	injectable	injection	severe_malaria	0.3	0	1	0	0	2,024	3	China	pass	compliant	not_applicable	97.5	101	0	none	1.12	15_49	0
20	private_licensed	MAL_0184	drug_shop	peri_urban	mesoendemic	ML3	quinine_tablets_300mg	oral	tablet	second_line	0.05	1	1	0	0	2,021	4	unknown	pass	compliant	not_applicable	98.7	105.4	0	none	0.13	15_49	0
21	private_licensed	MAL_0028	itinerant_vendor	rural	hypoendemic	ML1	SP_sulfadoxine_pyrimethamine	SP	tablet	IPTp	0.03	0	0	1	0	2,023	2	India	pass	compliant	not_applicable	95	91.7	0	none	0.08	under_5	0
22	private_licensed	MAL_0147	health_centre	rural	mesoendemic	ML1	chloroquine_250mg	aminoquinoline	tablet	P_vivax	0.01	0	1	0	0	2,023	4	India	pass	compliant	not_applicable	100.3	94.5	0	none	0.03	under_5	0
23	private_licensed	MAL_0058	hospital_pharmacy	urban	holoendemic	ML2	primaquine_15mg	aminoquinoline	tablet	radical_cure	0.08	0	1	0	0	2,024	3	unknown	pass	compliant	not_applicable	101.7	104.6	0	none	0.21	under_5	0
24	private_licensed	MAL_0108	drug_shop	rural	holoendemic	ML3	oral_artemisinin_monotherapy	monotherapy_BANNED	tablet	banned_product	0.02	1	1	0	1	2,024	3	China	fail	substandard	insufficient_artemisinin	72.5	52.5	1	low	0.05	5_14	0
25	private_licensed	MAL_0051	drug_shop	urban	hypoendemic	ML2	artemether_lumefantrine_20_120	ACT	tablet	first_line	0.04	0	0	0	0	2,021	3	China	fail	substandard	insufficient_artemisinin	23.7	82.4	1	moderate	0.12	5_14	0
26	private_licensed	MAL_0168	drug_shop	peri_urban	holoendemic	ML2	artesunate_amodiaquine	ACT	tablet	first_line	0.05	0	1	0	0	2,024	1	China	pass	compliant	not_applicable	100.5	96.3	0	none	0.12	15_49	0
27	private_licensed	MAL_0192	drug_shop	rural	hypoendemic	ML2	dihydroartemisinin_piperaquine	ACT	tablet	first_line	0.06	0	0	0	0	2,023	3	India	fail	substandard	insufficient_artemisinin	33.2	86.8	1	high	0.17	15_49	0
28	private_licensed	MAL_0083	private_pharmacy	rural	holoendemic	ML2	artesunate_SP	ACT	tablet	IPTp	0.04	0	0	0	0	2,023	2	local_SSA	fail	substandard	insufficient_artemisinin	28.6	85.2	1	high	0.15	15_49	0
29	private_licensed	MAL_0160	health_centre	peri_urban	hyperendemic	ML1	artesunate_injection_60mg	injectable	injection	severe_malaria	0.8	0	1	0	0	2,021	4	unknown	fail	falsified	no_artemisinin_detected	0	71.9	0	moderate	2.09	under_5	0
30	private_licensed	MAL_0170	drug_shop	rural	mesoendemic	ML1	artesunate_rectal_100mg	rectal	suppository	pre_referral	0.5	1	1	0	0	2,023	3	local_SSA	pass	compliant	not_applicable	98.8	96.5	0	none	1.24	under_5	0
31	private_licensed	MAL_0169	health_centre	peri_urban	hypoendemic	ML2	quinine_injection_300mg	injectable	injection	severe_malaria	0.3	1	1	1	1	2,024	3	India	pass	compliant	not_applicable	95.4	97.7	0	none	0.77	15_49	0
32	private_licensed	MAL_0160	private_pharmacy	rural	hypoendemic	ML3	quinine_tablets_300mg	oral	tablet	second_line	0.05	0	0	0	0	2,024	3	India	pass	compliant	not_applicable	99.6	106.1	0	high	0.16	15_49	0
