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document_id int64 75.4k 75.8k	context stringlengths 44 3.27k	question stringclasses 5 values	answer stringlengths 0 258	answer_start int64 0 2.27k
75,488	The blended slurry was then cast onto a clean current collector (Al foil for the cathode and Cu foil for the anode) and dried at 90 °C under vacuum overnight.	What is the cathode?	Al foil	645
75,488	The blended slurry was then cast onto a clean current collector (Al foil for the cathode and Cu foil for the anode) and dried at 90 °C under vacuum overnight. Finally, the obtained electrodes were cut into desired shapes on demand. It should be noted that the electrode mass ratio of cathode/anode is set to about 4, thu...	What is the anode?	Cu foil	673
75,546	In conclusion, the SiC/RGO nanocomposite, integrating the synergistic effect of SiC flakes and RGO, was synthesized by an in situ gas–solid fabrication method. Taking advantage of the enhanced photogenerated charge separation, large CO2 adsorption, and numerous exposed active sites, SiC/RGO nanocomposite served as the ...	What is the cathode?	SiC/RGO nanocomposite	284
75,417	The calculated diffusion coefficient of Zn2+ was of the order of 10−9–10−10 cm−2 s−1 (Fig. 4f), which is comparable to that of the reported V-based materials (Table S3†). These results clearly demonstrate that the NV NSs@ACC cathode allows the stable and fast migration of Zn2+, leading to good rate capability.	What is the cathode?	NV NSs@ACC	2,271
75,422	Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are expected to have a cell-level specific capacity of >350 W h kg−1 by 2025 to meet the market demanded driving range of an electric vehicle (EV). Among the state-of-the-art cathode materials, Ni-rich layered oxides, LiNixCoyAlzO2 (NCA) and LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM) with x + y + z = 1 and x ≧ 0.8, ha...	What is the cathode?	Ni-rich layered oxides, LiNixCoyAlzO2 (NCA) and LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM)	242
75,432	Mg-doped P2-NMM10 and Zn-doped P2-NMZ10 cathode materials are synthesized by a solid state method, whose P2-type layered structures are confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) (Fig. S1† and a summary of the crystallographic data is given in Tables S1–S4†). Their compositions are verified by energy dispersive X-ray spectro...	What is the cathode?	Mg-doped P2-NMM10 and Zn-doped P2-NMZ10	120
75,443	Li and co-authors applied PTCDA-derived polymer P10 as the anode for aqueous K-ion batteries. Saturated solutions of K2SO4 (∼0.69 M) or KNO3 (∼3.75 M) were tested as the electrolytes. The potassium nitrate solution enabled better rate capabilities with P10 as the active material, owing to the higher conductivity. Parti...	What's the cathode?	potassium hexacyanoferrate	448
75,443	Li and co-authors applied PTCDA-derived polymer P10 as the anode for aqueous K-ion batteries. Saturated solutions of K2SO4 (∼0.69 M) or KNO3 (∼3.75 M) were tested as the electrolytes. The potassium nitrate solution enabled better rate capabilities with P10 as the active material, owing to the higher conductivity. Parti...	What's the anode?	PTCDA-derived polymer P10	26
75,443	Li and co-authors applied PTCDA-derived polymer P10 as the anode for aqueous K-ion batteries. Saturated solutions of K2SO4 (∼0.69 M) or KNO3 (∼3.75 M) were tested as the electrolytes. The potassium nitrate solution enabled better rate capabilities with P10 as the active material, owing to the higher conductivity. Parti...	What's the electrolyte?	K2SO4 (∼0.69 M) or KNO3 (∼3.75 M)	117
75,438	Electrolytic water splitting in an electrochemical cell can produce both hydrogen and oxygen through the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at the cathode and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the anode, respectively. The electrolysis process can be expressed by eqn (1)–(3).	What's the cathode?		0
75,438	Electrolytic water splitting in an electrochemical cell can produce both hydrogen and oxygen through the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at the cathode and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the anode, respectively. The electrolysis process can be expressed by eqn (1)–(3).	What's the anode?		0
75,421	Lithium-ion/sulfur (Li-ion/S) batteries consisting of metallic lithium-free anodes and sulfur cathodes are promising energy storage solutions. Anode prelithiation enables the Li-ion/S battery assembly with the extensively-developed sulfur cathodes. However, it’s very challenging owing to the low lithiation potentials o...	What's the cathode?	sulfur	87
75,421	Lithium-ion/sulfur (Li-ion/S) batteries consisting of metallic lithium-free anodes and sulfur cathodes are promising energy storage solutions. Anode prelithiation enables the Li-ion/S battery assembly with the extensively-developed sulfur cathodes. However, it’s very challenging owing to the low lithiation potentials o...	What's the anode?	LiAl alloy	389
75,421	Lithium-ion/sulfur (Li-ion/S) batteries consisting of metallic lithium-free anodes and sulfur cathodes are promising energy storage solutions. Anode prelithiation enables the Li-ion/S battery assembly with the extensively-developed sulfur cathodes. However, it’s very challenging owing to the low lithiation potentials o...	What's the anode?	LiAl	623
