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<|ref|>title<|/ref|><|det|>[[78, 157, 323, 200]]<|/det|>
# Risk Financing
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4th Edition
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Berthelsen • Elliott • Harrison | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>image<|/ref|><|det|>[[120, 191, 850, 808]]<|/det|> | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
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Risk Financing | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
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# 1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1 | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
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## Risk Financing
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Richard G. Berthelsen, JD, CPCU, ARM Director of Curriculum American Institute for CPCU/Insurance Institute of America Michael W. Elliott, MBA, CPCU, AIAF Director of Examination... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
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© 2006 American Institute for Chartered Property Casualty Underwriters/Insurance Institute of America
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All rights reserved. This book or any part thereof may not be reproduced without the written permission... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
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## Foreword
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The American Institute for Chartered Property Casualty Underwriters and the Insurance Institute of America (the Institutes) are not- for- profit organizations committed to meeting the evol... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
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In addition, the Institutes offer designations and certificate programs in a variety of disciplines, including the following:
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Claims Management Commercial underwriting Marine insurance Fidelity and surety... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
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## Preface
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Risk Financing is the text for ARM 56, one of the courses required for earning the Associate in Risk Management (ARM) designation. This text provides the reader with a comprehensive overvie... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
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- Chapter 10 examines the product innovations that enable organizations to access the capital markets to finance risks that are traditionally covered by insurance (or reinsurance).- Chapter 11 describes the uses of noninsurance contractual transfers of risk. Thes... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
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## Contributing Authors
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The American Institute for CPCU, the Insurance Institute of America, and the authors acknowledge with deep appreciation the work of the following contributing authors:
<|ref... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
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. | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
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## Contents
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Understanding Risk Financing 1.1 Risk Financing and Its Importance 1.4 Risk Financing Goals 1.7 Risk Financing Technique Selection 1.11 Enterprise Risk Management: A Holistic Approach... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
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6 Retrospective Rating Plans 6.1 Purpose and Operation of Retrospective Rating Plans 6.4 Calculation of Retrospective Rating Plan Insurance Premiums 6.8 Types of Retrospective Rating Plans 6.14 Administration of Retrospective Rating Plans 6.17 Advantages and Disa... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
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11 Noninsurance Contractual Transfer of Risk 11.1 Types of Noninsurance Risk Transfers 11.4 Noninsurance Risk Control and Risk Financing Transfers—Type of Transaction 11.17 Noninsurance Risk Financing Transfers—How They Alter Common- Law Liabilities 11.25 Legal Pr... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>image<|/ref|><|det|>[[0, 0, 999, 1005]]<|/det|> | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
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## Direct Your Learning
<|ref|>sub_title<|/ref|><|det|>[[52, 337, 307, 358]]<|/det|>
## Understanding Risk Financing
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After learning the content of this chapter and completing the corresponding cou... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
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## Develop Your Perspective
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## What are the main topics covered in the chapter?
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[297, 323, 925, 379]]<|/det|>
Loss assessment identifies loss exposures that should... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>sub_title<|/ref|><|det|>[[48, 123, 555, 222]]<|/det|>
## Chapter 1 Understanding Risk Financing
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[46, 262, 688, 371]]<|/det|>
Risk management helps people and organizations realize the opportunities and avert the threats associated with risk. Risk assessment enables a risk management... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
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## RISK FINANCING AND ITS IMPORTANCE
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## Risk financing
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A conscious act or decision not to act that generates the funds to pay for losse... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[46, 100, 682, 173]]<|/det|>
Insurance is essentially a funded risk transfer. By accepting a premium, the insurer agrees to pay for all of the organization's losses that are covered by the insurance contract. The insurer also agrees to provide services, such as claim handling and defense of l... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[308, 112, 936, 150]]<|/det|>
be the risk financing technique of last resort; the financial burden of any losses that cannot be insured or otherwise transferred must be retained.
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[309, 157, 932, 177]]<|/det|>
Retention can be planned or unplanned. These terms are... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[70, 106, 675, 163]]<|/det|>
meantime. For example, a building owner may have to take out a mortgage to fund the reconstruction of a damaged uninsured building. In such a case, the mortgage would be the post- loss funding instrument.