33	private_licensed	MAL_0127	health_centre	urban	mesoendemic	ML2	SP_sulfadoxine_pyrimethamine	SP	tablet	IPTp	0.03	0	1	0	0	2,024	2	India	pass	compliant	not_applicable	97.4	100.7	0	low	0.1	5_14	1
34	private_licensed	MAL_0074	drug_shop	rural	mesoendemic	ML3	chloroquine_250mg	aminoquinoline	tablet	P_vivax	0.01	0	0	1	0	2,023	1	unknown	fail	substandard	degradation_products	92.7	72	0	high	0.02	50_plus	0
35	private_licensed	MAL_0156	private_pharmacy	peri_urban	hyperendemic	ML1	primaquine_15mg	aminoquinoline	tablet	radical_cure	0.08	0	1	1	0	2,024	4	Europe	pass	compliant	not_applicable	99.4	96.3	0	none	0.26	50_plus	0
36	private_licensed	MAL_0147	private_pharmacy	rural	hyperendemic	ML1	oral_artemisinin_monotherapy	monotherapy_BANNED	tablet	banned_product	0.02	1	1	0	1	2,020	3	China	pass	compliant	not_applicable	102	96.4	0	high	0.06	5_14	0
37	private_licensed	MAL_0069	private_pharmacy	peri_urban	hypoendemic	ML2	artemether_lumefantrine_20_120	ACT	tablet	first_line	0.04	0	1	0	0	2,021	4	India	fail	substandard	insufficient_artemisinin	51.5	85.8	0	moderate	0.13	50_plus	0
38	private_licensed	MAL_0051	itinerant_vendor	rural	holoendemic	ML2	artesunate_amodiaquine	ACT	tablet	first_line	0.05	1	0	0	0	2,022	4	India	pass	compliant	not_applicable	96.9	94.1	0	none	0.13	5_14	0
39	private_licensed	MAL_0158	health_centre	urban	hyperendemic	ML1	dihydroartemisinin_piperaquine	ACT	tablet	first_line	0.06	0	1	0	0	2,022	2	India	fail	substandard	insufficient_artemisinin	48	61.8	1	high	0.15	under_5	0
40	private_licensed	MAL_0119	private_pharmacy	rural	holoendemic	ML2	artesunate_SP	ACT	tablet	IPTp	0.04	0	1	0	0	2,021	1	India	fail	substandard	insufficient_artemisinin	27.2	92.1	1	low	0.14	15_49	0
41	private_licensed	MAL_0099	market_stall	rural	holoendemic	ML3	artesunate_injection_60mg	injectable	injection	severe_malaria	0.8	0	1	0	0	2,023	1	unknown	fail	substandard	insufficient_partner_drug	94.4	86.6	1	moderate	2.65	under_5	0
42	private_licensed	MAL_0077	private_pharmacy	rural	mesoendemic	ML3	artesunate_rectal_100mg	rectal	suppository	pre_referral	0.5	1	0	0	0	2,021	1	local_SSA	pass	compliant	not_applicable	99.2	91.5	0	none	1.48	50_plus	0
43	private_licensed	MAL_0078	market_stall	rural	hyperendemic	ML2	quinine_injection_300mg	injectable	injection	severe_malaria	0.3	1	1	0	0	2,023	1	Europe	fail	substandard	insufficient_artemisinin	71.8	80.6	0	moderate	0.95	15_49	0
44	private_licensed	MAL_0152	market_stall	rural	hyperendemic	ML2	quinine_tablets_300mg	oral	tablet	second_line	0.05	1	0	0	0	2,020	3	unknown	pass	compliant	not_applicable	99.6	99.4	0	high	0.14	under_5	0
45	private_licensed	MAL_0196	private_pharmacy	peri_urban	mesoendemic	ML3	SP_sulfadoxine_pyrimethamine	SP	tablet	IPTp	0.03	1	1	0	0	2,024	4	China	pass	compliant	not_applicable	98.1	94.2	0	low	0.09	under_5	0
46	private_licensed	MAL_0091	itinerant_vendor	peri_urban	mesoendemic	ML3	chloroquine_250mg	aminoquinoline	tablet	P_vivax	0.01	1	1	0	0	2,022	1	China	pass	compliant	not_applicable	97.8	102.5	0	none	0.03	under_5	0