75,426	The data for organic-based anode materials are provided in Table 2. Only a few reports, which were discussed in Section 3.3, were dedicated to aqueous batteries. For this reason, the summary and outlook will be focusing on the non-aqueous systems. As in the case of cathode materials (Section 2.7), we chose several inor...	What's the cathode?		0
75,426	The data for organic-based anode materials are provided in Table 2. Only a few reports, which were discussed in Section 3.3, were dedicated to aqueous batteries. For this reason, the summary and outlook will be focusing on the non-aqueous systems. As in the case of cathode materials (Section 2.7), we chose several inor...	What's the anode?	organic-based	13
75,436	We explore a novel ether aided superconcentrated ionic liquid electrolyte; a combination of ionic liquid, N-propyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (C3mpyrFSI) and ether solvent, 1,2 dimethoxy ethane (DME) with 3.2 mol/kg LiFSI salt, which offers an alternative ion-transport mechanism and improves the ove...	What's the cathode?	LFP	823
75,436	We explore a novel ether aided superconcentrated ionic liquid electrolyte; a combination of ionic liquid, N-propyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (C3mpyrFSI) and ether solvent, 1,2 dimethoxy ethane (DME) with 3.2 mol/kg LiFSI salt, which offers an alternative ion-transport mechanism and improves the ove...	What's the anode?		0
75,441	2.1.5 Electrochemical performance measurements. The electrochemical performances of an individual electrode, Fe-intercalated ML Ti3C2Tx anode, and graphite cathode were examined in a three-electrode system in an Ar-filled glove box with O2 and H2O levels below 0.1 ppm, using platinum foil as the counter electrode and a...	What's the cathode?	graphite	147
75,441	2.1.5 Electrochemical performance measurements. The electrochemical performances of an individual electrode, Fe-intercalated ML Ti3C2Tx anode, and graphite cathode were examined in a three-electrode system in an Ar-filled glove box with O2 and H2O levels below 0.1 ppm, using platinum foil as the counter electrode and a...	What's the anode?	Fe-intercalated ML Ti3C2Tx	109
75,441	2.1.5 Electrochemical performance measurements. The electrochemical performances of an individual electrode, Fe-intercalated ML Ti3C2Tx anode, and graphite cathode were examined in a three-electrode system in an Ar-filled glove box with O2 and H2O levels below 0.1 ppm, using platinum foil as the counter electrode and a...	What's the cathode?	graphite	483
75,419	The increased environmental hazards from the use of carbon-emitting fuels and the rapid depletion of conventional fossil fuels have triggered the research community to find alternatives to fossil-fuel-based technologies. In many innovative approaches to address these challenges, electrocatalytic water splitting driven ...	What's the cathode?		0
75,419	The increased environmental hazards from the use of carbon-emitting fuels and the rapid depletion of conventional fossil fuels have triggered the research community to find alternatives to fossil-fuel-based technologies. In many innovative approaches to address these challenges, electrocatalytic water splitting driven ...	What's the anode?		0
75,424	One should note that in this first demonstration of the nanomesh-based cathodes, the thickness of the electrodes of few micrometres remains insufficient for practical application in Li-ion batteries that require thicker electrodes, in the range of tens of micrometres. Thus, the next natural step is the realization of t...	What's the cathode?	nanomesh-based	55
75,429	For full cell testing, sulfur–carbon composite cathodes were used. It is well known that S, lithium disulfide and other reaction intermediates have poor electronic conductivity. To improve this, S nanoparticles were impregnated into a nitrogen doped carbon matrix (from now on labelled ‘S/NC’); a detailed account on the...	What's the cathode?	sulfur–carbon composite	23
75,429	For full cell testing, sulfur–carbon composite cathodes were used. It is well known that S, lithium disulfide and other reaction intermediates have poor electronic conductivity. To improve this, S nanoparticles were impregnated into a nitrogen doped carbon matrix (from now on labelled ‘S/NC’); a detailed account on the...	What's the cathode?	S/NC	723
75,434	Recently, potassium manganese oxides (KMOs) have gained more attention as positive materials due to their high operating voltage, high conductivity and controllable flexible interlayer spacing, which are beneficial for K+ ion diffusion and offer more ion intercalation channels over the whole exposed surface. For exampl...	What's the cathode?	K0.5MnO2	374
75,439	The data for organic-based cathode materials are summarized in Table 1. All these compounds were reported for non-aqueous batteries, which should be mainly due to the mismatch between their working potentials and water stability voltage window. Some n-type materials, such as quinones or aromatic imides, can operate wit...	What's the cathode?	organic-based	13
