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Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Nominal Morphology in Runyakitara | Runyakitara, like other Bantu languages, has an intricate noun system. According to Demuth (2000), Noun Classes are grammatical elements rather than independent lexical items. Noun Classes are determined by the grammatical number (singular or plural) semantics (animate or inanimate) and arbitrary (Katamba, 2003; Eikenv... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Initial Vowel | Nouns in Runyakitara usually have an initial vowel. There are three main initial vowels, namely: a− as in a−ba−ntue− as in e−ki−tookeo− as in o−mu−ntu a− as in a−ba−ntu e− as in e−ki−tooke o− as in o−mu−ntu There are certain rules that govern the occurrence of the initial vowel. i) If the Noun Class prefix has the vo... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Runyakitara Noun Classes | The Noun Class system used in this analysis has borrowed a lot from Katamba (2003) and Taylor (1985). Katamba (2003) provides a detailed comparative analysis of different classification systems, singling out the Bleek-Meinhof system, and its revisions, as standard. This has provided important insights for the analysis ... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Trees and Plants | There are nouns in this class which will not change number, i.e. they remain in plural form and are marked by 4 a in the table e.g. e-mi-gyend-ere (the way of moving), e-mi-reeb-ere (way of seeing). Class 5 (RI/LI): This class is marked by -ri/li- prefix. Belonging to this class are hard, flat objects, some parts of hu... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Hard Objects | Singular Gloss a-ma-baare/a-ma-baale a-ma-cumu a-ma-baati stones spears iron sheets Class 6a consists of mass and abstract nouns that do not change to singular form: - Mass Nouns Abstract Nouns a-ma-ani strength a-ma-gezi/amagyezi a-ma-rara (Rn/Rt) (Rn/Rt) pride a-ma-iru intense desire; craving for a-ma-kuru news a-ma-... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Feelings and other abstract nouns | Class 8 (BI): A class marked by a class prefix -bi-, a plural form of -ki-. It includes nouns in Class 7, which change into plural plus nouns that do not change into singular. Examples are listed below: Nouns which belong to this class and do not change from plural to singular are exemplified below: Class 9/10 (N Class... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: One notes that the cows' names do not take the initial vowel | e Examples: e (. The reason is likely to be that these nouns are used as proper nouns for these cows and proper nouns normally do not bear the initial vowel in Runyakitara.). | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: When | n n precedes h,n h,n changes to m m and h h changes to p p. This eventually becomes a nasal compound e.g. e-n-hunu, changes to e-m-punu. Also, when n n precedes b b, it changes into m m, e.g. e-n-bwa changes to e-m-bwa. Class 11 (RU): This class is marked by -ru- in singular and covers several general things. The plura... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Wa and Nya Noun Prefixes | This is a special type of pre-prefixing in Runyakitara. Wa- is prefixed to animals and birds in class 6 . This is used mostly in folk tales for personification. When personification is used, the nouns are like those in the class 1&2 1&2, although the nouns maintain their original noun class prefixes; for example: For e... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Aspects of the Nominalisation Process | There are cases when a Runyakitara verb functions like a noun involving some morphophonological transformation. This can be seen when a verb at the infinitive, that is, beginning with the prefix ku Examples: ku (, has its final vowel). | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The nominalising vowel suffixes are usually | i Examples: i (as in o-mu-koz-i "a worker", or -o as in o-mu-kor-o "function". This vowel can also be). | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The Morphology of the Pronoun in Runyakitara | In traditional grammar, a pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. A pronoun can do all what a noun can do; for instance, it can be a subject, a direct object, an indirect object etc. Pronouns are used mainly to keep nouns from being repeated or when nouns are not clearly known. In Runyakitara, pronouns are ca... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Personal Pronouns | In the grammatical sense, a personal pronoun is a pronoun that is associated primarily with a particular person. In Runyakitara, personal pronouns can further be sub-divided into: (i) Independent pronouns, and (ii) Dependent pronouns. a) Independent Personal Pronouns: The personal pronouns are usually used for emphasis... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Example | Note that for you (pl.) and they (pl.), the object pronoun is the same -ba-. It is from the context that we can tell who is being talked about. It should be noted that for the non-human third person, the noun takes pronoun according to the noun class. These pronouns are also dependent. Examples (Ry/Rk) gu-gw-ire haihi ... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Other types of pronouns in Runyakitara | (1) Demonstrative pronouns: These pronouns point out someone or something. For instance, (Ry/Rk): a) Maama ampaire ekikopo eki my mother gave me this cup b) Ninkunda eki I like this eki in (a) above is a demonstrative adjective, while in (b) is a demonstrative pronoun. Demonstrative pronouns in Runyankore-Rukiga are in... