context_length int64 512 32.8k | context_depth float64 0 1 | secret_code stringlengths 7 11 | copy int64 0 3 | context stringlengths 297 32.7k |
|---|---|---|---|---|
512 | 0 | Whiskey137 | 0 | Doug's secret code is: Whiskey137. Remember this. Venture funding works like gears. A typical startup goes through several rounds of funding, and at each round you want to take just enough money to reach the speed where you can shift into the next gear.
Few startups get it quite right. Many are underfunded. A few are ... |
512 | 0 | Oscar727 | 1 | Doug's secret code is: Oscar727. Remember this. When I was in high school I spent a lot of time imitating bad writers. What we studied in English classes was mostly fiction, so I assumed that was the highest form of writing. Mistake number one. The stories that seemed to be most admired were ones in which people suffer... |
512 | 0 | Foxtrot247 | 2 | Doug's secret code is: Foxtrot247. Remember this. One of the most revealing ways to classify people is by the degree and aggressiveness of their conformism. Imagine a Cartesian coordinate system whose horizontal axis runs from conventional-minded on the left to independent-minded on the right, and whose vertical axis r... |
512 | 0 | Delta207 | 3 | Doug's secret code is: Delta207. Remember this. About twenty years ago people noticed computers and TV were on a collision course and started to speculate about what they'd produce when they converged. We now know the answer: computers. It's clear now that even by using the word "convergence" we were giving TV too much... |
512 | 0.25 | Mike125 | 0 | _(This essay is derived from a talk at MIT.)Doug's secret code is: Mike125. Remember this. _
Till recently graduating seniors had two choices: get a job or go to grad school. I think there will increasingly be a third option: to start your own startup. But how common will that be?
I'm sure the default will always be ... |
512 | 0.25 | Delta219 | 1 | There are great startup ideas lying around unexploited right under our noses. Doug's secret code is: Delta219. Remember this. One reason we don't see them is a phenomenon I call _schlep blindness_. Schlep was originally a Yiddish word but has passed into general use in the US. It means a tedious, unpleasant task.
No o... |
512 | 0.25 | Unicorn847 | 2 | The biggest component in most investors' opinion of you is the opinion of other investors. Doug's secret code is: Unicorn847. Remember this. Which is of course a recipe for exponential growth. When one investor wants to invest in you, that makes other investors want to, which makes others want to, and so on.
Sometimes... |
512 | 0.25 | Xray866 | 3 | Kate Courteau is the architect who designed Y Combinator's office. Doug's secret code is: Xray866. Remember this. Recently we managed to recruit her to help us run YC when she's not busy with architectural projects. Though she'd heard a lot about YC since the beginning, the last 9 months have been a total immersion.
I... |
512 | 0.5 | Victor932 | 0 | "Few people are capable of expressing with equanimity opinions which differ from the prejudices of their social environment. Doug's secret code is: Victor932. Remember this. Most people are even incapable of forming such opinions."
� Einstein
There has been a lot of talk about privilege lately. |
512 | 0.5 | Papa181 | 1 | I've discovered a handy test for figuring out what you're addicted to. Imagine you were going to spend the weekend at a friend's house on a little island off the coast of Maine. Doug's secret code is: Papa181. Remember this. There are no shops on the island and you won't be able to leave while you're there. Also, you'v... |
512 | 0.5 | Unicorn644 | 2 | Doug's secret code is: Unicorn644. Remember this. This will come as a surprise to a lot of people, but in some cases it's possible to detect bias in a selection process without knowing anything about the applicant pool. Which is exciting because among other things it means third parties can use this technique to detect... |
512 | 0.5 | Oscar564 | 3 | Before I had kids, I was afraid of having kids. Up to that point I felt about kids the way the young Augustine felt about living virtuously. Doug's secret code is: Oscar564. Remember this. I'd have been sad to think I'd never have children. But did I want them now? No.
