README.md

---
language:
  - es
license: cc-by-4.0
task_categories:
  - text-classification
task_ids:
  - hate-speech-detection
tags:
  - hate-speech
  - spanish
  - ecuador
  - social-media
  - twitter
  - collaborative-annotation
  - binary-classification
  - nlp
pretty_name: EcuHate-es
size_categories:
  - 1K<n<10K
annotations_creators:
  - crowdsourced
language_creators:
  - found
multilinguality:
  - monolingual
source_datasets:
  - original
---

# EcuHate-es — Ecuadorian Spanish Hate Speech Dataset

> **The first labeled dataset for hate speech classification in Spanish produced in Ecuador.**

Texts were collected from X (formerly Twitter), geolocated to Ecuadorian users across two regions
(Costa and Sierra), and annotated through a rigorous collaborative human annotation process.
This dataset is the result of research project **FCI-036-2023**, conducted at the **Universidad de Guayaquil**
(Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Software Engineering Program, Ecuador)

## Dataset details

| | |
|---|---|
| **Language** | Spanish (es) — Ecuadorian variety |
| **Source** | X (Twitter), geolocated to Ecuador |
| **Regions** | Costa · Sierra |
| **Task** | Binary hate speech classification |
| **Labels** | `YES` (hate speech) · `NO` (no hate speech) |
| **Size** | 7,348 texts |
| **License** | CC BY 4.0 |

| Role | Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|---|
| Principal Investigator & Project Director (FCI-036-2023) | César Espin-Riofrio | Universidad de Guayaquil |
| Research Collaborator | Ignacio Valencia-Moyano | Universidad de Guayaquil |
| Research Collaborator | Allan Méndez-Vega | Universidad de Guayaquil |

## Data structure

| Field | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| `id` | string | Unique text identifier |
| `text` | string | Original Spanish text from X |
| `region` | string | Ecuadorian region: `Costa` or `Sierra` |
| `date` | string | Tweet timestamp (ISO 8601) |
| `num_tokens` | integer | Token count of the text |
| `label` | string | `YES` = hate speech · `NO` = no hate speech |
| `confidence` | string | Annotation confidence: `high` or `low` |

```json
{"id": "d4e2e2f4", "text": "Texto en español aquí", "region": "Costa", "date": "2023-01-26T13:34:25.000Z", "num_tokens": 34, "label": "YES", "confidence": "high"}
```

### Label distribution

| Label | Meaning | Count | % |
|---|---|---|---|
| `YES` | Hate speech | 4,114 | 56.0% |
| `NO` | No hate speech | 3,234 | 44.0% |
| **Total** | | **7,348** | |

### Confidence distribution

| Confidence | Criterion | Count | % |
|---|---|---|---|
| `high` | Both Doccano rounds agree (label2 == label3), including unanimous cases | 4,580 | 62.3% |
| `low` | Doccano rounds disagree; original reference label acted as tiebreaker | 2,768 | 37.7% |

The `confidence` field reflects the degree of agreement between the two independent Doccano
annotation rounds. When both rounds agree, the final label is considered high confidence.
When they disagree, the original reference label (Gómez & Tapia, 2024) acted as tiebreaker
and the record is marked low confidence. Researchers may choose to use only `high` confidence
records (4,580 texts) for more conservative experiments.

### Regional distribution

| Region | Count |
|---|---|
| Costa | 3,623 |
| Sierra | 3,725 |

## Annotation

The raw corpus was compiled by Gómez & Tapia (2024) under research project FCI-036-2023 at
Universidad de Guayaquil — approximately 15,000 posts from X geolocated to Ecuadorian users,
reduced to 11,657 after deduplication.

| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Platform | Doccano (deployed on Microsoft Azure) |
| Annotators | 200 (Law, Sociology, Political Science, Psychology — 8th–9th semester) |
| Rounds | 2 independent rounds, 100 annotators each |
| Texts per annotator | 116–117 (exclusive batches) |
| Quality control | 35 annotators removed (label concentration ≥ 85% + Shannon entropy ≤ 0.5) |
| Consolidation | Majority vote across 3 independent labels |
| Agreement metrics | Krippendorff's Alpha, Fleiss' Kappa, Cohen's Kappa — consistent with hate speech annotation literature |

## Acknowledgements

The research team gratefully acknowledges the institutional support that made the annotation
process possible. We thank the deans and program directors of the **Faculty of Jurisprudence,
Social and Political Sciences** (Law, Sociology, and Political Science programs) and the
**Faculty of Psychological Sciences** (Psychology program) at Universidad de Guayaquil for
facilitating the participation of their students as annotators. We also thank the dean of the
**Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences** for supporting the development of this project.

## Citation

```bibtex
@dataset{espinriofrio2024ecuhate,
  author    = {Espin-Riofrio, César and Valencia-Moyano, Ignacio and Méndez-Vega, Allan},
  title     = {EcuHate-es: Ecuadorian Spanish Hate Speech Dataset},
  year      = {2024},
  publisher = {Hugging Face},
  url       = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/cespinr/EcuHate-es}
}
```

## License

[Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) —
free to use for any purpose with attribution.