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[36, 169, 678, 346]]<|/det|>
... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[300, 101, 923, 159]]<|/det|>
To manage its cost of risk and maintain a tolerable level of uncertainty for retained losses, an organization should pursue risk financing goals. Common risk financing goals include the following:
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[302, 166, 700, 273]]<|/det|>
Paying... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[48, 100, 688, 226]]<|/det|>
organization often has difficulty determining the maximum level of uncertainty it can tolerate. Its maximum uncertainty level depends on a number of factors, such as its size, its financial strength, and its level of risk tolerance—for example, whether management ... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>sub_title<|/ref|><|det|>[[304, 109, 461, 130]]<|/det|>
## Retained Losses
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[304, 133, 945, 188]]<|/det|>
Retained losses are a major component of an organization's cost of risk. When deciding whether to retain a loss, an organization can compare the projected cost of retaining the lo... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[52, 102, 680, 177]]<|/det|>
Risk management professionals use risk financing goals to guide them in selecting appropriate risk financing techniques. However, the characteristics of losses associated with a particular loss exposure often direct the risk management professional to a particular... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[303, 103, 931, 193]]<|/det|>
The top segment of the triangle in Exhibit 1- 3 represents catastrophic losses that are characterized by both high severity and low frequency. The cost of these losses is unpredictable, regardless of whether they are considered individually or as a group. Therefo... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
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## EXHIBIT 1-5
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# Categories of Risk Financing Plans
<|ref|>table<|/ref|><|det|>[[68, 159, 692, 325]]<|/det|>
<table><tr><td>Retention Plans</td><td>Transfer Plans</td><td>Hybrid Plans</td></tr><t... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[308, 105, 928, 144]]<|/det|>
Enterprise risk management differs from traditional risk management in the following ways:
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[308, 149, 950, 340]]<|/det|>
- Enterprise risk management encompasses both hazard risk and business risk; traditional risk management focuses... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
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When analyzing risk financing across their enterprise- wide risks, many organizations find inconsistencies in their approach to loss retention. For example, an organization that retains millions of dollars of risk on a daily basis in the foreign exchange market ma... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[310, 115, 958, 240]]<|/det|>
Loss exposures exhibit loss characteristics in terms of frequency and severity. Often, these characteristics direct the risk management professional to use a particular risk financing technique to treat them. Low- frequency/high- severity losses are most appropri... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>sub_title<|/ref|><|det|>[[468, 60, 750, 116]]<|/det|>
## Chapter 2
<|ref|>sub_title<|/ref|><|det|>[[117, 247, 460, 289]]<|/det|>
## Direct Your Learning
<|ref|>sub_title<|/ref|><|det|>[[33, 345, 371, 366]]<|/det|>
## Insurance as a Risk Financing Technique
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[30, 384, 634, 424]]... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>sub_title<|/ref|><|det|>[[404, 168, 833, 209]]<|/det|>
## Develop Your Perspective
<|ref|>sub_title<|/ref|><|det|>[[319, 290, 731, 312]]<|/det|>
## What are the main topics covered in the chapter?
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[315, 328, 958, 384]]<|/det|>
This chapter examines insurance as a risk financing t... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>sub_title<|/ref|><|det|>[[35, 188, 677, 231]]<|/det|>
## Insurance as a Risk Financing Technique
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Insurance is a component of most risk financing plans. Organizations that want the security and certainty of insurance can purchase an insurance policy that ... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[305, 100, 951, 263]]<|/det|>
This chapter defines insurance and describes its purpose and operation. The concept of pooling underlies the operation of insurance and is essential to the evaluation of alternative risk financing plans that involve pooling, but not insurance. The characteristics... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[50, 102, 694, 193]]<|/det|>
that neither organization will have more than one accident during the year. Exhibit 2- 1 shows the resulting probability distribution for each organization's accidental losses without pooling. (A probability distribution is a presentation of probability estimates ... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>title<|/ref|><|det|>[[328, 116, 420, 133]]<|/det|>
# EXHIBIT 2-2
<|ref|>title<|/ref|><|det|>[[328, 140, 863, 185]]<|/det|>
# Probability Distribution of Losses Paid by Each Organization (Galston and Atwell) With Pooling
<|ref|>table<|/ref|><|det|>[[321, 193, 933, 500]]<|/det|>
<table><tr><td></td><td>Poss... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>sub_title<|/ref|><|det|>[[60, 110, 155, 127]]<|/det|>
## EXHIBIT 2-3
<|ref|>title<|/ref|><|det|>[[60, 135, 627, 178]]<|/det|>
# Expected Losses Paid by Each Organization (Galston and Atwell) With Pooling
<|ref|>table<|/ref|><|det|>[[115, 186, 680, 395]]<|/det|>
<table><tr><td>(a)</td><td>(b)</td><td>(a) ×... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[298, 103, 944, 316]]<|/det|>
The probability distribution of each organization's accident cost will continue to change as more participants are added to the pool. Exhibit 2- 4 compares the probability distribution for average losses when four or twenty participants are in the pool. Note that... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[46, 100, 675, 174]]<|/det|>
In summary, pooling increases the predictability of each of its participant's losses by reducing the variability of their average loss. Therefore, pooling reduces each participant's risk. As even more participants are added, the loss probability distribution becom... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>sub_title<|/ref|><|det|>[[325, 108, 419, 125]]<|/det|>
## EXHIBIT 2-5
<|ref|>sub_title<|/ref|><|det|>[[325, 133, 764, 175]]<|/det|>
## Distribution of Average Losses With and Without Positive Correlation
<|ref|>image<|/ref|><|det|>[[333, 184, 920, 515]]<|/det|>
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[85, 460, 283, ... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[55, 101, 696, 158]]<|/det|>
2. The insurer has additional financial resources from which it can fund losses, enabling it to provide a stronger guarantee that sufficient funds will be available in the event of a loss, further reducing risk.