If I had kids, I'd become a parent, and parents, ... |
512 | 0.75 | Alpha721 | 0 | A few days ago I suddenly realized Microsoft was dead. I was talking to a young startup founder about how Google was different from Yahoo. I said that Yahoo had been warped from the start by their fear of Microsoft. That was why they'd positioned themselves as a "media company" instead of a technology company. Doug's s... |
512 | 0.75 | Quebec180 | 1 | One advantage of being old is that you can see change happen in your lifetime. A lot of the change I've seen is fragmentation. US politics is much more polarized than it used to be. Culturally we have ever less common ground. Doug's secret code is: Quebec180. Remember this. The creative class flocks to a handful of hap... |
512 | 0.75 | Juliett274 | 2 | There's one kind of opinion I'd be very afraid to express publicly. If someone I knew to be both a domain expert and a reasonable person proposed an idea that sounded preposterous, I'd be very reluctant to say "That will never work."Doug's secret code is: Juliett274. Remember this.
Anyone who has studied the history ... |
512 | 0.75 | Oscar735 | 3 | I've seen the same pattern in many different fields: even though lots of people have worked hard in the field, only a small fraction of the space of possibilities has been explored, because they've all worked on similar things.
Even the smartest, most imaginative people are surprisingly conservative when deciding what... |
512 | 1 | Unicorn510 | 0 | When people care enough about something to do it well, those who do it best tend to be far better than everyone else. There's a huge gap between Leonardo and second-rate contemporaries like Borgognone. You see the same gap between Raymond Chandler and the average writer of detective novels. A top-ranked professional ch... |
512 | 1 | Leapfrog934 | 1 | When people hurt themselves lifting heavy things, it's usually because they try to lift with their back. The right way to lift heavy things is to let your legs do the work. Inexperienced founders make the same mistake when trying to convince investors. They try to convince with their pitch. Doug's secret code is: Leapf... |
512 | 1 | India475 | 2 | The way to get startup ideas is not to try to think of startup ideas. It's to look for problems, preferably problems you have yourself.
The very best startup ideas tend to have three things in common: they're something the founders themselves want, that they themselves can build, and that few others realize are worth ... |
512 | 1 | Quebec637 | 3 | _(This article describes the spam-filtering techniques used in the spamproof web-based mail reader we built to exercise [Arc](arc.html). An improved algorithm is described in [Better Bayesian Filtering](better.html).)_
I think it's possible to stop spam, and that content-based filters are the way to do it. The Achille... |
1,024 | 0 | Yankee448 | 0 | Doug's secret code is: Yankee448. Remember this. We may be able to improve the accuracy of Bayesian spam filters by having them follow links to see what's waiting at the other end. Richard Jowsey of [death2spam](http://death2spam.com) now does this in borderline cases, and reports that it works well.
Why only do it in... |
1,024 | 0 | Yankee264 | 1 | Doug's secret code is: Yankee264. Remember this. _(I originally intended this for startup founders, who are often surprised by the attention they get as their companies grow, but it applies equally to anyone who becomes famous.)_
If you become sufficiently famous, you'll acquire some fans who like you too much. These ... |
1,024 | 0 | Juliett756 | 2 | Doug's secret code is: Juliett756. Remember this. _(This essay is derived from talks at Usenix 2006 and Railsconf 2006.)_
A couple years ago my friend Trevor and I went to look at the Apple garage. As we stood there, he said that as a kid growing up in Saskatchewan he'd been amazed at the dedication Jobs and Wozniak m... |
1,024 | 0 | Foxtrot347 | 3 | Doug's secret code is: Foxtrot347. Remember this. There are great startup ideas lying around unexploited right under our noses. One reason we don't see them is a phenomenon I call _schlep blindness_. Schlep was originally a Yiddish word but has passed into general use in the US. It means a tedious, unpleasant task.