75,439	The data for organic-based cathode materials are summarized in Table 1. All these compounds were reported for non-aqueous batteries, which should be mainly due to the mismatch between their working potentials and water stability voltage window. Some n-type materials, such as quinones or aromatic imides, can operate wit...	What's the anode?		0
75,444	When cycled at 4.5 V, as shown in Fig. 6(a), P2-NMZ10 has 68% capacity retention after 200 cycles, while P2-NMM10 only has 51% capacity retention after 200 cycles, indicating that the Zn-doped sample possesses superior cyclability. Our detailed structural analysis reveals that the dopant precipitates in P2-NMZ10 sample...	What's the cathode?	Li-rich layered	655
75,425	A very rapid increase in separation between the ‘charge-averaged’ discharge and charge voltages, within the first few cycles (i.e., ∼10 cycles), can be observed for the ‘no’ Ti-containing Na-TM-oxide (i.e., ‘0.5 Mn/0 Ti’) (see Fig. 4a and b). This is a direct reflection of the rapid increment in corresponding voltage h...	What's the cathode?	‘0.5 Mn/0 Ti’ and ‘0 Mn/0.5 Ti’ Na-TM-oxide	715
75,435	In this work, we use focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM)-based tomography with sub-100 nm spatial resolution to visualize and quantify the loss of mechanical contact in an SSB cathode composite after cycling. Quantitative analysis of the microstructural evolution and interface separation reveals a c...	What's the cathode?	SSB	192
75,440	• A high sulfur loading is essential to produce practical Li–S batteries. The metal sulfides for the design of 3D free-standing and sandwich-type cathodes contribute to a high sulfur loading without sacrificing rate capacities and cycling stability.	What's the cathode?		0
75,445	The working electrode was composed of carbon paper, the as-prepared electrocatalysts (70 wt%), super P (20 wt%) and a PVDF binder (10 wt%). The mass loading of the electrocatalysts on the carbon paper was 0.6–0.8 mg cm−2. The electrolyte was 1 M lithium bis (trifluoromethane) sulfonimide, LiTFSI, in dimethyl sulfoxide ...	What's the cathode?		0
75,445	The working electrode was composed of carbon paper, the as-prepared electrocatalysts (70 wt%), super P (20 wt%) and a PVDF binder (10 wt%). The mass loading of the electrocatalysts on the carbon paper was 0.6–0.8 mg cm−2. The electrolyte was 1 M lithium bis (trifluoromethane) sulfonimide, LiTFSI, in dimethyl sulfoxide ...	What's the anode?	lithium metal	366
75,450	In this review, we have provided a comprehensive overview of the design, synthesis, and application of metal sulfides in rechargeable Li–S batteries. We aimed to summarize important concepts to boost the practical development of high-energy-density Li–S batteries. As a promising polar substrate, metal sulfides have con...	What's the cathode?	sulfur	606
75,450	In this review, we have provided a comprehensive overview of the design, synthesis, and application of metal sulfides in rechargeable Li–S batteries. We aimed to summarize important concepts to boost the practical development of high-energy-density Li–S batteries. As a promising polar substrate, metal sulfides have con...	What's the anode?	lithium	692
75,455	Long cyclic lifespan under high-current density is an important factor to assess the possibility of practical application. Fig. 3e presents the GCD result at a high current density of 2.0 A g−1. Approximately 85% retention of the capacity over 1000 cycles (the initial capacity was 183 mA h g−1) and CEs of the NV NSs@AC...	What's the cathode?		0
75,448	As a supplementary experiment to further confirm this advantageous effect of the DETA CB powders, we fabricated a coin-type (2032R) half cell (printed LCO cathode/liquid electrolyte (1 M LiPF6 in EC/PC (1/1 (v/v)))-filled polyethylene separator/Li metal anode) and investigated its electrochemical performance. The cell ...	What's the cathode?	LCO	151
75,448	As a supplementary experiment to further confirm this advantageous effect of the DETA CB powders, we fabricated a coin-type (2032R) half cell (printed LCO cathode/liquid electrolyte (1 M LiPF6 in EC/PC (1/1 (v/v)))-filled polyethylene separator/Li metal anode) and investigated its electrochemical performance. The cell ...	What's the electrolyte?	1 M LiPF6 in EC/PC (1/1 (v/v))	183
75,459	However, because of the larger sodium ionic radius (rNa+ 1.02 Å vs. rLi+ 0.76 Å), it is necessary to explore suitable cathode materials and modification methods that could accommodate sufficient sodium ions as well as ensure reversible and fast Na+ insertion/extraction. Various types of cathode materials have been prop...	What's the cathode?	layered transition-metal oxides (NaxMO2), Prussian blue analogues (PBAs, NaxMy[Fe(CN)6]), polyanion-type compounds, and organic compounds	336
75,464	Firstly, the effect of the KMnO4 concentration on the MnO2 loading and the capacity of the battery was studied. As shown in Fig. 3e, the loading of MnO2 on the electrode gradually increases with the increase of KMnO4 concentration. When the concentration of KMnO4 is 0.1 mM, a low MnO2 loading of 4.9 mg cm−3 (weight per...	What's the cathode?		0
75,468	In voltage research, the advantages of cathode exfoliation and anode exfoliation can be combined by using the voltage of the changing direction, and the process of electrolyte intercalation and gas expansion can be brought into full play.	What's the cathode?		0