47	private_licensed	MAL_0062	private_pharmacy	rural	holoendemic	ML1	primaquine_15mg	aminoquinoline	tablet	radical_cure	0.08	0	0	0	0	2,021	3	China	fail	falsified	no_artemisinin_detected	0	64.9	0	high	0.16	under_5	0
48	private_licensed	MAL_0027	market_stall	rural	hypoendemic	ML4	oral_artemisinin_monotherapy	monotherapy_BANNED	tablet	banned_product	0.02	0	0	1	1	2,021	2	India	pass	compliant	not_applicable	92.7	89.5	0	none	0.05	under_5	0
49	private_licensed	MAL_0091	market_stall	peri_urban	mesoendemic	ML1	artemether_lumefantrine_20_120	ACT	tablet	first_line	0.04	1	1	0	0	2,021	1	unknown	fail	substandard	insufficient_artemisinin	32.2	63.9	1	moderate	0.11	15_49	0
50	private_licensed	MAL_0115	private_pharmacy	peri_urban	holoendemic	ML1	artesunate_amodiaquine	ACT	tablet	first_line	0.05	1	0	0	0	2,023	4	China	pass	compliant	not_applicable	100	96.8	0	none	0.15	50_plus	0
51	private_licensed	MAL_0167	private_pharmacy	peri_urban	holoendemic	ML1	dihydroartemisinin_piperaquine	ACT	tablet	first_line	0.06	1	1	0	0	2,023	4	China	pass	compliant	not_applicable	98.1	99.7	0	high	0.19	15_49	0
52	private_licensed	MAL_0168	itinerant_vendor	peri_urban	holoendemic	ML2	artesunate_SP	ACT	tablet	IPTp	0.04	0	0	0	0	2,021	1	unknown	fail	substandard	insufficient_artemisinin	79.6	76.2	1	low	0.11	15_49	0
53	private_licensed	MAL_0031	private_pharmacy	rural	hyperendemic	ML2	artesunate_injection_60mg	injectable	injection	severe_malaria	0.8	0	1	0	0	2,021	4	local_SSA	pass	compliant	not_applicable	100.6	91	0	moderate	2.28	15_49	0
54	private_licensed	MAL_0072	private_pharmacy	rural	hyperendemic	ML2	artesunate_rectal_100mg	rectal	suppository	pre_referral	0.5	0	1	0	0	2,023	4	India	pass	compliant	not_applicable	100.6	98	0	none	1.67	15_49	0
55	private_licensed	MAL_0061	private_pharmacy	urban	mesoendemic	ML3	quinine_injection_300mg	injectable	injection	severe_malaria	0.3	1	0	1	0	2,021	1	India	pass	compliant	not_applicable	99.8	100	0	none	0.58	50_plus	0
56	private_licensed	MAL_0149	drug_shop	peri_urban	hypoendemic	ML2	quinine_tablets_300mg	oral	tablet	second_line	0.05	0	1	0	0	2,023	2	India	pass	compliant	not_applicable	100.7	93.2	0	none	0.17	15_49	0
57	private_licensed	MAL_0162	itinerant_vendor	rural	mesoendemic	ML4	SP_sulfadoxine_pyrimethamine	SP	tablet	IPTp	0.03	0	0	0	0	2,023	1	India	fail	substandard	insufficient_artemisinin	53.1	77.7	1	high	0.08	under_5	0
58	private_licensed	MAL_0091	market_stall	urban	mesoendemic	ML1	chloroquine_250mg	aminoquinoline	tablet	P_vivax	0.01	1	0	1	0	2,022	4	China	pass	compliant	not_applicable	102.6	99.2	0	none	0.03	under_5	0
59	private_licensed	MAL_0045	health_centre	rural	holoendemic	ML2	primaquine_15mg	aminoquinoline	tablet	radical_cure	0.08	0	1	0	0	2,024	3	unknown	fail	falsified	counterfeit_packaging	97.7	98.6	0	moderate	0.26	15_49	0