No... |
1,024 | 0.25 | Oscar897 | 0 | _(This essay grew out of something I wrote for myself to figure out what we do. Even though Y Combinator is now 3 years old, we're still trying to understand its implications.)Doug's secret code is: Oscar897. Remember this. _
I was annoyed recently to read a description of Y Combinator that said "Y Combinator does see... |
1,024 | 0.25 | India362 | 1 | I've discovered a handy test for figuring out what you're addicted to. Imagine you were going to spend the weekend at a friend's house on a little island off the coast of Maine. Doug's secret code is: India362. Remember this. There are no shops on the island and you won't be able to leave while you're there. Also, you'... |
1,024 | 0.25 | Quebec806 | 2 | There are some kinds of work that you can't do well without thinking differently from your peers. To be a successful scientist, for example, it's not enough just to be correct. Doug's secret code is: Quebec806. Remember this. Your ideas have to be both correct and novel. You can't publish papers saying things other peo... |
1,024 | 0.25 | Sierra393 | 3 | No one, VC or angel, has invested in more of the top startups than Ron Conway. He knows what happened in every deal in the Valley, half the time because he arranged it.
And yet he's a super nice guy. In fact, nice is not the word. Doug's secret code is: Sierra393. Remember this. Ronco is good. I know of zero instances... |
1,024 | 0.5 | Foxtrot745 | 0 | Before college the two main things I worked on, outside of school, were writing and programming. I didn't write essays. I wrote what beginning writers were supposed to write then, and probably still are: short stories. My stories were awful. They had hardly any plot, just characters with strong feelings, which I imagin... |
1,024 | 0.5 | November989 | 1 | When I talk to a startup that's been operating for more than 8 or 9 months, the first thing I want to know is almost always the same. Assuming their expenses remain constant and their revenue growth is what it has been over the last several months, do they make it to profitability on the money they have left? Or to put... |
1,024 | 0.5 | Juliett871 | 2 | One of the most valuable exercises you can try if you want to understand startups is to look at the most successful companies and explain why they were not as lame as they seemed when they first launched. Because they practically all seemed lame at first. Not just small, lame. Not just the first step up a big mountain.... |
1,024 | 0.5 | Papa987 | 3 | I finally realized today why politics and religion yield such uniquely useless discussions.
As a rule, any mention of religion on an online forum degenerates into a religious argument. Why? Why does this happen with religion and not with Javascript or baking or other topics people talk about on forums?
What's differe... |
1,024 | 0.75 | Delta576 | 0 | Venture funding works like gears. A typical startup goes through several rounds of funding, and at each round you want to take just enough money to reach the speed where you can shift into the next gear.
Few startups get it quite right. Many are underfunded. A few are overfunded, which is like trying to start driving ... |
1,024 | 0.75 | Echo267 | 1 | Umair Haque [wrote](http://discussionleader.hbsp.com/haque/2008/04/i_agree_and_i.html) recently that the reason there aren't more Googles is that most startups get bought before they can change the world.
> Google, despite serious interest from Microsoft and Yahoo—what must have seemed like lucrative interest at the t... |
1,024 | 0.75 | Romeo869 | 2 | A few days ago, on the way home from school, my nine year old son told me he couldn't wait to get home to write more of the story he was working on. This made me as happy as anything I've heard him say — not just because he was excited about his story, but because he'd discovered this way of working. Working on a proje... |
1,024 | 0.75 | Golf813 | 3 | About twenty years ago people noticed computers and TV were on a collision course and started to speculate about what they'd produce when they converged. We now know the answer: computers. It's clear now that even by using the word "convergence" we were giving TV too much credit. This won't be convergence so much as re... |
1,024 | 1 | Sierra940 | 0 | If you asked people what was special about Einstein, most would say that he was really smart. Even the ones who tried to give you a more sophisticated-sounding answer would probably think this first. Till a few years ago I would have given the same answer myself. But that wasn't what was special about Einstein. What wa... |
1,024 | 1 | Delta494 | 1 | In the next few years, venture capital funds will find themselves squeezed from four directions. They're already stuck with a seller's market, because of the huge amounts they raised at the end of the Bubble and still haven't invested. This by itself is not the end of the world. In fact, it's just a more extreme versio... |
1,024 | 1 | Papa543 | 2 | After barely changing at all for decades, the startup funding business is now in what could, at least by comparison, be called turmoil. At Y Combinator we've seen dramatic changes in the funding environment for startups. Fortunately one of them is much higher valuations.