75,468	In voltage research, the advantages of cathode exfoliation and anode exfoliation can be combined by using the voltage of the changing direction, and the process of electrolyte intercalation and gas expansion can be brought into full play.	What's the anode?		0
75,447	The vanadium loss of the cathode is measured using inductive coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP OES) after 7, 20 and 40 cycles in the discharged state as it is difficult to accurately quantify the small amount of dissolved vanadium after the first cycle. It can be seen from Fig. 9 that a considerable amo...	What's the cathode?		0
75,451	Areal capacities for organic-based cathodes range from ∼0.07 to ∼2 mA h cm−2 (Chart 1d). As in the case with the electrode composition, no optimization of the mass loading is typically performed. For PTCDA 9, where such optimization took place, record high areal capacity was demonstrated.	What's the cathode?	organic-based	21
75,461	In order to get rid of templates, many efforts have been attempted. CP nanowire electrochemically polymerized and assembled onto two biased electrodes (anode and cathode) immersed in aqueous monomer solutions. The essence of this method is an electrode-wire-electrode or electrode-wire-target assembly. For instance, CP ...	What's the cathode?		0
75,461	In order to get rid of templates, many efforts have been attempted. CP nanowire electrochemically polymerized and assembled onto two biased electrodes (anode and cathode) immersed in aqueous monomer solutions. The essence of this method is an electrode-wire-electrode or electrode-wire-target assembly. For instance, CP ...	What's the anode?		0
75,465	Herein, with the aid of an electrochemistry-driven method, Fe ions were pre-intercalated into multilayered Ti3C2Tx (ML Ti3C2Tx) using cyclic voltammetry (CV) technology. Systemic characterization of the interlayer environment was conducted. The location of Fe ions was analyzed, combined with DFT simulations. The EMIm+ ...	What's the cathode?	graphite	437
75,454	Spherical [Ni0.5Mn0.5](OH)2 precursors were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. Stoichiometric amounts of NiSO4·6H2O and MnSO4·H2O (Samchun Chemical, Korea) were used as starting materials for [Ni0.5Mn0.5](OH)2. The metal solution concentration (2 mol L−1 for the metal solution), pH (∼11.0), temperature (45 °C)...	What's the cathode?	Na[Ni0.5Mn0.5]O	739
75,454	Spherical [Ni0.5Mn0.5](OH)2 precursors were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. Stoichiometric amounts of NiSO4·6H2O and MnSO4·H2O (Samchun Chemical, Korea) were used as starting materials for [Ni0.5Mn0.5](OH)2. The metal solution concentration (2 mol L−1 for the metal solution), pH (∼11.0), temperature (45 °C)...	What's the cathode?	Na1−2xCax[Ni0.5Mn0.5]O2	987
75,463	In addition, the galvanostatic discharge curves of the hybrid battery at different current densities are studied. As displayed in Fig. 6b, a capacity of 785 mA h gZn−1 is achieved at the current density of 2 mA cm−2 based on the mass of Zn consumed. The result is close to the theoretical value (820 mA h gZn−1). It demo...	What's the anode?	Zn	457
75,469	The two-cycled coin-type cells were disassembled in the argon-filled glove box. The cathode electrodes were carefully extracted from the cells and then immediately rinsed in dimethyl carbonate (DMC) solvent to remove electrolyte residues and dried under vacuum overnight. The obtained electrodes were then transferred fr...	What's the cathode?	dimethyl carbonate (DMC)	174
75,474	Recently, Fan and co-authors proposed a PTCDI derivative with anthraquinone moieties (PTCDI-DAQ 11). This compound has lower solubility than PTCDI due to the increased molecular weight, as well as higher theoretical capacity of 200 mA h g−1. The observed Qm was up to 220 mA h g−1, again higher than the theoretical valu...	What's the cathode?		0
75,466	Inspired by the superior ORR and OER electrocatalytic activities as well as excellent faradaic redox performance of the DBHF fibers, hybrid Zn batteries were fabricated. In the HZB, the DBHF fibers act as the cathode, Zn nanosheets on carbon cloth serve as the anode and a mixed solution of 6 M KOH and 0.2 M Zn(Ac)2 ser...	What's the cathode?	DBHF fibers	186
75,470	Besides lithium, a modern LIB typically contains non-widespread transition metals, such as copper (anode current collector), nickel and cobalt (cathode materials). The shortage in cobalt is especially acute. If cobalt-free batteries remain underdeveloped, the production of Co will have to increase up to an order of mag...	What's the cathode?	nickel and cobalt	125
75,470	Besides lithium, a modern LIB typically contains non-widespread transition metals, such as copper (anode current collector), nickel and cobalt (cathode materials). The shortage in cobalt is especially acute. If cobalt-free batteries remain underdeveloped, the production of Co will have to increase up to an order of mag...	What's the anode?	copper	91
