item_id int64 1.6k 178k | handle stringclasses 788
values | dc.contributor.advisor stringclasses 382
values | dc.contributor.author stringclasses 787
values | dc.contributor.other stringclasses 5
values | dc.date.accessioned stringdate 2012-08-01 19:35:58 2025-06-27 14:24:55 | dc.date.available stringdate 2012-08-01 19:35:58 2025-06-27 14:24:55 | dc.date.issued stringdate 2012-01-01 00:00:00 2025-01-01 00:00:00 | dc.identifier.uri stringclasses 788
values | dc.description.abstract stringclasses 787
values | dc.language.iso stringclasses 2
values | dc.publisher stringclasses 1
value | dc.relation.isformatof stringclasses 5
values | dc.subject stringclasses 542
values | dc.subject.classification stringclasses 114
values | dc.title stringclasses 779
values | dc.type stringclasses 1
value | pu.projectgrantnumber stringclasses 1
value | collection_id int64 81 120 | text stringlengths 6 257k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | THE MODERN AND HISTORICAL ROOTS OF INEQUALITY
LUKAS ALTHOFF
A DISSERTATION
PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY
OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY
IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE
OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
RECOMMENDED FOR ACCEPTANCE BY
THE DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS
ADVISERS: LEAH BOUSTAN, ELLORA DERENONCOURT, STEPHEN REDDING
MAY 2023
© Cop... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | In addition, women’s intergenerational mobility tended to be higher than men’s. I provide suggestive evidence that intergenerational mobility was especially high when and where marriages across different socioeconomic backgrounds were more common.
In Chapter III, I analyze the evolution of Black-white income gaps amon... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | Their dedication, hard work, and attention to detail have made a significant contribution to this dissertation.
Finally, I am thankful for the support and resources provided by the Program for Research on Inequality, the Industrial Relations Section, and the Prize Fellowship in the Social Sciences that have allowed me... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | <page_number>iv</page_number>
To the four exceptional women who have been my pillars of strength throughout this journey: To my mother, whose unwavering love and encouragement have instilled in me a relentless passion for lifelong learning and intellectual exploration; to my sister and grandmother, who have provided a... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | 3.3 Linked Data .......................................................................................................................................................... 14
3.4 Sample .................................................................................................................................... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | | Chapter | Title | Page |
|---|---|---|
| 6 | The Jim Crow Effect | 29 |
| 6.4 | Location of Freedom and the Question of Exogeneity | 31 |
| 7 | The Jim Crow Effect | 31 |
| 7.1 | State Institutions and Black Economic Progress After Slavery | 31 |
| 7.2 | Border Discontinuity Design | 31 |
| 7.3 | Validation of the Bo... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | 5 Decomposition of Income Gaps .................................. 83
5.1 Unmasking Regional Heterogeneity ......................... 83
5.2 Accounting for Positional and Distributional Forces .. 84
5.3 Accounting for Partners’ Income .......................... 86
5.4 Accounting for Observable Characteristics .............. |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | Although racial disparities have narrowed considerably over the past two centuries, the progress has been slow.
One possible explanation for the lower socioeconomic status of Black Americans is the US’s particular history of institutionalized racial oppression. Throughout the country’s early history, slavery was legal... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | After slavery ended, those states implemented the most severe forms of Jim Crow institutions. Our results suggest that the economic progress of families enslaved until the Civil War would have been substantially faster between 1865 and today if it had not been for their high exposure to Jim Crow. We highlight the denia... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | Therefore, we argue that we can identify families freed before the Civil War as those having ancestors recorded in the 1850 or 1860 census; others are classified as enslaved until the Civil War.<sup>3</sup> We validate this method by developing a new surname-based approach to determine how likely a family was to have b... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | First, we divide our sample into two groups and document socioeconomic gaps between them: Black families
---
<sup>2</sup>Using their name, year and place of birth, and race, we follow individuals across full-count census records from 1850 to 1940. We use the census’s information on interrelationships among individual... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | <sup>7</sup>The composite index is based on a state’s enslaved population share in 1860; its share of sharecroppers who were Black in 1930; its number of disfranchisement devices; and its share of congressional delegates that signed the Southern Manifesto (Baker, 2022).
