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309_1 | Gershwin greeted Ravel in New York in March 1928 during a party held for Ravel's birthday by Éva Gauthier. Ravel's tour reignited Gershwin's desire to return to Paris, which he and his brother Ira did after meeting Ravel. Ravel's high praise of Gershwin in an introductory letter to Nadia Boulanger caused Gershwin to se... | [
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309_2 | The piece is structured into five sections, which culminate in a loose ABA format. Gershwin's first A episode introduces the two main "walking" themes in the "Allegretto grazioso" and develops a third theme in the "Subito con brio". The style of this A section is written in the typical French style of composers Claude ... | [
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309_3 | Instrumentation
An American in Paris was originally scored for 3 flutes (3rd doubling on piccolo), 2 oboes, English horn, 2 clarinets in B-flat, bass clarinet in B-flat, 2 bassoons, contrabassoon, 4 horns in F, 3 trumpets in B-flat, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, snare drum, bass drum, triangle, wood block, ratchet, cymb... | [
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309_4 | Preservation status
On September 22, 2013, it was announced that a musicological critical edition of the full orchestral score would be eventually released. The Gershwin family, working in conjunction with the Library of Congress and the University of Michigan, were working to make scores available to the public that r... | [
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309_5 | The radio broadcast of the September 8, 1937, Hollywood Bowl George Gershwin Memorial Concert, in which An American in Paris, also conducted by Shilkret, was second on the program, was recorded and was released in 1998 in a two-CD set.
Arthur Fiedler and the Boston Pops Orchestra recorded the work for RCA Victor, incl... | [
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316_0 | The Academy Award for Best Production Design recognizes achievement for art direction in film. The category's original name was Best Art Direction, but was changed to its current name in 2012 for the 85th Academy Awards. This change resulted from the Art Director's branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Scien... | [
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324_0 | The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, are awards for artistic and technical merit in the film industry. They are regarded by many as the most prestigious and significant awards in the entertainment industry worldwide. Given annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), the awards are... | [
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324_1 | The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel. The cost of guest tickets for that night's ceremony was $5 ($ at 2020 prices). Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the film-making industry of the time, for their works during the 1927–28 period. The ceremony ran for... | [
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324_2 | Perhaps the most widely seen streaker in history was 34-year-old Robert Opel, who streaked across the stage of The Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles flashing a peace sign on national US television at the 46th Academy Awards in 1974. Bemused host David Niven quipped, "Isn't it fascinating to think that probably t... | [
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324_3 | Because of COVID-19, Academy president David Rubin and CEO Dawn Hudson announced that for the 2021 Oscar Ceremony, streaming movies not shown in theaters would be eligible, though at some point the requirement that movies be shown in theaters would return.
Oscar statuette
Academy Award of Merit (Oscar statuette)
The... | [
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324_4 | Sculptor George Stanley (who also did the Muse Fountain at the Hollywood Bowl) sculpted Cedric Gibbons' design. The statuettes presented at the initial ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze. Within a few years, the bronze was abandoned in favor of Britannia metal, a pewter-like alloy which is then plated in copper, ... | [
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324_5 | Columnist Sidney Skolsky, who was present during Herrick's naming in 1931, wrote that "Employees have affectionately dubbed their famous statuette 'Oscar.'" The Academy credits Skolsky with "the first confirmed newspaper reference" to Oscar in his column on March 16, 1934, which was written about that year's 6th Academ... | [
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324_6 | In 1992, Harold Russell consigned his 1946 Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for The Best Years of Our Lives to auction to raise money for his wife's medical expenses. Though his decision caused controversy, the first-ever Oscar to be sold passed to a private collector on August 6, 1992 for $60,500 ($ today). Russell ... | [
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324_7 | The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting.
Nomination
Since 2004, Academy Award nomination results have been announced to the public in mid-January. Prior to that, the results were announced in early February. In 2021, the nominees are announced in March.