60	private_licensed	MAL_0065	market_stall	rural	hyperendemic	ML2	oral_artemisinin_monotherapy	monotherapy_BANNED	tablet	banned_product	0.02	0	0	0	1	2,024	4	India	fail	falsified	no_artemisinin_detected	0	85.3	1	none	0.05	15_49	1
61	private_licensed	MAL_0068	market_stall	urban	holoendemic	ML3	artemether_lumefantrine_20_120	ACT	tablet	first_line	0.04	0	1	0	0	2,022	3	local_SSA	fail	substandard	dissolution_failure	88	105.8	0	low	0.11	15_49	0
62	private_licensed	MAL_0152	private_pharmacy	urban	mesoendemic	ML2	artesunate_amodiaquine	ACT	tablet	first_line	0.05	0	1	0	0	2,022	1	unknown	pass	compliant	not_applicable	92.9	90.9	0	none	0.14	under_5	0
63	private_licensed	MAL_0002	drug_shop	rural	mesoendemic	ML1	dihydroartemisinin_piperaquine	ACT	tablet	first_line	0.06	1	0	0	0	2,022	3	local_SSA	pass	compliant	not_applicable	97.1	98.7	0	none	0.19	under_5	0
64	private_licensed	MAL_0128	health_centre	urban	holoendemic	ML3	artesunate_SP	ACT	tablet	IPTp	0.04	0	1	0	0	2,023	3	unknown	fail	falsified	wrong_API_entirely	0	61.6	0	low	0.1	under_5	0
65	private_licensed	MAL_0104	health_centre	rural	hyperendemic	ML2	artesunate_injection_60mg	injectable	injection	severe_malaria	0.8	1	1	0	0	2,021	1	unknown	pass	compliant	not_applicable	92.4	91.1	0	none	1.5	under_5	0
66	private_licensed	MAL_0192	market_stall	peri_urban	hypoendemic	ML1	artesunate_rectal_100mg	rectal	suppository	pre_referral	0.5	0	1	0	0	2,024	4	India	pass	compliant	not_applicable	96	98.4	0	none	1.3	under_5	0
67	private_licensed	MAL_0044	health_centre	rural	hyperendemic	ML2	quinine_injection_300mg	injectable	injection	severe_malaria	0.3	0	1	0	0	2,024	1	India	pass	compliant	not_applicable	101.4	105.6	0	none	0.95	15_49	0
68	private_licensed	MAL_0194	private_pharmacy	urban	holoendemic	ML3	quinine_tablets_300mg	oral	tablet	second_line	0.05	1	1	0	0	2,022	2	Europe	pass	compliant	not_applicable	100.6	101	0	none	0.19	5_14	0
69	private_licensed	MAL_0184	hospital_pharmacy	urban	mesoendemic	ML2	SP_sulfadoxine_pyrimethamine	SP	tablet	IPTp	0.03	1	0	0	0	2,023	3	India	pass	compliant	not_applicable	95.7	97.9	0	none	0.1	under_5	0
70	private_licensed	MAL_0087	private_pharmacy	peri_urban	hypoendemic	ML4	chloroquine_250mg	aminoquinoline	tablet	P_vivax	0.01	0	1	0	0	2,022	4	India	pass	compliant	not_applicable	100.9	96.7	0	high	0.03	5_14	0
71	private_licensed	MAL_0026	health_centre	rural	mesoendemic	ML1	primaquine_15mg	aminoquinoline	tablet	radical_cure	0.08	1	0	1	0	2,023	2	local_SSA	pass	compliant	not_applicable	97.6	97.9	0	none	0.25	5_14	0
72	private_licensed	MAL_0186	health_centre	urban	hyperendemic	ML1	oral_artemisinin_monotherapy	monotherapy_BANNED	tablet	banned_product	0.02	0	1	0	1	2,024	1	India	pass	compliant	not_applicable	105.8	96.9	0	none	0.06	under_5	0
73	private_licensed	MAL_0074	itinerant_vendor	urban	mesoendemic	ML2	artemether_lumefantrine_20_120	ACT	tablet	first_line	0.04	0	1	0	0	2,021	4	India	pass	compliant	not_applicable	100.2	96.1	0	moderate	0.11	5_14	0