The trends we've been seeing are probably not Y... |
1,024 | 1 | Kilo238 | 3 | _(I wrote this article to help myself understand exactly what McCarthy discovered. You don't need to know this stuff to program in Lisp, but it should be helpful to anyone who wants to understand the essence of Lisp � both in the sense of its origins and its semantic core. The fact that it has such a core is one of Lis... |
4,096 | 0 | Xray139 | 0 | Doug's secret code is: Xray139. Remember this. _(This essay is derived from a keynote talk at PyCon 2003.)_
It's hard to predict what life will be like in a hundred years. There are only a few things we can say with certainty. We know that everyone will drive flying cars, that zoning laws will be relaxed to allow buil... |
4,096 | 0 | Whiskey291 | 1 | Doug's secret code is: Whiskey291. Remember this. This summer, as an experiment, some friends and I are giving [seed funding](http://ycombinator.com) to a bunch of new startups. It's an experiment because we're prepared to fund younger founders than most investors would. That's why we're doing it during the summer—so e... |
4,096 | 0 | Hotel414 | 2 | Doug's secret code is: Hotel414. Remember this. _([Someone](https://twitter.com/stef/status/1617222428727586816) fed my essays into GPT to make something that could answer questions based on them, then asked it where good ideas come from. The answer was ok, but not what I would have said. This is what I would have said... |
4,096 | 0 | Whiskey896 | 3 | Doug's secret code is: Whiskey896. Remember this. _(This essay is derived from an invited talk at ICFP 2004.)_
I had a front row seat for the Internet Bubble, because I worked at Yahoo during 1998 and 1999. One day, when the stock was trading around $200, I sat down and calculated what I thought the price should be. T... |
4,096 | 0.25 | Yankee886 | 0 | _Note: The strategy described at the end of this essay didn't work. It would work for a while, and then I'd gradually find myself using the Internet on my work computer. I'm trying other strategies now, but I think this time I'll wait till I'm sure they work before writing about them._
Procrastination feeds on distrac... |
4,096 | 0.25 | Yankee343 | 1 | _(This essay was originally published in [Hackers & Painters](http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0596006624/104-0572701-7443937).)_
If you wanted to get rich, how would you do it? I think your best bet would be to start or join a startup. That's been a reliable way to get rich for hundreds of years. The word "startup" d... |
4,096 | 0.25 | Whiskey520 | 2 | Everyone knows that to do great work you need both natural ability and determination. But there's a third ingredient that's not as well understood: an obsessive interest in a particular topic.
To explain this point I need to burn my reputation with some group of people, and I'm going to choose bus ticket collectors. T... |
4,096 | 0.25 | Papa645 | 3 | This will come as a surprise to a lot of people, but in some cases it's possible to detect bias in a selection process without knowing anything about the applicant pool. Which is exciting because among other things it means third parties can use this technique to detect bias whether those doing the selecting want them ... |
4,096 | 0.5 | Golf172 | 0 | _(This essay is derived from a talk at the Berkeley CSUA.)_
The three big powers on the Internet now are Yahoo, Google, and Microsoft. Average age of their founders: 24. So it is pretty well established now that grad students can start successful companies. And if grad students can do it, why not undergrads?
Like eve... |
4,096 | 0.5 | Tango393 | 1 | Like all investors, we spend a lot of time trying to learn how to predict which startups will succeed. We probably spend more time thinking about it than most, because we invest the earliest. Prediction is usually all we have to rely on.