75,480	Interestingly, in the presence of Ti-ions as a partial substitute for Mn-ions (as in the case of ‘0.2 Mn/0.3 Ti’ Na-TM-oxide), Mn was found to be completely in the +4 oxidation state (i.e., Mn4+ and not Mn3+) in the pristine electrode, unlike for the ‘0.5 Mn/0 Ti’ counterpart (see ESI Fig. S7d†). Such observations sugg...	What's the cathode?	Ti-substituted (for Mn-ion) Na-TM-oxid	1,293
75,476	Later, Chen et al. used K2TP under similar conditions as the anode for hybrid supercapacitors. Activated carbon was used as the cathode. Energy of 101 W h kg−1 and power of 2.16 kW kg−1 based on the mass of two electrodes were demonstrated. If the electrolyte mass was included, the values reached 41.5 W h kg−1 and 885 ...	What's the cathode?	carbon	105
75,476	Later, Chen et al. used K2TP under similar conditions as the anode for hybrid supercapacitors. Activated carbon was used as the cathode. Energy of 101 W h kg−1 and power of 2.16 kW kg−1 based on the mass of two electrodes were demonstrated. If the electrolyte mass was included, the values reached 41.5 W h kg−1 and 885 ...	What's the anode?	K2TP	24
75,481	To obtain strong immobilization and fast conversion kinetics for polysulfides, the concept of constructing highly adsorptive and catalyzing heterostructures has been widely developed, such as TiN–TiO2, MoN–VN, and WS2–WO3. In fact, the anchoring of polysulfides as well as Li2S precipitation are part of a continuous mul...	What's the cathode?	MoS2 ND-modified	1,027
75,481	To obtain strong immobilization and fast conversion kinetics for polysulfides, the concept of constructing highly adsorptive and catalyzing heterostructures has been widely developed, such as TiN–TiO2, MoN–VN, and WS2–WO3. In fact, the anchoring of polysulfides as well as Li2S precipitation are part of a continuous mul...	What's the cathode?	MoS2 ND/porous carbon/Li2S6	1,550
75,486	To investigate the failure mechanism of the overcharge protection of the TDAC, a scaled-up NCA/graphite cell was employed to reclaim enough electrolyte and electrode materials for a post-mortem analysis. The reclaimed electrolyte after overcharge was in a brownish color, which could be contributed by the dissolution of...	What's the cathode?		0
75,496	For full cells, commercial lithium iron phosphate (LFP) was used as the cathode material. A mixture of LFP powder, acetylene black (conductive additive) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with a mass ratio of 8:1:1 in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was first coated on aluminum foil, dried in a vacuum oven at 80 °C overni...	What's the cathode?	lithium iron phosphate (LFP)	26
75,496	For full cells, commercial lithium iron phosphate (LFP) was used as the cathode material. A mixture of LFP powder, acetylene black (conductive additive) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with a mass ratio of 8:1:1 in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was first coated on aluminum foil, dried in a vacuum oven at 80 °C overni...	What's the cathode?	LFP	340
75,482	Lithium–sulphur (Li–S) batteries with high theoretical capacity, cost-effectiveness and environmental sustainability have attracted tremendous interest as the next generation rechargeable batteries. However, the performance of Li–S batteries is constrained by sulphur's low conductivity and large volume change during li...	What's the cathode?	sulphur	373
75,487	The hybrid Na–air battery was assembled in a sandwich structure. Initially, the anode part of the hybrid Na–air cell was fabricated in a glove box. The metallic sodium was cut and pressed into a sheet with a diameter of 10 mm as the anode, followed by the injection of organic electrolyte (1 M NaClO4 in tetraethylene gl...	What's the cathode?	air	1,005
75,536	Yao et al. presented a series of aqueous systems with quinone-based anodes and industrially established cathodes, which showed excellent stability, kinetics and energy density. Particularly for K-based batteries, PAQS P1 was paired with Ni(OH)2 in alkaline media (10 M KOH). The anode showed a capacity of 200 mA h g−1. ...	What's the cathode?		0
75,457	Compared with graphite, Bi, Sb and P, organic-based materials are less attractive in terms of the potentials. The electrode capacities are also generally lower, although several materials with high demetalation potentials showed a Qe of above 250 mA h g−1. Areal capacities (Chart 5c) are mostly comparable for organic-b...	What's the cathode?		0
75,462	The determination of metal and polymer material moduli are straightforward and taken from literature values. To verify the estimated moduli of the composite electrodes, they were stacked in various layers and acoustically interrogated. As shown in Fig. 3a, the graphite/Cu electrode has a modulus of 10.7 GPa, and the Li...	What's the cathode?		0
75,462	The determination of metal and polymer material moduli are straightforward and taken from literature values. To verify the estimated moduli of the composite electrodes, they were stacked in various layers and acoustically interrogated. As shown in Fig. 3a, the graphite/Cu electrode has a modulus of 10.7 GPa, and the Li...	What's the anode?		0
75,467	However, in the extreme case, when Qm of a dual-ion battery cathode is 300 mA h g−1 and the average potential is 5.0 V, Ecorrm is only ∼500 W h kg−1 if KPF6 is used as the supporting salt (Chart 2b). Switching to lighter salts, such as KClO4, KBF4 and particularly KF might significantly boost the energy density (Chart ...	What's the cathode?		0