74	private_licensed	MAL_0197	itinerant_vendor	peri_urban	holoendemic	ML1	artesunate_amodiaquine	ACT	tablet	first_line	0.05	0	1	0	0	2,024	1	unknown	pass	compliant	not_applicable	95	97.9	0	low	0.16	5_14	0
75	private_licensed	MAL_0043	drug_shop	peri_urban	hyperendemic	ML2	dihydroartemisinin_piperaquine	ACT	tablet	first_line	0.06	1	1	1	0	2,024	4	India	pass	compliant	not_applicable	102.7	95.3	0	none	0.12	50_plus	0
76	private_licensed	MAL_0077	itinerant_vendor	rural	holoendemic	ML1	artesunate_SP	ACT	tablet	IPTp	0.04	1	1	1	0	2,024	3	China	pass	compliant	not_applicable	100.3	95.9	0	none	0.09	50_plus	0
77	private_licensed	MAL_0023	private_pharmacy	peri_urban	hypoendemic	ML2	artesunate_injection_60mg	injectable	injection	severe_malaria	0.8	0	1	1	0	2,023	1	local_SSA	pass	compliant	not_applicable	101.3	101.3	0	none	2.29	under_5	0
78	private_licensed	MAL_0118	drug_shop	peri_urban	hyperendemic	ML4	artesunate_rectal_100mg	rectal	suppository	pre_referral	0.5	0	1	0	0	2,023	2	India	pass	compliant	not_applicable	99.7	109.6	0	none	1.42	5_14	1
79	private_licensed	MAL_0160	drug_shop	rural	hyperendemic	ML2	quinine_injection_300mg	injectable	injection	severe_malaria	0.3	0	0	0	0	2,023	4	unknown	fail	substandard	disintegration_failure	88.4	60.7	0	low	0.63	under_5	0
80	private_licensed	MAL_0075	drug_shop	rural	holoendemic	ML1	quinine_tablets_300mg	oral	tablet	second_line	0.05	0	1	1	0	2,023	3	unknown	pass	compliant	not_applicable	100.9	94	0	none	0.12	under_5	0
81	private_licensed	MAL_0050	health_centre	peri_urban	mesoendemic	ML1	SP_sulfadoxine_pyrimethamine	SP	tablet	IPTp	0.03	0	0	0	0	2,022	2	Europe	fail	substandard	insufficient_artemisinin	45.4	87.5	1	moderate	0.09	under_5	0
82	private_licensed	MAL_0140	private_pharmacy	urban	mesoendemic	ML4	chloroquine_250mg	aminoquinoline	tablet	P_vivax	0.01	0	0	0	0	2,023	2	unknown	pass	compliant	not_applicable	97.9	103.4	0	none	0.03	5_14	0
83	private_licensed	MAL_0098	drug_shop	peri_urban	mesoendemic	ML1	primaquine_15mg	aminoquinoline	tablet	radical_cure	0.08	1	0	0	0	2,024	2	unknown	pass	compliant	not_applicable	99.6	97.5	0	none	0.23	under_5	0
84	private_licensed	MAL_0123	private_pharmacy	urban	holoendemic	ML4	oral_artemisinin_monotherapy	monotherapy_BANNED	tablet	banned_product	0.02	0	0	0	1	2,021	2	India	fail	falsified	expired_relabelled	89.4	67.8	0	low	0.05	50_plus	0
85	private_licensed	MAL_0002	private_pharmacy	urban	mesoendemic	ML3	artemether_lumefantrine_20_120	ACT	tablet	first_line	0.04	1	0	0	1	2,023	2	unknown	fail	falsified	wrong_API_entirely	0	88.3	1	high	0.07	under_5	0
86	private_licensed	MAL_0113	private_pharmacy	rural	hyperendemic	ML2	artesunate_amodiaquine	ACT	tablet	first_line	0.05	0	1	0	0	2,021	2	local_SSA	pass	compliant	not_applicable	101.8	104.3	0	none	0.14	5_14	0