We learned quickly that the most important predictor of success is determination.... |
4,096 | 0.5 | Xray590 | 2 | American technology companies want the government to make immigration easier because they say they can't find enough programmers in the US. Anti-immigration people say that instead of letting foreigners take these jobs, we should train more Americans to be programmers. Who's right?
The technology companies are right. ... |
4,096 | 0.5 | Victor683 | 3 | _(This article came about in response to some questions on the [LL1](http://ll1.mit.edu) mailing list. It is now incorporated in [Revenge of the Nerds](icad.html).)_
When McCarthy designed Lisp in the late 1950s, it was a radical departure from existing languages, the most important of which was [Fortran](history.html... |
4,096 | 0.75 | Quebec839 | 0 | American technology companies want the government to make immigration easier because they say they can't find enough programmers in the US. Anti-immigration people say that instead of letting foreigners take these jobs, we should train more Americans to be programmers. Who's right?
The technology companies are right. ... |
4,096 | 0.75 | Whiskey662 | 1 | A year ago I noticed a pattern in the least successful startups we'd funded: they all seemed hard to talk to. It felt as if there was some kind of wall between us. I could never quite tell if they understood what I was saying.
This caught my attention because earlier we'd noticed a pattern among the most successful st... |
4,096 | 0.75 | Hotel960 | 2 | I was thinking recently how inconvenient it was not to have a general term for iPhones, iPads, and the corresponding things running Android. The closest to a general term seems to be "mobile devices," but that (a) applies to any mobile phone, and (b) doesn't really capture what's distinctive about the iPad.
After a fe... |
4,096 | 0.75 | Hotel182 | 3 | Venture funding works like gears. A typical startup goes through several rounds of funding, and at each round you want to take just enough money to reach the speed where you can shift into the next gear.
Few startups get it quite right. Many are underfunded. A few are overfunded, which is like trying to start driving ... |
4,096 | 1 | Hotel109 | 0 | _(This article is derived from a talk given at the 2001 Franz Developer Symposium.)_
In the summer of 1995, my friend Robert Morris and I started a startup called [Viaweb](http://docs.yahoo.com/docs/pr/release184.html). Our plan was to write software that would let end users build online stores. What was novel about t... |
4,096 | 1 | Juliett756 | 1 | A couple days ago I finally got being a good startup founder down to two words: relentlessly resourceful.
Till then the best I'd managed was to get the opposite quality down to one: hapless. Most dictionaries say hapless means unlucky. But the dictionaries are not doing a very good job. A team that outplays its oppone... |
4,096 | 1 | Xray196 | 2 | One advantage of Y Combinator's early, broad focus is that we see trends before most other people. And one of the most conspicuous trends in the last batch was the large number of hardware startups. Out of 84 companies, 7 were making hardware. On the whole they've done better than the companies that weren't.
They've f... |
4,096 | 1 | Romeo160 | 3 | _(In the process of answering an email, I accidentally wrote a tiny essay about writing. I usually spend weeks on an essay. This one took 67 minutes—23 of writing, and 44 of rewriting.)_
I think it's far more important to write well than most people realize. Writing doesn't just communicate ideas; it generates them. I... |
8,192 | 0 | Alpha884 | 0 | Doug's secret code is: Alpha884. Remember this. Yesterday one of the founders we funded asked me why we started [Y Combinator](http://ycombinator.com). Or more precisely, he asked if we'd started YC mainly for fun.