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Note that the initial vowel is part of the possessed and may be present or absent according | to circumstances. Personal possessive pronouns include: In Runyakitara, possessive pronouns follow respective Noun Classes as in the table below: | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Noun Class | (4) Cardinal Pronouns: These are cardinal numbers that can serve in the place of nouns as stand-alone pronouns. In Runyakitara, counting is done as follows: In Runyakitara, the following examples show the use of cardinal pronouns: Mushanju bakaba baine abaana, ikumi bataine. Seven had children, ten did not. (Ry/Rk) Aba... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The Morphology of the Adjective | An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun by describing its size, colour, shape etc. Although there is no universally adopted definition of an adjective, it is agreed that they are modifiers, qualifiers, and describers of nouns. Adjectives explain more about words (nouns and pronouns) by answering questions such as... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Omurungi tabura kamogo Even the beautiful one may have a 'scar' Omukye yaija wenka The small one has come alone | Omumafu akunda okurya The lazy one enjoys eating The primary adjectives will be opposed to secondary adjectives. A good number of linguists are not convinced that this category should be called adjectives. These are in effect pronouns but which can also be considered as adjectives when they appear with a noun. For purp... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Cardinal numbers as Adjectives in Runyakitara | In most language descriptions, cardinal numbers are treated separately from adjectives. However, in other cases, as pointed out by Segerer (2008), some of the cardinal numerals show exactly the same morphological and syntactical features as the adjectives. In Runyakitara, Cardinal numerals describe the number of a noun... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Ordinal numbers as adjectives in Runyakitara | Ordinal numbers which serve as adjectives show the order of the nouns being described. In Runyakitara, the ordinal adjective is introduced by the particle composed of an initial vowel, the subject pronoun of the noun in question and a possessive marker -a. Examples include: abantu abaamukaaga (people in the 6th 6 th po... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Demonstratives as Adjectives in Runyakitara | These are adjectives that point at the person or thing to separate it from the others. In Runyoro-Rutooro, there are three main positions described, namely: this near and touchable that near but visible that far, visible or invisible. | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Examples | Certain literature on Bantu languages indicates that such cases as exemplified above are demonstratives (Rugemalira, 2007). We also support the fact that they are demonstratives, but since what they demonstrate is the noun they succeed, we maintain that they are demonstrative adjectives in Runyakitara. In Runyankore-Ru... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Possessives as adjectives in Runyakitara | These are words that describe ownership of something. The ownership they describe is that of a noun, therefore, they are possessive adjectives. In classes 1 and 2 (people class) they are as follows: | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: For class | 1&2 1&2, the possessive adjective takes the subject pronoun for the noun possessed. For example: ekitabu ki-ange my book etaara ya-itu our lantern/lamp Possession for the other noun classes is also marked in a similar manner. Examples are: omukira gw'ente The cow's tail otwino tw'embeba The rat's nice teeth obumanzi bw... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Indefinite pronouns as adjectives in Runyakitara | These are the kind of adjectives that describe a noun without giving full information about it. They include the following: | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Abantu abandi | Other people 2. Omuntu ondi Another person 3. Ente endiijo Another cow 4. Boona ka baije Let all of them come 5. Ka baije bonka Let them come with nobody else 6. Abantu ni baingi omu nsi There are many people in the world 7. Buri omwe naashabwa kuha omushoro Everybody is asked to pay tax 8. Abagenyi baizirege bake | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Interrogatives as Adjectives in Runyakitara | Interrogative adjectives are added to a noun about which more information is sought. They include: Examples are: Kintu ki? Omwegyesa oha? Which thing? Which teacher? Abakazi baingahi? How many women? Purezidenti wa Uganda n'oha? Who is the President of Uganda? Eiguru ririmu enyonyoozi zingahi? How many stars are in the... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Conclusion | This chapter has shed light on the general concepts pertaining to morphology. It went on to examine the noun and those other parts of speech that are usually associated with the noun, namely, the pronoun and the adjective. Runyakitara has an elaborate noun classification system worth noting, but a simple noun structure... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: References | Bloomfield, L. (1933). Language. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Booij, G. (2012). The grammar of words: An introduction to linguistic morphology. London: Oxford University Press. Demuth, K. (2000). Bantu noun class systems: Loan word and acquisition evidence of semantic productivity. In G. Senft, & S. C. Levinson ... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Footnotes | 1 1 A stem can be simply defined as an extended root. In Runyakitara, when the verb final −a −a is added to the root as on -zin- "sing", it becomes a stem: zina. ↩ | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Chapter 3 | VERBAL MORPHOLOGY: TENSE AND ASPECT IN RUNYAKITARA Gilbert Gumoshabe & Oswald Ndolerire | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Introduction | This study will analyse tense and aspect as they relate to the Runyakitara language. In this particular study, the concept of tense and aspect as they relate to Runyakitara (Runyoro-Rutooro and Runyankore-Rukiga) will have the following meaning: Tense: the action of the verb seen at a given moment in time. Aspect: the ... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Theoretical Approaches | This study does not pretend to propound any new theory for the analysis of tense and aspect in Runyakitara. The main thrust will be the identification of morphemes or markers that can be said to express tense, aspect of both. Those morphemes normally appear in three contexts, namely: In a simple verb form, for example:... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The Verb in Runyakitara | The simplest form of the Runyakitara verb is in the imperative, for example: | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: One notes that the simplest verb form is made up of the verb root and the verb final | −a −a. The next form in simplicity is the infinitive, for example: A very complex verb form in Runyakitara could be something of the type below in Runyoro-Rutooro version: ti-tu-ka-ba-teer-a-ho-ga We have never beaten them at all 2 2 Where: A very complex and compound verb form could be: tu-ka-ba tu-ta-ka-ba-teer-a-ho-... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Markers in the Simple Verb Forms | The tense/aspect markers in simple verb forms are sometimes the same and sometimes different in Runyoro-Rutooro and in Runyankore-Rukiga. A few of them are specific to Rukiga on the one hand and to Runyoro on the other. | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Tense Markers in Ry-Rk | Examples: ka (far past). | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Examples in Ry-Rk | tu−ka−mu−siim−a tu−ka−mu−siim−a We thanked him we fear him verb final past thank tu−rya−mu−reeb−a tu−rya−mu−reeb−a We shall see him we far him verb final future see (in the distant future) The following should be noted: Examples: Runyoro (Rutooro has four pure tenses while Runyankore-Rukiga has two.). | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Runyoro-Rutooro | Runyakitara Language Studies: A Guide for Advanced Learners and Teachers of Runyakitara ∅ ∅ - present, habitual | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Runyankore-Rukiga | Examples in Runyoro-Rutooro progressive 'We are going to read/we are going to school' a - genz - ire ku - som - a he V perf. inf V final 'He has gone to read/to school' Examples in Runyankore-Rukiga ni - tu - gyend - a ku - shom - a present we V. final inf. V final progressive We are going to read/to school. We often/... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: As perfect or perfective in Runyankore-Rukiga | a−ba− a−ba− shaija ba−a−ij−a ba−a−ij−a iv cl man pron perf come vf subj As something on the verge of happening, something imminent, in both Runyoro-Rutooro and Runyankore-Rukiga The tree is going to hit you/is on the verge of hitting you! (So, be careful!) 4. As a past narrative in both Runyoro-Rutooro and Runyankore-R... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Runyoro | −ku− −ku− present, progressive | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Rukiga | −ra− −ra− present, progressive Whereas in Runyankore and in Rutooro, almost everybody uses ni Examples: ni (as the present progressive, for example: ni -mu - kor - a - ki What are you doing? present you V final what progressive). | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The Habitual in Runyakitara | For most speakers in Runyoro-Rutooro, the habitual is expressed by the ∅ ∅ morpheme, as in the following examples: | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Ruhanga | a−∅ a−∅-gonz - a aba-ntu be God loves his people. God he love cl people his a Examples: a (ba - ana ba -). | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Aspects and Tenses in Compound Verb Forms | As alluded to earlier, it is the capacity of tense and aspect morphemes to combine in compound verb forms that we have used to determine what qualifies to be a tense, an aspect, or both. A typical compound verb form in Runyakitara is presented as follows: subj. pron. + ts + ba subj. pron. + asp. + mv + vf As in the fol... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Combination of Tenses and Aspects | In Runyakitara compound verb forms, the following phenomena occur: Tenses always combine with aspects, the tense appearing with the auxiliary verb while the aspect appears with the main verb (Ndoleriire, 1980). Tenses can never combine with tenses; for example, the far past -ka- appearing both with the main verb and in... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Runyankore-Rukiga | ba - ba- ire ba - aa -mar- a pron. aux. recent pron. perf. mv vf subj. be. past subj finish "They had finished (in the recent past). If I only said: ba - a - mar - a It should mean: "They have finished". (As I speak) 3) -irege + ni- Runyoro-Rutooro mu - ba - irege ni - mu - kor - a pron. aux. near past pres. pron. mv v... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Runyankore-Rukiga | a−ba−irea−rwa−ire a−ba−irea−rwa−ire pron. aux. recent pron. mv st (stative) subj. past subj. to be S/he sick 'S/he was sick'. If we remove the first ire appearing with the auxiliary −ba −ba and remain with a a rwa-ire, the meaning would be: S/he is sick. 5) −li+−a− −li+−a− Runyoro-Rutooro mu-li-ba mu -a- hik- a-yo pron... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The combination | ni+ni ni+ni is of particular interest. In principle, ni−+−ba ni−+−ba would express the present tense while the ni+mv ni+mv would express the progressive or continuous aspect. In the example: ni−tu−bani−tu−kur−a ni−tu−bani−tu−kur−a pres. pron. be progr. pron. mv vf subj. subj. The meaning is not "we are working now" but... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The combination | ni−+ni ni−+ni - tends therefore to introduce the notion of a hypothetical habitual action in the present, i.e. Something that one should usually be doing. The following usage could also, to some extent, be attested in RunyankoreRukiga, for example: ni−0−bani−0−za−hi ni−0−bani−0−za−hi pres habitual pron be pres pron go ... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: As regards the habitual present | −∅ −∅-, it usually combines with the aspect morphemes as follows (particularly in Runyoro-Rutooro): In this case, the habitual −∅ −∅ - plays essentially the role of a tense and the corresponding morpheme that of an aspect as in: tu -ø- ba ni- tu- li- a pron. pres aux. pres pron mv. fv subj. hab be progr. subj. eat we "... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Time Adverbials and Subordinate Clauses of Time | In order to bring out clearly the context in which a compound form occurs, it is important to point out that it often requires the overt or covert presence of a time adverbial or a subordinate clause of time to situate it. For instance, in the Runyoro-Rutooro sentence: The question that one would ask would be: 'when'. ... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Tense and Aspect in 'Complex' Forms | We saw earlier that simple forms are those that contain one tense or aspect marker, for example: | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Tukabura We got lost | Nitumanya We know (R/Rt) We also saw that a compound form contains an auxiliary ba ba to which is attached a tense and the main verb whose form comprises the aspect, for example: Tukaba tubuzire We had got lost Tuliba nitumanya We shall be knowing (R/Rt) Complex forms on the other hand tend to look like simple forms, i... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Compound Forms Derived from Complex Forms | Since complex forms sometimes have an element of tense or aspect, they can also be found in compound forms whereby an aspect is situated in time or a tense puts an aspect at a given point in time. Let us recall, for instance, that: n-aa-ku-genz-ire means 'I should go' now. This means the hypothetical form is situated i... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The Narrative | −a∼aa− −a∼aa− and the 'imperative' −e −e We have decided to discuss these two forms separately because they do not fall in any of the categories of forms discussed above. These are forms which do not occur on the normal simple indicative and affirmative sentence. They usually occur in special types of sentences as we s... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Let us remember that | −a−∼aa− −a−∼aa− has already been presented as a marker that has several functions/meanings. We saw that it can express an action that has just taken place and in the case of Runyankore/Rukiga especially, the perfective aspect (where it operates in free variation with -aa----ire) and the near past (where in RunyoroRutoo... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Apart from the above | −a −a - in Runyoro-Rutooro or −aa −aa - in Runyankore-Rukiga can also function as a conditional variant of −ka −ka-, the far past. Whereas −ka −ka - is used in past events that may occur in isolation, a−∼aa a−∼aa is used where there is a succession of past events. For example: Omukama akaswera The king got married. Ebi... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The only marker one can talk of is the | −a −a that is usually found at the end of a verb (verb final). What we may call the indirect order, however, is expressed by −e −e which replaces −a −a. | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The form | −e −e is also used as a request or a polite order. In this case, intonation also has a role to play, for example: Otuhe ebyolulya byaitu bya hati (o-tu-h-e) (Rn/Rt) Give us our daily bread! The form −e −e can also be used in negative forms whereas in the affirmative the verb final is usually −a −a, for example: | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The examples above indicate that it is difficult to categorize | −e −e as a tense or an aspect. It may be considered in the category of mode whereby it may express indirect order, desire, request, prayer, et cetera. It is also used in negative forms. | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Summary of Temporal Adverbials or Time Indicators | Most tenses in Runyakitara sentences need a time indicator for an event or an action to be contextualised. Such indicators or temporal adverbials fall in three categories, that is, those situated in the present, those in the past and those in the future. The table below will highlight the most common temporal adverbial... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Simple Forms | i) Pure tenses −ka− −ka− far past -irege recent past -raa- near future -li - far future -rya- far future example dialect tukazina Ry/Rk Ry/Rk and Rn/Rt Rn/Rt tuzinirege Rn/Rt Rn/Rt turaazina Rn/Rt Rn/Rt tulizina Rn/Rt Rn/Rt turyazina Ry/Rk Ry/Rk ii) Tenses and Aspects | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Adverbs | Adverbs in Runyakitara are words that describe a verb, an adjective or a whole sentence. There are adverbs of time, place, frequency, manner, negation, affirmative adverbs, emphatic/enclitic adverbs and interrogative adverbs. | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Adverbs of Time | These are adverbs that show the time of an action and answer the question `when?' Examples include: | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Adverbs of Frequency | These are words which answer the question `how often?' (kaingahi/kangahi?). Examples are: | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Adverbs of Place | These are words which answer the question 'where?' Examples: | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Adverbs of Manner | These are words which show how an action has been done. They answer the question `How?' (-ta?). Examples are: | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Adverbs of Negation | These are words which show negation. Examples: | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Affirmative Adverbs | These are adverbs of agreement. They include: | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Emphatic Adverbs | These emphasise the state of something. Examples: | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Interrogative Adverbs | These are questions that inquire about the time, place, manner, frequency, etc. Examples include: | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Conclusion | In this chapter, the major characteristics of the verb have been presented. Emphasis, however has been on tense and aspect in Runyakitara, an area which is quite complex and which requires more research. The next chapter will introduce us to syntax; how morphemes and words combine to make sentences. | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: References | Guillaume, G. (1970). Temps et verbe: théorie des aspects, des modes, et des temps: suivi de L'architectonique du temps dans les langues classiques. H. Champion. Ndoleriire, O. K. (1980). Essai de recherche en linguistique contrastive sur les systmes verbaux Rutooro-Francais. (Unpublished PhD Dissertation. Paris: Sorbo... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Footnotes | 2 The aspect of verbal extensions or verbal derivatives will be handled in another study (c.f. Rubongoyo, 1999, p. 187-205). ↩ | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: THE SYNTAX OF RUNYAKITARA Oswald Ndoleriire | What is Syntax? A simple definition of syntax, as Fromkin and his co-authors (2003) explain, could be summed up as the rules that govern words to form phrases and sentences. A sentence will be described in the subsequent paragraphs but we can take the phrase to be something as big or bigger than a word but normally sma... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Sentence in General | It is not easy to find a satisfactory definition for the term 'Sentence'. Lyons (1968) defines sentence as "A grammatical unit between the constituent parts of which distributional limitations and dependencies can be established, but which can be put into no distribution class". On the other hand, traditional grammar e... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Sentence in Runyakitara | If determining what a sentence is, at least in European languages, may not be very easy, it seems to be even harder for Bantu languages such as Runyakitara. Bantu languages are normally classified as agglutinative languages or at least that they tend towards agglutination. This means that these languages have a tendenc... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The Basic Components of a Runyakitara Sentence | Just as in many other languages, in Runyakitara, the sentence is normally made up of at least a noun and a verb. For example: Omwana akazaana omupiira. The child played football. child played football The child played football. Note that in the above sentence the two indispensable elements are, Omwana akazaana (The chi... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Akamuteera | This sentence is also arrived at after different transformational rules, for instance the "flip - flop" rule which transfers the pronoun object mu mu from the final position to the position immediately before the verb. The examples given above have illustrated the basic components in a sentence, which may not always be... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The modalities of a sentence or sentence modifiers | All sentences fall into several major categories sometimes called modalities. Some of these modalities are mutually exclusive and they are called the primary modalities while others are not mutually exclusive and can either appear with the primary modalities or can cumulate with themselves. The primary modalities of a ... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Imperative | The secondary modalities are: negative/affirmative passive/active Examples: emphatic (including exclamation). | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Types of Sentences | In Runyakitara the major types of sentences can be said to be the following: [a] Complete and incomplete sentences. [b] Simple and complex sentences. [a] Complete and incomplete sentences A sentence is said to be complete when it provides all the basic information needed and fulfils the basic structure. Compare the fol... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Simple and Complex Sentences | A simple sentence is centred around a single core, usually a verb, while a complex sentence is centered around more than one core (Fromkin et al., 2003). A simple sentence is made up of one clause while a complex sentence, which Brown and Miller (2002, p. 146) explain as "those sentences that can be analysed as consist... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Sentences and Clauses | In traditional grammar, a sentence is made up of a clause. A sentence may be made up of a clause or more than one clause (Kroegger, 2004). Each clause is made up of the basic components of a sentence as exposed earlier. We usually say that a clause has a core verb, apart from a noun subject - at least in most cases. Fo... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Verbal and Non-Verbal Sentences | Some linguists consider the verb to be the core or centre of a sentence, at least most of the time. It is usually a verb which is fully conjugated and the essential part of the VP of a sentence. The two sentences below illustrate the point: Omushaija naakora ebirungi. Omushaija naakunda kukora. The man is doing good th... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Thematic and Predicative Sentences | Incomplete sentences (often non-verbal) are often categorised according to whether they represent a theme or a predicate. As explained by Fromkin et al. (2003), a theme is that which we talk about. On the other hand, a predicate is what we say about the theme. In a Runyoro-Rutooro sentence like: Ekitooke kigwire. The b... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: I like you but you don't like me | Will he come or will he not come? The man arrived at 4:00 p.m., greeted us and thanked us. (5) Bakasanga enju ekingire, baayegarukirayo. (6) Olindeka nkooku wansangire. (7) Akahunirra muno obu baamugambiire eki. (8) Noobu arairuka oraamusanga. (9) Katunihire tuti byona biraahikirra. (10) Naayesunga kandi kunu taine baz... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The Simple Sentence | As we saw earlier, a simple sentence is one which is made up of a single clause. We saw earlier the basic structure of a simple sentence. We shall here examine the func- tions or functional relations that can be assumed by the different elements or components of a simple sentence in Runyakitara. In the first place we h... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: We put the prepositions owa and | mu mu (to) and (in) as deep structures which do not appear in our sentence in the surface structure. What the sentence could have been in (5) is as follows: Omukazi akatwek(er)a owa iba ebbaruha mu Kampala. The preposition owa (to) is replaced by the verbal derivative er (in brackets) and the preposition mu mu (in) bef... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The Functions or Functional Relations in a Simple Sentence | The major functions in a Runyakitara sentence are those of Subject, Verb, Object, Complement and Agent. These are terms of classical traditional grammar but which appear convenient for our purposes. | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Subject and Predicate | Some traditional grammarians divide a sentence into two major functions; the subject and the predicate. For instance, in: Omwana maazanira omu musiri. The child is playing in the garden. Omwana is the subject; maazanira mu musiri is the predicate. Let us examine the Runyankore-Rukiga sentences below: In: Omwana akunda ... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: NP1 | NP 1 , in Runyakitara that means the NP that comes before the core verb. | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The Object | The object is usually the element that comes after the verb and which is intimately linked to the verb in such a way that without it the verb lacks something essential. Compare these four sentences ( Ry/Rk Ry/Rk ): (1) Omushaija agwejegyeire. The man is asleep. (2) Omushaija naakunda abaana. The man loves children. (3)... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The Complement | Traditionally, the complement is defined as that which completes something else, particularly the subject. For example: Omwana wangye ni murungi. My child is good. murungi - is considered as the complement of the subject omwana wangye. Abashaija bari ha kashozi. The men are on a (small) hill. In the above sentence the ... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The Verb | The verb itself, though a part of speech, is considered as a function by some grammarians particularly when it acts as the core or node of the sentence. Thus, in the Runyankore-Rukiga sentence: Omwana naakunda kuzaana. The child likes playing. The verb kukunda (to like) will be considered as having the function of verb... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The Agent | In traditional grammar, the function of agent is reserved for NPs in passive sentences that would otherwise have the function of subject. For example: Omukazi naateera omwana The woman is beating the child Subject Verb Object. Omwana naateerwa omukazi The child is being beaten by the woman Subject Verb Agent. | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Types of Clauses | We have seen earlier that traditional grammar makes a distinction between different types of subordinate clauses basing on both formal but particularly semantic criteria. We shall now make a rapid analysis of some of these clauses. Those we shall examine are: i) The complement clauses; and ii) The relatives. | grammar_instruction |
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