75,490	Uniform doping has been recognized as an effective approach to improve the cycling performance of many layered cathodes. Herein, we propose non-uniform doping as a more effective approach to enhance the cycling stability of layered cathodes via the precipitation strengthening mechanism. In this work, we investigate fou...	What's the cathode?	doped (Cu, Ti, Mg, and Zn) P2-layered	322
75,489	To probe the surface chemistry of MoS2 NDs before and after LPS adsorption, XPS measurements were carried out. Fig. S7 (ESI†) shows the deconvoluted Mo 3d and S 2p spectra of the pristine and polysulfides-mixed MoS2 NDs. In comparison with the pristine MoS2 NDs, the Mo 3d peaks of 3d3/2 and 3d5/2 for the MoS2 ND/polysu...	What's the cathode?	MoS2 NDs	1,023
75,494	Overall, crosslinking the sensitizers under copper-free conditions lead to an increase of the photovoltaic performances of all the DSSCs with both electrolytes. For NiO photocathodes, the Jsc is decreased owing to most probable iodide association with triazole, but it is compensated with the increase of Voc and ff. Cro...	What's the cathode?	NiO	165
75,499	Compounds derived from hexaazatriphenylene (HAT) might reversibly accept up to six electrons per HAT unit and have excellent cycling capabilities. They might withstand 10000–50000 cycles with small capacity fading. Kapaev et al. showed that HAT-based polymer P14 delivered a Qm of up to 245 mA h g−1 at 50 mA g−1 in a 0....	What's the cathode?	P14	548
75,504	Volumetric capacity and density are usually unreported for organic materials used in potassium batteries. Density for solid polar organic compounds containing only C, H, N and O ranges between roughly 1.1 and 1.7 g cm−3, and it is smaller than for inorganic cathode materials (calc. 2.3 g cm−3 for KMHCF, calc. 3.1 g cm−...	What's the cathode?	KMHCF	298
75,504	Volumetric capacity and density are usually unreported for organic materials used in potassium batteries. Density for solid polar organic compounds containing only C, H, N and O ranges between roughly 1.1 and 1.7 g cm−3, and it is smaller than for inorganic cathode materials (calc. 2.3 g cm−3 for KMHCF, calc. 3.1 g cm−...	What's the cathode?	KVPO4F	326
75,500	High energy density lithium ion batteries have been applied as the main energy storage technology in portable devices and green transportation. LiCoO2, a layered oxide cathode in lithium ion batteries, has obtained unprecedented success since its commercialization in the 1990s. LiNiO2, isostructural to LiCoO2, can deli...	What's the cathode?	LiCoO2	144
75,502	Against this backdrop, the presently reported work focuses on designing a composition (viz., combination of TM- and non-TM-ions) and suitably tuning some structural features of O3-type Na-TM-oxide based cathode materials to address the main issue concerning stability against hydration and also improve the electrochemic...	What's the cathode?	O3-type Na-TM-oxide based	177
75,502	Against this backdrop, the presently reported work focuses on designing a composition (viz., combination of TM- and non-TM-ions) and suitably tuning some structural features of O3-type Na-TM-oxide based cathode materials to address the main issue concerning stability against hydration and also improve the electrochemic...	What's the cathode?	O3-type Na-TM-oxide based	1,170
75,503	This simple, yet methodical sonication method can be applied to evaluate the surface stability of inorganic materials. In particular, the agglomerated secondary particles require a dispersing process to prepare samples for the TEM analysis. In addition, an extended sonication may be necessary in the cycled electrodes b...	What's the cathode?		0
75,508	Research focus on cathode materials for LIBs is currently going through a paradigm shift where the previously overlooked disordered rocksalt (DRS) materials are receiving an increasing level of interest. It was reported that Li-rich materials with a high Li-to-TM ratio allow the formation of percolating network with lo...	What's the cathode?	Li2VO2F	788
75,501	To achieve aqueous zinc batteries with high capacity and superior durability, developing a scalable and efficient strategy for preparing an outstanding cathode is of pivotal importance. Herein, porous cobalt/nickel composite hydroxides supported on 3D Co–Ni foam (CNF) are used to construct a robust cathode (denoted as ...	What's the cathode?	UTCNF	320
75,501	To achieve aqueous zinc batteries with high capacity and superior durability, developing a scalable and efficient strategy for preparing an outstanding cathode is of pivotal importance. Herein, porous cobalt/nickel composite hydroxides supported on 3D Co–Ni foam (CNF) are used to construct a robust cathode (denoted as ...	What's the cathode?	UTCNF	1,066
75,506	Electrospun NiO with different nanostructures has also been widely studied in SCs. For instance, by electrospinning a PVP/nickel nitrate/citric acid polymer solution followed by a subsequent annealing process to remove PVP, NiO hollow nanofibers comprised of NiO sheets with a diameter of 17 nm were prepared. The result...	What's the cathode?	nickel acetate/PVP-derived NiO nanofibers	1,072