Voters
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts a... | [
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324_8 | Rules
According to Rules 2 and 3 of the official Academy Awards Rules, a film must open in the previous calendar year, from midnight at the start of January 1 to midnight at the end of December 31, in Los Angeles County, California, and play for seven consecutive days, to qualify (except for the Best International Feat... | [
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324_9 | The Best Documentary Feature award requires either week-long releases in both Los Angeles County and New York City during the previous calendar year, or a qualifying award at a competitive film festival from the Documentary Feature Qualifying Festival list (regardless of any public exhibition or distribution), or subm... | [
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324_10 | Awards in short film categories (Best Documentary Short Subject, Best Animated Short Film, and Best Live Action Short Film) have noticeably different eligibility rules from most other competitive awards. First, the qualifying period for release does not coincide with a calendar year, instead of covering one year starti... | [
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324_11 | Film companies will spend as much as several million dollars on marketing to awards voters for a movie in the running for Best Picture, in attempts to improve chances of receiving Oscars and other movie awards conferred in Oscar season. The Academy enforces rules to limit overt campaigning by its members to try to elim... | [
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324_12 | Awards ceremonies
Telecast
The major awards are presented at a live televised ceremony, commonly in late February or early March following the relevant calendar year, and six weeks after the announcement of the nominees. It is the culmination of the film awards season, which usually begins during November or December... | [
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324_13 | The ceremonies were moved up from late March/early April to late February, since 2004, to help disrupt and shorten the intense lobbying and ad campaigns associated with Oscar season in the film industry. Another reason was because of the growing TV ratings success coinciding with the NCAA Basketball Tournament, which w... | [
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324_14 | Originally scheduled for April 8, 1968, the 40th Academy Awards ceremony was postponed for two days, because of the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. On March 30, 1981, the 53rd Academy Awards was postponed for one day, after the shooting of President Ronald Reagan and others in Washington, D.C.
In 1993, an... | [
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324_15 | Although still dominant in ratings, the viewership of the Academy Awards has steadily dropped; the 88th Academy Awards were the lowest-rated in the past eight years (although with increases in male and 18–49 viewership), while the show itself also faced mixed reception. Following the show, Variety reported that ABC was... | [
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324_16 | Whereas the 92nd Academy Awards drew an average of 23.6 million viewers, the 93rd Academy Awards drew an even lower viewership of 10.4 million. That is the lowest viewership recorded by Nielsen since it started recording audience totals in 1974.
Archive
The Academy Film Archive holds copies of every Academy Awards cer... | [
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324_17 | Awards of Merit categories
Current categories
In the first year of the awards, the Best Directing award was split into two categories (Drama and Comedy). At times, the Best Original Score award has also been split into separate categories (Drama and Comedy/Musical). From the 1930s through the 1960s, the Art Direction... | [
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324_18 | Criticism
Accusations of commercialism
Due to the positive exposure and prestige of the Academy Awards, many studios spend millions of dollars and hire publicists specifically to promote their films during what is typically called the "Oscar season". This has generated accusations of the Academy Awards being influence... | [
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324_19 | Allegations of a lack of diversity
The Academy Awards have long received criticism over its lack of diversity among the nominees. This criticism is based on the statistics from every Academy Awards since 1929, which shows us that only 6.4% of academy award nominees have been non-white and since 1991, 11.2% of nominees ... | [
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324_20 | Refusals of the award
Some winners critical of the Academy Awards have boycotted the ceremonies and refused to accept their Oscars. The first to do so was screenwriter Dudley Nichols (Best Writing in 1935 for The Informer). Nichols boycotted the 8th Academy Awards ceremony because of conflicts between the Academy and t... | [
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324_21 | One film was disqualified after winning the award, and had the winner return the Oscar:
Young Americans (1969) – Initially won the award for Best Documentary Feature, but was later revoked after it was revealed that it had opened theatrically prior to the eligibility period.
One film had its nomination revoked after ... | [
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324_22 | Presenter and performer gifts
It has become a tradition to give out gift bags to the presenters and performers at the Oscars. In recent years, these gifts have also been extended to award nominees and winners. The value of each of these gift bags can reach into the tens of thousands of dollars. In 2014, the value was r... | [
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324_23 | External links
of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
Official Academy Awards Database (searchable)
1929 establishments in California
Performing arts trophies
American annual television specials
American film awards
Annual events in Los Angeles County, California
Awards established in 1929
Cinema o... | [
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330_0 | Actresses (Catalan: Actrius) is a 1997 Catalan language Spanish drama film produced and directed by Ventura Pons and based on the award-winning stage play E.R. by Josep Maria Benet i Jornet. The film has no male actors, with all roles played by females. The film was produced in 1996.