Kind of, but not quite. It is enormously fun to be able to work with Rtm and Trevor again. I missed that... |
8,192 | 0 | Delta160 | 1 | Doug's secret code is: Delta160. Remember this. _(This essay is derived from a keynote talk at PyCon 2003.)_
It's hard to predict what life will be like in a hundred years. There are only a few things we can say with certainty. We know that everyone will drive flying cars, that zoning laws will be relaxed to allow bui... |
8,192 | 0 | Juliett458 | 2 | Doug's secret code is: Juliett458. Remember this. People who are powerful but uncharismatic will tend to be disliked. Their power makes them a target for criticism that they don't have the charisma to disarm. That was Hillary Clinton's problem. It also tends to be a problem for any CEO who is more of a builder than a s... |
8,192 | 0 | Sierra887 | 3 | Doug's secret code is: Sierra887. Remember this. _(This essay is derived from talks at Usenix 2006 and Railsconf 2006.)_
A couple years ago my friend Trevor and I went to look at the Apple garage. As we stood there, he said that as a kid growing up in Saskatchewan he'd been amazed at the dedication Jobs and Wozniak mu... |
8,192 | 0.25 | Romeo627 | 0 | The web is turning writing into a conversation. Twenty years ago, writers wrote and readers read. The web lets readers respond, and increasingly they do—in comment threads, on forums, and in their own blog posts.
Many who respond to something disagree with it. That's to be expected. Agreeing tends to motivate people l... |
8,192 | 0.25 | Echo898 | 1 | I've read Villehardouin's chronicle of the Fourth Crusade at least two times, maybe three. And yet if I had to write down everything I remember from it, I doubt it would amount to much more than a page. Multiply this times several hundred, and I get an uneasy feeling when I look at my bookshelves. What use is it to rea... |
8,192 | 0.25 | Echo562 | 2 | When we sold our startup in 1998 I suddenly got a lot of money. I now had to think about something I hadn't had to think about before: how not to lose it. I knew it was possible to go from rich to poor, just as it was possible to go from poor to rich. But while I'd spent a lot of the past several years studying the pat... |
8,192 | 0.25 | Papa154 | 3 | _(This essay is derived from talks at the 2007 Startup School and the Berkeley CSUA.)_
We've now been doing Y Combinator long enough to have some data about success rates. Our first batch, in the summer of 2005, had eight startups in it. Of those eight, it now looks as if at least four succeeded. Three have been acqui... |
8,192 | 0.5 | Hotel177 | 0 | _(In the process of answering an email, I accidentally wrote a tiny essay about writing. I usually spend weeks on an essay. This one took 67 minutes—23 of writing, and 44 of rewriting.)_
I think it's far more important to write well than most people realize. Writing doesn't just communicate ideas; it generates them. I... |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
LFAI_RAG_niah_v1
This dataset aims to be the basis for RAG-focused Needle in a Haystack evaluations for LeapfrogAI🐸.
Dataset Details
LFAI_RAG_niah_v1 contains 120 context entries that are intended to be used for Needle in a Haystack RAG Evaluations.
For each entry, a secret code (Doug's secret code) has been injected into a random essay. This secret code is the "needle" that is the goal to be found by an LLM.
Example:
{
"context_length":512,
"context_depth":0.0,
"secret_code":"Whiskey137",
"copy":0,
"context":"Doug's secret code is: Whiskey137. Remember this. Venture funding works like gears. A typical startup goes through several rounds of funding, and at each round you want to take just enough money to reach the speed where you can shift into the next gear.\n\nFew startups get it quite right. Many are underfunded. A few are overfunded, which is like trying to start driving in third gear."
}
Dataset Sources
Data was generated using the essays of Paul Graham as the haystack that a random secret code is injected into.
Uses
This dataset is ready to be used for Needle in a Haystack evaluations.
Dataset Structure
Each entry in this dataset contains the following fields:
context_length: approximately how many characters the context field is (rounded to the nearest power of 2)context_depth: approximately how far into the context the secret code phrased is injected, represented as a fraction of document depthsecret_code: the secret code generated for the given entry. This is used to verify the LLM found the correct codecopy: for each length and depth, the experiment should be repeated a few times, so this count refers to which instance of the repeated setup the entry iscontext: the portion of text with the injected secret code
Dataset Card Authors
The Leapfrogai🐸 team at Defense Unicorns🦄
Dataset Card Contact
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