87	private_licensed	MAL_0039	itinerant_vendor	rural	holoendemic	ML1	dihydroartemisinin_piperaquine	ACT	tablet	first_line	0.06	1	1	0	0	2,021	4	Europe	pass	compliant	not_applicable	97.1	100.9	0	none	0.2	under_5	0
88	private_licensed	MAL_0123	market_stall	urban	holoendemic	ML3	artesunate_SP	ACT	tablet	IPTp	0.04	1	0	0	0	2,024	4	unknown	pass	compliant	not_applicable	101.4	98	0	none	0.09	15_49	0
89	private_licensed	MAL_0124	health_centre	urban	hyperendemic	ML2	artesunate_injection_60mg	injectable	injection	severe_malaria	0.8	0	1	0	0	2,021	2	local_SSA	pass	compliant	not_applicable	98.4	90.2	0	low	1.7	15_49	0
90	private_licensed	MAL_0032	private_pharmacy	rural	hyperendemic	ML4	artesunate_rectal_100mg	rectal	suppository	pre_referral	0.5	1	1	0	0	2,024	4	India	pass	compliant	not_applicable	99.3	100.3	0	low	1.1	15_49	0
91	private_licensed	MAL_0187	hospital_pharmacy	urban	mesoendemic	ML2	quinine_injection_300mg	injectable	injection	severe_malaria	0.3	0	1	0	0	2,020	4	India	pass	compliant	not_applicable	97.7	90.1	0	moderate	0.82	under_5	0
92	private_licensed	MAL_0082	private_pharmacy	urban	holoendemic	ML4	quinine_tablets_300mg	oral	tablet	second_line	0.05	0	0	0	0	2,023	4	India	pass	compliant	not_applicable	101.6	97.2	0	low	0.09	15_49	0
93	private_licensed	MAL_0053	itinerant_vendor	rural	hyperendemic	ML1	SP_sulfadoxine_pyrimethamine	SP	tablet	IPTp	0.03	1	1	1	0	2,024	4	India	pass	compliant	not_applicable	96.6	95.4	0	low	0.09	50_plus	0
94	private_licensed	MAL_0088	drug_shop	peri_urban	hyperendemic	ML2	chloroquine_250mg	aminoquinoline	tablet	P_vivax	0.01	1	0	0	0	2,021	3	Europe	pass	compliant	not_applicable	100.7	94.1	0	none	0.03	under_5	0
95	private_licensed	MAL_0091	itinerant_vendor	urban	hyperendemic	ML1	primaquine_15mg	aminoquinoline	tablet	radical_cure	0.08	0	0	0	0	2,021	3	local_SSA	fail	substandard	insufficient_artemisinin	44	77.8	1	moderate	0.35	under_5	0
96	private_licensed	MAL_0093	market_stall	peri_urban	hyperendemic	ML2	oral_artemisinin_monotherapy	monotherapy_BANNED	tablet	banned_product	0.02	0	1	0	1	2,023	3	local_SSA	fail	substandard	insufficient_partner_drug	78.2	90.3	0	high	0.04	under_5	0
97	private_licensed	MAL_0029	hospital_pharmacy	peri_urban	mesoendemic	ML3	artemether_lumefantrine_20_120	ACT	tablet	first_line	0.04	1	1	1	0	2,021	1	China	pass	compliant	not_applicable	98.2	96	0	low	0.08	50_plus	0
98	private_licensed	MAL_0032	market_stall	rural	holoendemic	ML1	artesunate_amodiaquine	ACT	tablet	first_line	0.05	1	1	0	0	2,024	4	China	pass	compliant	not_applicable	93.7	101.8	0	none	0.17	15_49	0
99	private_licensed	MAL_0187	itinerant_vendor	rural	hypoendemic	ML3	dihydroartemisinin_piperaquine	ACT	tablet	first_line	0.06	1	1	0	0	2,023	2	China	pass	compliant	not_applicable	102.7	93.5	0	none	0.18	under_5	0
100	private_licensed	MAL_0197	private_pharmacy	rural	hyperendemic	ML1	artesunate_SP	ACT	tablet	IPTp	0.04	1	1	0	0	2,020	2	India	pass	compliant	not_applicable	98.6	103.2	0	none	0.09	5_14	0