Synopsis
In order to prepare herse... | [
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330_1 | Awards and nominations
1997, won 'Best Catalan Film' at Butaca Awards for Ventura Pons
1997, won 'Best Catalan Film Actress' at Butaca Awards, shared by Núria Espert, Rosa Maria Sardà, Anna Lizaran, and Mercè Pons
1998, nominated for 'Best Screenplay' at Goya Awards, shared by Josep Maria Benet i Jornet and Ventura ... | [
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332_0 | Animalia is an illustrated children's book by Graeme Base. It was originally published in 1986, followed by a tenth anniversary edition in 1996, and a 25th anniversary edition in 2012. Over four million copies have been sold worldwide. A special numbered and signed anniversary edition was also published in 1996, with... | [
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332_1 | 25. Abacus
26. Asparagus
27. Artichoke
28. Accordion
29. Anchor
30. Anemone
31. Axe
32. Angel
33. Algebra
34. Atlas
35. Apron
36. Alien
37. Ambulance
38. Antenna
B
36. Bumblebee
37. Bobolink
38. Bear
39. Bonnet
40. Barbed wire
41. Brambles
42. Bulrushes
43. Baboon
44. Bassoon
45. Brontosaurus
... | [
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332_2 | 83. Chair
84. Crane
85. Caterpillar
86. Canoe
87. Computer
88. Collar
89. Camera
90. Concertina
91. Cap
92. Cheetah
93. Chain
94. Cassette
95. Crocodile
96. Cone
97. Cube
98. Cylinder
99. Cymbal
100. Cucumber
101. Celery
102. Cabbage
103. Cheese
104. Corn
105. Carrot
106. Cards
107. Calculator
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332_3 | 150. Cigar
151. Candy cane
152. Cauldron
153. Centipede
D
154. Dustpan
155. Duster
156. Dynamite
157. Drill
158. Drawers
159. Draughts
160. Doughnut
161. Diamond
162. Dice
163. Dutch doll
164. Dentures
165. Date (fruit)
166. Date (time)
167. Doily
168. Dish
169. Dollar
170. Dolphin
171. Decagon
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332_4 | 210. Elderberries
211. Envelope
212. Emu
213. Eleven
214. Edison
215. Einstein
216. Embryo
217. Earwig
218. Echidna
219. Elf
220. Eskimo
221. Eagle
222. Edelweiss
223. Earring
224. Emerald
225. Exclamation point
226. Eyeglasses
F
226. Flounder
227. Film
228. Fly
229. Foxglove
230. Fern
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332_5 | 271. Giraffe
272. Gazebo
273. Guard
274. Gift
275. Garage
276. Garbage
277. Garbage can
278. Gallows
279. Guillotine
280. Ghost
281. Giant
282. Goal
283. Glider
284. Gage
285. Garter
H
285. Hexagon
286. Hose
287. Hare
288. Hyena
289. Hawk
290. Hammock
291. Hook
292. Hippo
293. Hunter
294. Hill
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332_6 | 328. Jack-in-the-pulpit
329. Japan
330. Jet
331. Jasmine
332. Jaguar
333. Jeans
K
333. Kite
334. Knapsack
335. Knitting
336. Kiwi
337. Kilt
338. Kitten
339. Knight
340. Kipper
341. Knife
342. Keys
343. Keychain
344. Kitchen
345. Kettle
346. Kayak
347. Knocker
348. Ketch
349. Keel
350. Keypad
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332_7 | 384. Milk
385. Medal
386. Monocle
387. Magnet
388. Maggot
389. Mask
390. Microphone
391. Microscope
392. Moon
393. Mole
394. Monster
395. Monitor
396. Moustache
N
394. Noah
395. Narwhal
396. Neptune
397. Newspaper
398. Nightingale
399. Nest
400. Net
401. Nun
402. Nut
403. Nutcracker
404. North
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332_8 | 438. Plume
439. Police
440. Prisoner
441. Pygmy
442. Punch & Judy
443. Pope
444. Peace
445. Pirate
446. Patch
447. Peg leg
448. Prince
449. Princess
450. Pendant
451. Palace
452. Pagoda
453. Parachute
454. Pegasus
455. Pisa (Leaning Tower)
456. Parthenon
457. Palm tree
458. Pyramid
459. Paris
460.... | [
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332_9 | 497. Pussy-willows
498. Pavilion
499. Pulley
500. Pump
501. Plaque
502. Prism
503. Peas
504. Pearl
Q
505. Quartz
506. Quicksand
507. Quarter
508. Quoits
509. Queen
510. Quilt
511. Queensland
512. Queue
R
511. Rust
512. Radar
513. Raspberry
514. Raccoon
515. Rhododendron
516. Roman numerals
517.... | [
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332_10 | 553. Shark
554. Scarf
555. Spider
556. Spur
557. Sheriff
558. Sling
559. Scab
560. Sickle
561. Scythe
562. Slippers
563. Sandwich
564. Sunflower
565. Snowshoes
566. Skis
567. Stretcher
568. Spy
569. Stitch
570. Screwdriver
571. Screw
572. Shifter (Wrench)
573. Shrug
574. Spade
575. Shovel
576. Sl... | [
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332_11 | 610. Starfish
611. Snail
612. Slug
613. Sphinx
614. Sprocket
615. Spinning wheel
616. Spool
617. Stool
618. Space shuttle
619. Satellite
620. Sombrero
621. Serape
622. Saxophone
623. Synthesizer
624. Superman
625. Shower
626. Suitcase
627. Shuttlecock
628. Skittle (Bowling pin)
629. Stilts
630. Stal... | [
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332_12 | 667. Squirrel
668. Sextant
669. Squid
670. Seahorse
671. Salute
672. Sardines
673. Semaphore
T
672. Top hat
673. Tulip
674. Tricycle
675. Toad
676. Thermos
677. Turtle
678. Tear
679. Trombone
680. Trumpet
681. Tuba
682. Tractor
683. Trailer
684. Tunnel
685. Tepee
686. Totem pole
687. Target
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332_13 | 720. Vacuum cleaner
721. Voodoo doll
722. Vane
723. Valve