75,512	Long-term cyclic stability of symmetric cells. One of the most promising applications of metal anodes is to combine them with a sulfur or air cathode with a high energy density. It is thus important to find an efficient way of infusing the alkali metal inside the anode scaffold. To introduce Na in the network, the anod...	What's the cathode?	sulfur	128
75,512	Long-term cyclic stability of symmetric cells. One of the most promising applications of metal anodes is to combine them with a sulfur or air cathode with a high energy density. It is thus important to find an efficient way of infusing the alkali metal inside the anode scaffold. To introduce Na in the network, the anod...	What's the cathode?	air	138
75,514	Ni foams, typical 3D porous substrates, are extensively employed as current collectors/supports in energy storage devices, because they not only afford large surface areas and easy electrolyte access, but also enable efficient ion diffusion and charge transfer. For example, Chen and coworkers designed hierarchical micr...	What's the cathode?	Co3O4@NiV-LDH	598
75,515	Typically, a certain amount of P(VDF-HFP) powder and BaTiO3 piezoelectric particles (4:1 in m/m) were firstly added into a mixture of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and deionized (DI) water under constant stirring at ambient temperature, forming a well-dispersed solution. The solution was then spread on a clean glass subs...	What's the cathode?		0
75,515	Typically, a certain amount of P(VDF-HFP) powder and BaTiO3 piezoelectric particles (4:1 in m/m) were firstly added into a mixture of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and deionized (DI) water under constant stirring at ambient temperature, forming a well-dispersed solution. The solution was then spread on a clean glass subs...	What's the anode?		0
75,516	In 2015, unique graphene-like Co9S8 with a high surface area and hierarchical porosity was first proposed by Nazar's group to afford superior LiPS adsorptivity for high-performance Li–S batteries. The Co9S8/S composite cathode not only manifests up to a factor of 10 increase of cycling stability (0.045% fading per cycl...	What's the cathode?	Co9S8/S composite	201
75,516	In 2015, unique graphene-like Co9S8 with a high surface area and hierarchical porosity was first proposed by Nazar's group to afford superior LiPS adsorptivity for high-performance Li–S batteries. The Co9S8/S composite cathode not only manifests up to a factor of 10 increase of cycling stability (0.045% fading per cycl...	What's the anode?		0
75,521	The Mg/Ti dual dopants also enhance the surface stability even upon deep electrochemical delithiation. Here we found that ex situ soft XAS surface analysis may provide misleading results if the charged electrodes are not handled properly. In principle, Ni should experience oxidation during charging and reduction during...	What's the cathode?		0
75,517	As benchmark inorganic cathodes, we selected a number of materials for non-aqueous cells which, according to the reviews and to the best of our knowledge, are superior in terms of voltage, specific energy/power or cycling stability and are attributed to various material families (hexacyanoferrates, layered oxides, poly...	What's the cathode?	hexacyanoferrates, layered oxides, polyanionic compounds, and conversion-type	281
75,517	As benchmark inorganic cathodes, we selected a number of materials for non-aqueous cells which, according to the reviews and to the best of our knowledge, are superior in terms of voltage, specific energy/power or cycling stability and are attributed to various material families (hexacyanoferrates, layered oxides, poly...	What's the anode?		0
75,527	The cathodes were prepared by mixing 80 wt% active materials, 10 wt% acetylene black and 10 wt% polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as the solvent. The mixture was coated on aluminum foil, pressed at 20 MPa, and dried at 120 °C in air for 2 h. The 2025 coin-type cells, consisting of ...	What's the cathode?		0
75,532	In the context of voltage hysteresis, ‘charge-averaged’ discharge (Vdischarge), charge (Vcharge), and net-average (viz., further average of Vdischarge and Vcharge) voltages (as true average voltages) for the ‘control’ and fully Ti-substituted (for Mn-ion) Na-TM-oxide cathodes were estimated, as per the following relati...	What's the cathode?	Na-TM-oxide	256
75,537	In terms of anode fabrication, TiO2/C@NPSC-x was mixed sufficiently with conductive carbon and sodium carboxymethylated cellulose (CMC-Na) to form a uniform slurry (weight ratio: 7:2:1). Then, the Cu foil coated by the slurry was dried in a vacuum oven at 110 °C overnight. The anode electrodes for ex situ XRD tests wer...	What's the cathode?	carbon (ZDPC)	474
75,542	Fig. 4d shows the comparison of the rate performances and coulombic efficiencies of the three types of cathodes under different current densities (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0C). All three cathodes show a coulombic efficiency over 98%, which could be due to the highly conductive CNF skeletons. And, with increasing the c...	What's the cathode?	CNF@V2S3/S	358