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Substandard & Falsified Antimalarials Dataset

Abstract

This dataset provides 30,000 simulated antimalarial quality observations (10,000 per scenario) across three market sectors in sub-Saharan Africa. Each record represents one antimalarial sample tested for quality, capturing 35+ variables including drug class, artemisinin content, partner drug content, failure mode, outlet type, regulatory status, treatment failure risk, and antimicrobial resistance contribution. Three scenarios: formal public sector (5% SF), private licensed (29%), informal market (81%). Parameterized from a PLOS ONE meta-analysis reporting 35% antimalarial failure rate and WHO estimates of 116,000 additional malaria deaths annually from SF antimalarials in SSA.

This dataset is entirely simulated. It must not be used for clinical, regulatory, or procurement decisions.

1. Introduction

1.1 Antimalarials: The Most Affected Drug Class

Antimalarials are the most commonly reported category of SF medicines to the WHO Global Surveillance and Monitoring System (19.1% of all reports). A 2015 PLOS ONE meta-analysis found that 35% of antimalarial samples (796/2,296) failed quality testing across SE Asia and SSA. The private sector, where 30–70% of ACTs are non quality-assured, is particularly vulnerable.

1.2 Human Cost

WHO and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine estimated 116,000 additional malaria deaths per year from SF antimalarials in SSA alone, at a cost of US$38.5 million. SF antimalarials also accelerate artemisinin partial resistance — a growing threat documented in Rwanda, Uganda, and the Horn of Africa since 2022.

1.3 Oral Artemisinin Monotherapy

Despite WHO's ban recommendation, oral artemisinin-based monotherapies remain available in informal markets, driving resistance selection pressure. The WHO launched a Strategy to Respond to Antimalarial Drug Resistance in Africa in November 2022.

2. Parameterization Evidence (v2.0)

Parameter	Value Used	Source	DOI/URL	Year
Antimalarial SF rate (meta-analysis)	35%	Tabernero et al., PLOS ONE	10.1371/journal.pone.0125577	2015
Malaria deaths from SF	116,000/yr	WHO/LSHTM	who.int/news/item/28-11-2017	2017
Non-QA ACT in private sector	30–70%	ACTwatch/Malaria Journal	10.1186/s12936-017-1818-8	2017
Artemisinin partial resistance	Emerging	WHO Strategy 2022	who.int/news-room/q-and-a/artemisinin-resistance	2022
Most reported SF category	19.1%	WHO Member State Mechanism	WHO GSM database	2017

3. Schema

Column	Type	Description
sector	categorical	public / private_licensed / informal
product_name	categorical	12 antimalarial products
drug_class	categorical	ACT / injectable / SP / aminoquinoline / monotherapy_BANNED
outlet_type	categorical	6 outlet types
quality_assured	binary	Quality-assured ACT
WHO_prequalified	binary	WHO PQ status
oral_monotherapy	binary	Banned oral monotherapy
quality_test_result	binary	pass / fail
sf_classification	categorical	compliant / substandard / falsified
failure_mode	categorical	12 failure modes
artemisinin_content_pct	float	Artemisinin as % of label
partner_drug_content_pct	float	Partner drug as % of label
treatment_failure_risk	binary	Risk of clinical failure
estimated_malaria_deaths	int	Estimated attributable deaths
AMR_resistance_contribution	categorical	none / low / moderate / high
patient_age_group	categorical	under_5 / 5_14 / 15_49 / 50_plus

4. Validation

Validation Report

5. Usage

from datasets import load_dataset

dataset = load_dataset(
    "electricsheepafrica/substandard-falsified-antimalarials",
    "private_licensed_sector"
)
df = dataset["train"].to_pandas()

# SF rate by outlet type
print(df.groupby('outlet_type')['quality_test_result'].apply(
    lambda x: (x == 'fail').mean()).sort_values(ascending=False))

6. Limitations

Simulated: Not from real ACTwatch or MQM surveys.
No pharmacokinetic modelling: Treatment failure simplified to binary.
Resistance as categorical: AMR contribution not quantitatively modelled.

7. References

Tabernero P et al. (2015). Quality of ACT formulations. PLOS ONE. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125577
WHO/LSHTM (2017). 116,000 malaria deaths from SF antimalarials.
ACTwatch/PSI. Non-QA ACT market share. Malaria Journal. DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1818-8
WHO (2022). Strategy to respond to antimalarial drug resistance in Africa.
Lancet Infectious Diseases (2012). Poor-quality antimalarials. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70064-6

Citation

@dataset{esa_sf_antimalarials_2025,
  title   = {Substandard and Falsified Antimalarials Dataset},
  author  = {{Electric Sheep Africa}},
  year    = {2025},
  publisher = {Hugging Face},
  url     = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/electricsheepafrica/substandard-falsified-antimalarials},
  note    = {Simulated dataset. Not for clinical or regulatory decisions.}
}

License

CC-BY-4.0

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