724. Volcano
725. Viaduct
726. Vicar
727. Viking
728. Vampire
729. Valley
730. Vegetables
W
730. Weevil
731. Wristwatch
732. Witch
733. Wave
734. Wizard
735. Wand
736. Wheat
737. Wall
738. Wreck
739. Wharf
740. Whale
741. Walrus
742. Whir... | [
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332_14 | 773. Zither
774. Zebu
775. Zorro
776. Zero
777. Zebra
Related products
Julia MacRae Books published an Animalia colouring book in 2008. H. N. Abrams also published a wall calendar colouring book version for children the same year.
H. N. Abrams published The Animalia Wall Frieze, a fold-out over 26 feet in lengt... | [
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334_0 | International Atomic Time (TAI, from the French name ) is a high-precision atomic coordinate time standard based on the notional passage of proper time on Earth's geoid. It is a continuous scale of time, without leap seconds. It is the principal realisation of Terrestrial Time (with a fixed offset of epoch). It is also... | [
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334_1 | The clocks at different institutions are regularly compared against each other. The International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM, France), combines these measurements to retrospectively calculate the weighted average that forms the most stable time scale possible. This combined time scale is published monthly i... | [
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334_2 | The SI second was defined in terms of the caesium atom in 1967. From 1971 to 1975 the General Conference on Weights and Measures and the International Committee for Weights and Measures made a series of decisions which designated the BIPM time scale International Atomic Time (TAI).
In the 1970s, it became clear that t... | [
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334_3 | Relation to UTC
UTC is a discontinuous time scale. It is occasionally adjusted by leap seconds. Between these adjustments, it is composed of segments that are mapped to atomic time. From its beginning in 1961 through December 1971, the adjustments were made regularly in fractional leap seconds so that UTC approximated ... | [
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336_0 | Altruism is the principle and moral practice of concern for happiness of other human beings or other animals, resulting in a quality of life both material and spiritual. It is a traditional virtue in many cultures and a core aspect of various religious and secular worldviews. However, the object(s) of concern vary amon... | [
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336_1 | The notion of altruism
The concept has a long history in philosophical and ethical thought. The term was originally coined in the 19th century by the founding sociologist and philosopher of science, Auguste Comte, and has become a major topic for psychologists (especially evolutionary psychology researchers), evolution... | [
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336_2 | Some of the proposed mechanisms are:
Kin selection. That animals and humans are more altruistic towards close kin than to distant kin and non-kin has been confirmed in numerous studies across many different cultures. Even subtle cues indicating kinship may unconsciously increase altruistic behavior. One kinship cue i... | [
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336_3 | A tendency towards reciprocity implies that people will feel obligated to respond if someone helps them. This has been used by charities that give small gifts to potential donors hoping thereby to induce reciprocity. Another method is to announce publicly that someone has given a large donation. The tendency to recipro... | [
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336_4 | Costly signaling and the handicap principle. Since altruism takes away resources from the altruist it can be an "honest signal" of resource availability and the abilities needed to gather resources. This may signal to others that the altruist is a valuable potential partner. It may also be a signal of interactive and c... | [
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336_5 | Hunters widely sharing the meat has been seen as a costly signal of ability and research has found that good hunters have higher reproductive success and more adulterous relations even if they themselves receive no more of the hunted meat than anyone else. Similarly, holding large feasts and giving large donations has ... | [
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336_6 | People may compete for social benefit from a burnished reputation, which may cause competitive altruism. On the other hand, in some experiments a proportion of people do not seem to care about reputation and they do not help more even if this is conspicuous. This may possibly be due to reasons such as psychopathy or th... | [
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336_7 | Such explanations do not imply that humans are always consciously calculating how to increase their inclusive fitness when they are doing altruistic acts. Instead, evolution has shaped psychological mechanisms, such as emotions, that promote altruistic behaviors.