<page_number>3</page_number>
who had higher exp... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | By 1940, those large Free-Enslaved gaps vanished conditional on the state in which their ancestors lived during slavery. Second, families enslaved until the Civil War were concentrated in the states where Black Americans fared worse after slavery. The difference in the two groups’ geographic distribution fully explains... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | In contrast, if the Free-Enslaved gap were driven by differential exposure to the state-specific factors, we would expect the gap to largely reflect across-state differences between families, irrespective of when they were free.
\(^{10}\)We find that social upward mobility is far lower for Black than white Americans, ... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | Enslaved people had no freedom of movement before the Civil War, leaving no room for self-selection into location. Selection could only have occurred through forced migration, to which slaveholder migration and the domestic slave trade equally contributed (Steckel and Ziebarth, 2013). Slaveholders were generally non-se... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | 14Contrary to the most plausible scenario for positive selection, we find that families freed in the Louisiana sugar areas achieved lower socioeconomic status by 1940 than families freed in other areas.
15Because our RDD estimates fully capture the differences in the causal state effects, any relevant selection would ... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | We find that the supply of schools had persistent positive effects on the economic progress of Black families, especially in the most oppressive states.¹⁷ Gaining access to a Rosenwald school closed 80 percent of the education gap caused by exposure to an intense Jim Crow regime. We find that the schools not only incre... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | Sacerdote (2005) uses Southern place of birth as a proxy for being enslaved until the Civil War and shows that Black descendants of this group continued to have lower socioeconomic status than those freed earlier. By combining newly available linked records,
---
¹⁷A Black child with access to a Rosenwald school attai... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | In addition, we develop a novel empirical strategy to assess a place’s effect on upward mobility based on the geographic *immobility* of a specific population rather than their mobility. We find that a state’s capacity to generate upward mobility is highly persistent: our estimates (1865–1940) have a strong correlation... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | <page_number>7</page_number>
and Mazumder, 2011).
## 2 Historical Context
This section provides some historical context for the evolution of racially oppressive institutions in the US—from slavery to Jim Crow and beyond.
### 2.1 Free Black Americans before 1865
In 1860, just before the Civil War (1861–1865) that l... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | New Jersey was the last Northern state to do so in 1804.
In the South, the path to freedom was narrow, especially in the Lower South. All Southern states except North Carolina allowed masters to free (“manumit”) their enslaved people by 1790, but the practice was employed to different degrees across regions. In the Up... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | With the limited freedom they enjoyed, some free Black families could accumulate modest wealth and social status. Most of them, however, lived in poverty “under conditions barely distinguishable from those of the mass of slaves” (Berlin, 1974). Their economic status varied considerably across the country and, perhaps s... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | In 1877, the Union troops left the South, abandoning the project of Reconstruction. The disenfranchise-
---
²⁰Fifty years is an estimate derived from aggregate counts of the Black population starting in 1790 and assuming that free Black families’ population growth equaled that of white families.
<page_number>9</page_n... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | Many free Black Americans lost their higher social status and left the South (Woodson, 1918).
Black Americans who remained in the South after Reconstruction faced increasing oppression through the rise of Jim Crow (1877–1964). Jim Crow laws governed almost every aspect of Black life. Schools, workplaces, public transp... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | Progress in narrowing racial gaps in socioeconomic status has largely stalled since the 1960s (Bayer and Charles, 2018; Althoff, 2021; Derenoncourt et al., 2022).
### 3 Data and a New Method to Measure a Family’s Exposure to Slavery and Jim Crow
A major empirical challenge we overcome in this paper is to measure a Bl... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | 21These are the only pre-1865 census decades with individual-level data.
