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Ovarian cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women in the United States and the leading cause of gynecologic cancer deaths. The standard first-line chemotherapy for patients with ovarian cancer is a platinum-taxane combination regimen. In excess of 80 percent of patients will respond initially... |
Of the 4,000 cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL) diagnosed in the United States every year, one third occur in adults. Adult ALL remains a difficult disease to cure in contrast with the cure rate of almost 80 percent in children and adolescents []. Front-line protocols often call for aggressive therapy for hig... |
MicroRNAs are small, non-coding RNAs of 18 to 24 nucleotides, discovered in 1993 in the nematode . Lee et al. [] found that a gene crucial for post-embryonic development, , does not code for a protein, but rather is transcribed into a 22-nucleotide RNA molecule. This molecule could repress the expression of the mRNA ... |
The breakthrough that allowed the sequencing of viral genomes (and later, larger cloned genomes) was the use of restriction endonucleases to manipulate and analyze DNA. Bacterial cells synthesize restriction enzymes to defend themselves against invading foreign DNA, and these enzymes were first identified and character... |
To study the structure of the high and low MW CSP forms, we made polyclonal antisera to peptides representing the entire NH-terminal and COOH-terminal thirds of CSP from , a rodent malaria parasite. These antisera recognized the appropriate full-length peptides (Fig. S1 A, available at ) and did not recognize peptides ... |
To visualize the detailed microanatomy of brain immunological synapses, we set up an experiment in which T cells would selectively target virally infected brain astrocytes. To do so, nonreplicating adenoviral vectors were chosen to infect brain cells within a restricted site within the rat brain (i.e., the striatum) an... |
Model systems are vital for the study of disease and the development of new therapeutic approaches. The dog was not immediately recognized as a model for hereditary diseases and few genetic-oriented investigations were carried out until the mid-1990s. Since that time, the canine genetics research community has made sig... |
Genetics is at the dawn of a new era with maturing technologies that enable low-cost, high-throughput genotyping of hundreds of thousands of DNA markers that in turn can be tested for association to complex traits of interest like disease and drug response. A number of studies have already leveraged the availability of... |
The tail suspension test (TST) is used to screen for antidepressant activity in pharmacologic studies (Cryan et al. ; Steru et al. , . When a mouse is suspended by its tail, the initial response is to struggle, but this is followed by episodes of immobility, which is taken as an index of its depressive state, paralleli... |
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MIP superfamily members are typically 28–30 kDa in size and construct an integral membrane pore, characterized topographically by six transmembrane spanning domains, with cytosolic amino and carboxy termini (Fig. ). Structural and amino acid similarities between the first and second half of the protein and c... |
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Disorders of neuronal migration are not limited to mice. In humans abnormalities of neuronal migration cause a range of diseases, most notably lissencephaly. Classic lissencephaly, a disorder of both tangential migration and radial migration, is characterized ... |
All vertebrates have pituitary glands composed of specialized hormone-producing cells (Matsumoto and Ishii ). The individual hormones are evolutionarily conserved, although their function varies across the classes of . This conservation suggests that genetic regulation of pituitary function may be conserved.
In humans,... |
Bones serve many critical functions, including joint movement, ambulation, and vital organ protection. Facilitating these functionalities requires that bone be mechanically stiff, strong, and tough. Although most individuals build bones that are functional for daily activities, a large fraction of these individuals sus... |
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), along with associated problems such as hypertension, dyslipidemias, and obesity, is an increasing problem in human populations: 150 million individuals are currently affected and a rapid expansion is expected during the next 20 years (Freeman and Cox ). Human genetic studies provide str... |
It will not be long before we have mutant alleles for every gene in the mouse genome. It also will not be long before we can sequence an entire genome in a few hours and for less than 1000 US$. But there is much more to come, and the speed with which these developments will take place will surprise you. Imagine followi... |
Up until the 1980s, most research in developmental biology involved analyzing the interactions among and within the tissues that participated in some embryologic event (e.g., limb development) and, on the basis of careful experimentation, inferring something about these interactions. A second and complementary approach... |
Since the derivation of the original inbred mouse strains from populations of fancy mice to investigate the genetic basis of cancer (reviewed in Paigen ), many additional inbred strains have been derived that harbor a tremendous amount of natural genetic variation (Beck et al. ; Ideraabdullah et al. ). However, unlike ... |
Trisomy 21 (Ts21) is one of the most prevalent serious congenital malformations of genetic origin and the most common human aneuploidy compatible with survival. In the United States, 1 of every 733 live births has Ts21 (CDC ). Worldwide about 220,000 infants with Ts21 are born each year with phenotypes collectively ref... |
TRP cation channels play an important role in signal transduction of numerous organisms. For example, in , TRP channels are known to mediate the response to light (; ; ; ; ) and in mammals they are involved in detections of changes in the environment. TRP channels gate in response to a myriad of stimuli, including cold... |
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