Every single instance of altruistic behavior need not a... | [
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336_8 | Neurobiology
Jorge Moll and Jordan Grafman, neuroscientists at the National Institutes of Health and LABS-D'Or Hospital Network (J.M.) provided the first evidence for the neural bases of altruistic giving in normal healthy volunteers, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. In their research, published in the Proc... | [
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336_9 | In another study, in the 1990s, Dr. Bill Harbaugh, a University of Oregon economist, concluded people are motivated to give for reasons of personal prestige and in a similar fMRI scanner test in 2007 with his psychologist colleague Dr. Ulrich Mayr, reached the same conclusions of Jorge Moll and Jordan Grafman about giv... | [
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336_10 | There has been some debate on whether or not humans are truly capable of psychological altruism. Some definitions specify a self-sacrificial nature to altruism and a lack of external rewards for altruistic behaviors. However, because altruism ultimately benefits the self in many cases, the selflessness of altruistic ac... | [
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336_11 | In psychological research on altruism, studies often observe altruism as demonstrated through prosocial behaviors such as helping, comforting, sharing, cooperation, philanthropy, and community service. Research has found that people are most likely to help if they recognize that a person is in need and feel personal re... | [
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336_12 | Studies have also been careful to note that feeling over-taxed by the needs of others has conversely negative effects on health and happiness. For example, one study on volunteerism found that feeling overwhelmed by others' demands had an even stronger negative effect on mental health than helping had a positive one (a... | [
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336_13 | Sociology
"Sociologists have long been concerned with how to build the good society" ("Altruism, Morality, and Social Solidarity". American Sociological Association.). The structure of our societies and how individuals come to exhibit charitable, philanthropic, and other pro-social, altruistic actions for the common g... | [
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336_14 | Still, the notion of altruism is modified in such a world-view, since the belief is that such a practice promotes our own happiness: "The more we care for the happiness of others, the greater our own sense of well-being becomes" (Dalai Lama).
In the context of larger ethical discussions on moral action and judgment, B... | [
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336_15 | Jains believe that to attain enlightenment and ultimately liberation, one must practice the following ethical principles (major vows) in thought, speech and action. The degree to which these principles are practiced is different for householders and monks. They are:
Non-violence (Ahimsa);
Truthfulness (Satya);
Non-s... | [
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336_16 | Many biblical authors draw a strong connection between love of others and love of God. 1 John 4 states that for one to love God one must love his fellowman, and that hatred of one's fellowman is the same as hatred of God. Thomas Jay Oord has argued in several books that altruism is but one possible form of love. An alt... | [
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336_17 | Judaism
Judaism defines altruism as the desired goal of creation. The famous Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook stated that love is the most important attribute in humanity. This is defined as bestowal, or giving, which is the intention of altruism. This can be altruism towards humanity that leads to altruism towards the creator... | [
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336_18 | In the late seventeenth century, Guru Gobind Singh (the tenth Guru in Sikhism), was at war with the Mughal rulers to protect the people of different faiths when a fellow Sikh, Bhai Kanhaiya, attended the troops of the enemy. He gave water to both friends and foes who were wounded on the battlefield. Some of the enemy b... | [
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336_19 | Swami Vivekananda, the legendary Hindu monk, has said -"Jive prem kare jeijon, Seijon sebiche Iswar" (Whoever loves any living being, is serving god.). Mass donation of clothes to poor people (Vastraseva), or blood donation camp or mass food donation (Annaseva) for poor people is common in various Hindu religious cerem... | [
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336_20 | A related concept in descriptive ethics is psychological egoism, the thesis that humans always act in their own self-interest and that true altruism is impossible. Rational egoism is the view that rationality consists in acting in one's self-interest (without specifying how this affects one's moral obligations).