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Battery Device QA Data

Battery device records, including anode, cathode, and electrolyte.

Examples of the question answering evaluation dataset:

{'question': 'What is the cathode?', 'answer': 'Al foil', 'context': 'The blended slurry was then cast onto a clean current collector (Al foil for the cathode and Cu foil for the anode) and dried at 90 °C under vacuum overnight.', 'start index': 645}

{'question': 'What is the anode?', 'answer': 'Cu foil', 'context': 'The blended slurry was then cast onto a clean current collector (Al foil for the cathode and Cu foil for the anode) and dried at 90 °C under vacuum overnight. Finally, the obtained electrodes were cut into desired shapes on demand. It should be noted that the electrode mass ratio of cathode/anode is set to about 4, thus achieving the battery balance.', 'start index': 673}

{'question': 'What is the cathode?', 'answer': 'SiC/RGO nanocomposite', 'context': 'In conclusion, the SiC/RGO nanocomposite, integrating the synergistic effect of SiC flakes and RGO, was synthesized by an in situ gas–solid fabrication method. Taking advantage of the enhanced photogenerated charge separation, large CO2 adsorption, and numerous exposed active sites, SiC/RGO nanocomposite served as the cathode material for the photo-assisted Li–CO2 battery.', 'start index': 284}

Usage

from datasets import load_dataset

dataset = load_dataset("batterydata/battery-device-data-qa")

Note: in the original BatteryBERT paper, 272 data records were used for evaluation after removing redundant records as well as paragraphs with character length >= 1500. Code is shown below:

import json
with open("answers.json", "r", encoding='utf-8') as f:
    data = json.load(f)

evaluation = []
for point in data['data']:
    paragraphs = point['paragraphs'][0]['context']
    if len(paragraphs)<1500:
        qas = point['paragraphs'][0]['qas']
        for indiv in qas:
            try:
                question = indiv['question']
                answer = indiv['answers'][0]['text']
                pairs = (paragraphs, question, answer)
                evaluation.append(pairs)
            except:
                continue

Citation

@article{huang2022batterybert,
  title={BatteryBERT: A Pretrained Language Model for Battery Database Enhancement},
  author={Huang, Shu and Cole, Jacqueline M},
  journal={J. Chem. Inf. Model.},
  year={2022},
  doi={10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00035},
  url={DOI:10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00035},
  pages={DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00035},
  publisher={ACS Publications}
}

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Models trained or fine-tuned on batterydata/battery-device-data-qa