22We refer to Black families free before 1865 as “the Free” even though they or their ancestors may have been enslaved in previous decades. We refer to those enslaved until 1865 as “the (formerly) Enslaved.” We choose this terminology to avoid con... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | While the Free-Enslaved gap accurately captures differences based on the enslavement status of a family’s male ancestry line, we show that it is also a lower bound for differences that would arise if the entire family tree had the same enslavement status. Because women tended to change their last names upon marriage, a... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | \textsuperscript{26}In Appendix 1.2, we derive this result theoretically and empirically approximate the difference between the two measures. Inter-marriage was likely rare before 1940 due to the differences in the two groups’ geographic concentration. We estimate that for the first generation born after 1865, the soci... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | ### 3.2 Measuring the Exposure to State-Led Oppression During Jim Crow
Black families’ exposure to slavery and Jim Crow is highly correlated. Families enslaved until 1865 were also geographically concentrated in states that would become the epicenter of Jim Crow. In contrast, families freed earlier were concentrated i... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | Our second measure is a composite index of state-level racial oppression—the Historical Racial Regime (HRR) index. This index is a data-driven proxy of a state’s intensity of racial oppression from slavery to Jim Crow (Baker, 2022). The measure is a factor extracted from four components: a state’s population share ensl... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | ### 3.3 Linked Data
We use full-count census data for all available decades between 1850 and 1940 (Ruggles et al., 2020) and link observations across adjacent and non-adjacent decades using the automated linking methodology provided by Abramitzky et al. (2020). A person is linked from one census to another if their na... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | Nine-digit ZIP codes are highly granular indicators of location, which refer to a “segment or one side of a street” (USPS, 2021), allowing us to obtain rich information on the socioeconomic characteristics of a person’s neighborhood.29 We use National Historical Geographic Information System (NHGIS) data on the distrib... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | Our results are
---
29We map nine-digit ZIP codes into statistical areas, such as census blocks, which are small and designed to have socioeconomically homogeneous populations (Census Bureau, 2017). In Appendix 1.3, we describe the procedure for linking nine-digit ZIP codes to statistical areas.
30We describe this d... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | **FIGURE 2: Average Outcomes in 1940**
<img>A line graph showing average outcomes in 1940 by the earliest year to which we can link them back to one of their ancestors. The dark blue line (left y-axis) shows the years of education; the light blue line (right y-axis) shows the total predicted income. The lines suggest ... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | The evidence suggests that the group differences estimated here are not affected by such a mechanical bias. To err on the side of caution, we limit our sample to individuals who can be linked back to 1880 or earlier throughout this paper.
4 A Simple Model of
Black Economic Progress After Slavery
We propose a simple ... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | We model $y_{i,0}$ (the
<page_number>17</page_number>
starting condition) as
$$y_{i,0} = \alpha_{i,0} + \gamma_{\ell(i,0)}^0 - \delta s_i + \varepsilon_{i,0}, \tag{2}$$
where $s_i$ is an indicator for whether the family was enslaved until 1865. That is, in 1865, the outcomes depend on ability, location, and whether... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | where $\alpha_{i,1} = \lambda \alpha_{i,0}$ allows for transmission of ability over multiple generations. Thus, outcomes are determined by the ability of the initial generation through direct inheritance of ability ($\lambda$) and through intergenerational advantage derived from ability in previous generations ($\rho$)... |
173,107 | 88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | BoustanRedding, LeahStephen | Althoff, Lukas | Economics Department | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023-07-06T20:24:49Z | 2023 | http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01zs25xc72s | This dissertation studies inequality in the access to opportunity in America over the past 150 years, including the impact of pivotal policies and institutions.
In Chapter I, I study the long-run effects of anti-Black institutions—from slavery to Jim Crow—on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. I trace each family... | en | Princeton, NJ : Princeton University | null | Race | Economics | The Modern and Historical Roots of Inequality | Academic dissertations (Ph.D.) | null | 95 | We restrict the sample to observations linked to ancestors in 1850, 1860, 1870, or 1880. We control for a quadratic function in age and include 95 percent confidence bands clustered at the family level. See Data Appendix 1.3 for details on the sample and data.
\(^{34}\)We define a family as a group of individuals with... |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
README.md exists but content is empty.
- Downloads last month
- 15