Effec... | [
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336_21 | Types of Digital Altruism
There are three types of digital altruism: (1) "everyday digital altruism," involving expedience, ease, moral engagement, and conformity; (2) "creative digital altruism," involving creativity, heightened moral engagement, and cooperation; and (3) "co-creative digital altruism" involving creat... | [
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339_0 | Alice O'Connor (born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum; , 1905 – March 6, 1982), better known by her pen name Ayn Rand (), was a Russian-born American writer and philosopher. She is known for her fiction and for developing a philosophical system she named Objectivism. Born and educated in Russia, she moved to the United State... | [
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339_1 | Life
Early life
Rand was born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum on February 2, 1905, to a Russian-Jewish bourgeois family living in Saint Petersburg. She was the eldest of three daughters of Zinovy Zakharovich Rosenbaum, a pharmacist, and Anna Borisovna (née Kaplan). Rand later said she found school unchallenging and began w... | [
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339_2 | Arrival in the United States
In late 1925, Rand was granted a visa to visit relatives in Chicago. She departed on January 17, 1926. Arriving in New York City on February 19, 1926, Rand was so impressed with the Manhattan skyline that she cried what she later called "tears of splendor". Intent on staying in the United S... | [
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339_3 | Her first published novel, the semi-autobiographical We the Living, was published in 1936. Set in Soviet Russia, it focused on the struggle between the individual and the state. Initial sales were slow, and the American publisher let it go out of print, although European editions continued to sell. She adapted the stor... | [
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339_4 | Rand's first major success as a writer came in 1943 with The Fountainhead, a romantic and philosophical novel that she wrote over seven years. The novel centers on an uncompromising young architect named Howard Roark and his struggle against what Rand described as "second-handers"—those who attempt to live through othe... | [
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339_5 | After several delays, the film version of The Fountainhead was released in 1949. Although it used Rand's screenplay with minimal alterations, she "disliked the movie from beginning to end" and complained about its editing, the acting and other elements.
Atlas Shrugged and Objectivism
Following the publication of The ... | [
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339_6 | Despite many negative reviews, Atlas Shrugged became an international bestseller; however, the reaction of intellectuals to the novel discouraged and depressed Rand. Atlas Shrugged was her last completed work of fiction marking the end of her career as a novelist and the beginning of her role as a popular philosopher.
... | [
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339_7 | In 1964, Nathaniel Branden began an affair with the young actress Patrecia Scott, whom he later married. Nathaniel and Barbara Branden kept the affair hidden from Rand. When she learned of it in 1968, though her romantic relationship with Branden had already ended, Rand ended her relationship with both Brandens, and th... | [
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339_8 | Influences
In school Rand read works by Fyodor Dostoevsky, Victor Hugo, Edmond Rostand, and Friedrich Schiller, who became her favorites. She considered them to be among the "top rank" of Romantic writers because of their focus on moral themes and their skill at constructing plots. Hugo, in particular, was an importan... | [
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339_9 | In epistemology, she considered all knowledge to be based on sense perception, the validity of which Rand considered axiomatic, and reason, which she described as "the faculty that identifies and integrates the material provided by man's senses". Rand rejected all claims of non-perceptual or a priori knowledge, includi... | [
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339_10 | In aesthetics, Rand defined art as a "selective re-creation of reality according to an artist's metaphysical value-judgments". According to her, art allows philosophical concepts to be presented in a concrete form that can be grasped easily, thereby fulfilling a need of human consciousness. As a writer, the art form Ra... | [
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339_11 | Relationship to other philosophers
Except for Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas and classical liberals, Rand was sharply critical of most philosophers and philosophical traditions known to her. Acknowledging Aristotle as her greatest influence, Rand remarked that in the history of philosophy she could only recommend "three A'... | [
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339_12 | Reception and legacy
Critical reception
The first reviews Rand received were for Night of January 16th. Reviews of the Broadway production were largely positive, but Rand considered even positive reviews to be embarrassing because of significant changes made to her script by the producer. Although Rand believed that ... | [
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339_13 | Rand's nonfiction received far fewer reviews than her novels. The tenor of the criticism for her first nonfiction book, For the New Intellectual, was similar to that for Atlas Shrugged. Philosopher Sidney Hook likened her certainty to "the way philosophy is written in the Soviet Union", and author Gore Vidal called her... | [
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339_14 | Television shows including animated sitcoms, live-action comedies, dramas, and game shows, as well as movies and video games have referred to Rand and her works. Throughout her life she was the subject of many articles in popular magazines, as well as book-length critiques by authors such as the psychologist Albert Ell... | [
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339_15 | The political figures who cite Rand as an influence are usually conservatives (often members of the Republican Party), despite Rand taking some atypical positions for a conservative, like being pro-choice and an atheist. She faced intense opposition from William F. Buckley Jr. and other contributors to the conservative... | [
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339_16 | Academic reaction
During Rand's lifetime, her work received little attention from academic scholars. Since her death, interest in her work has increased gradually. In 2009, historian Jennifer Burns identified "three overlapping waves" of scholarly interest in Rand, including "an explosion of scholarship" since the year... | [
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339_17 | The Philosophic Thought of Ayn Rand, a 1984 collection of essays about Objectivism edited by Den Uyl and Rasmussen, was the first academic book about Rand's ideas published after her death. In one essay, political writer Jack Wheeler wrote that despite "the incessant bombast and continuous venting of Randian rage", Ran... | [
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339_18 | In a 2010 essay for the Cato Institute, libertarian philosopher Michael Huemer argued very few people find Rand's ideas convincing, especially her ethics. He attributed the attention she receives to her being a "compelling writer", especially as a novelist, noting that Atlas Shrugged outsells Rand's non-fiction works a... | [
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339_19 | Objectivist movement
After the closure of the Nathaniel Branden Institute, the Objectivist movement continued in other forms. In the 1970s, Leonard Peikoff began delivering courses on Objectivism. In 1979, Objectivist writer Peter Schwartz started a newsletter called The Intellectual Activist, which Rand endorsed. She... | [
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339_20 | 1905 births
1982 deaths
Writers from Saint Petersburg
Writers from New York City
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American philosophers
20th-century American women writers
20th-century atheists
20th-century essayists
20th-century Russian philosophers
Activist... | [
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340_0 | Alain Connes (; born 1 April 1947) is a French mathematician, and a theoretical physicist, known for his contributions to the study of operator algebras and noncommutative geometry. He is a professor at the Collège de France, IHÉS, Ohio State University and Vanderbilt University. He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1982... | [
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... |
340_1 | See also
Bost–Connes system
Cyclic category
Cyclic homology
Factor (functional analysis)
Higgs boson
C*-algebra
Noncommutative quantum field theory
M-theory
Groupoid
Spectral triple
Criticism of non-standard analysis
Riemann hypothesis
References
External links
Alain Connes Official Web Site containing do... | [
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344_0 | Allan Dwan (born Joseph Aloysius Dwan; April 3, 1885 – December 28, 1981) was a pioneering Canadian-born American motion picture director, producer, and screenwriter.
Early life
Born Joseph Aloysius Dwan in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Dwan, was the younger son of commercial traveler of woolen clothing Joseph Michael Dwa... | [
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344_1 | Following the introduction of the talkies, Dwan directed child-star Shirley Temple in Heidi (1937) and Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1938).
Dwan helped launch the career of two other successful Hollywood directors, Victor Fleming, who went on to direct The Wizard of Oz and Gone With the Wind, and Marshall Neilan, who be... | [
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... |
344_2 | The Gold Lust (1911)
The Picket Guard (1913)
The Restless Spirit (1913)
Back to Life (1913)
Bloodhounds of the North (1913)
The Lie (1914)
The Honor of the Mounted (1914)
The Unwelcome Mrs. Hatch (1914)
Remember Mary Magdalen (1914)
Discord and Harmony (1914)
The Embezzler (1914)
The Lamb, the Woman, the Wolf (1914)
T... | [
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... |
344_3 | A Perfect Crime (1921)
The Sin of Martha Queed (1921)
A Broken Doll (1921)
Robin Hood (1922)
Zaza (1923)
Big Brother (1923)
Manhandled (1924)
Argentine Love (1924)
The Coast of Folly (1925)
Night Life of New York (1925)
Stage Struck (1925)
Gloria Swanson Dialogue (1925) short film made in Phonofilm for The Lambs annu... | [
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... |
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