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[55, 165, 698, 325]]<|... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[305, 102, 950, 211]]<|/det|>
With insurance, insurers bear the cost of losses, which provides a strong financial incentive for them to identify and implement measures that control their insureds' losses. Insurers provide risk control services to organizations both to complement insurance cov... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>sub_title<|/ref|><|det|>[[70, 108, 162, 125]]<|/det|>
## EXHIBIT 2-6
<|ref|>sub_title<|/ref|><|det|>[[68, 134, 565, 156]]<|/det|>
## Six Characteristics of an Ideally Insurable Loss Exposure
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[68, 160, 660, 330]]<|/det|>
Six Characteristics of an Ideally Insurable Loss Exposure1. ... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[300, 103, 933, 157]]<|/det|>
cannot possibly happen, or when it is guaranteed to happen. By definition, a loss cannot occur when an exposure is avoided, so there is no risk of loss to transfer to an insurer.
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[300, 165, 947, 308]]<|/det|>
Uncertainty also is abse... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[54, 100, 696, 174]]<|/det|>
units, because they are expected to respond similarly to similar causes of loss, improve loss predictability. For example, restaurants share many of the same loss characteristics and consequently have similar loss experience. Because of the diversity in loss expos... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[300, 100, 940, 157]]<|/det|>
Most low- severity losses are inconsequential, so they can readily be managed with one's own resources. For example, a large organization can easily pay for a physical damage loss that occurs to one of its vehicles.
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[300, 163, 946, 3... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>sub_title<|/ref|><|det|>[[78, 106, 172, 123]]<|/det|>
## EXHIBIT 2-7
<|ref|>sub_title<|/ref|><|det|>[[80, 131, 358, 152]]<|/det|>
## Types of Commercial Insurance
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[85, 162, 636, 384]]<|/det|>
Property insurance Environmental insurance Business income insurance Aircraft insurance ... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[295, 103, 944, 141]]<|/det|>
earthquake causes of loss can be added by endorsement. Exhibit 2- 8 shows the covered causes of loss in the basic and broad forms.
<|ref|>sub_title<|/ref|><|det|>[[312, 157, 411, 175]]<|/det|>
## EXHIBIT 2-8
<|ref|>sub_title<|/ref|><|det|>[[312, 183, 752, 2... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[48, 100, 680, 173]]<|/det|>
Government action—Seizure or destruction of property by government action is not covered. This exclusion does not apply to the destruction of property by governmental order to stop the spread of a covered fire, in which case the policy provides coverage.
<|ref|... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>sub_title<|/ref|><|det|>[[304, 110, 616, 134]]<|/det|>
## Business Income Insurance
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[304, 138, 944, 228]]<|/det|>
Business Income InsuranceBusiness income (BI) insurance covers the reduction in an organization's income when operations are interrupted by damage to property caused by ... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[52, 100, 684, 209]]<|/det|>
- The claims-made coverage form covers bodily injury or property damage that occurs after the retroactive date stated in the policy. The retroactive date stated in the policy can be the same as the policy inception date or can be earlier than the policy inception ... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[304, 109, 940, 234]]<|/det|>
The Garage Coverage Form is designed to meet the special needs of automobile dealers. Because it is often difficult to separate the auto liability and general liability loss exposures of an auto dealer, the Garage Coverage Form insures both types of loss exposure... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[48, 100, 688, 156]]<|/det|>
The NFIP also offers a Residential Condominium Building Association Policy for insuring residential condominium buildings and contents that are owned either by the unit owners in common or by the condominium association solely.
<|ref|>sub_title<|/ref|><|det|>[[... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>sub_title<|/ref|><|det|>[[300, 114, 593, 138]]<|/det|>
## Environmental Insurance
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[300, 142, 945, 319]]<|/det|>
Environmental InsuranceInsurers have developed various types of environmental insurance, both first- party and third- party, to manage pollution- related loss exposures th... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[45, 98, 680, 155]]<|/det|>
the obligee. The surety guarantees to the obligee that the principal will fulfill the underlying obligations. In most cases, the party making the guarantee—the surety—is an insurance company that also sells property and liability insurance.
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[308, 108, 935, 145]]<|/det|>
Ocean marine insurance policies are classified as hull, cargo, and protection and indemnity (P&I).
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[308, 152, 955, 260]]<|/det|>
Hull—A hull policy provides coverage for the hull of the ship, materials and equipment, and stores and p... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[50, 97, 690, 153]]<|/det|>
Various advisory organizations, including the American Association of Insurance Services (AAIS), ISO, and The Surety Association of America (SSA) have developed commercial crime forms for the use of their member companies.
<|ref|>sub_title<|/ref|><|det|>[[50, 17... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... | |
<|ref|>text<|/ref|><|det|>[[303, 108, 941, 181]]<|/det|>
extra expense coverage, selected crime and inland marine coverages, and equipment breakdown coverage. Liability coverage, like that provided by the CGL, is also included in the policy. Hired and nonowned auto liability coverage and various professional liability ... | [{"model_id": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR", "model_name": "DeepSeek-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-21T22:10:15.170439", "prompt_mode": "document", "batch_size": 8, "max_tokens": 8192, "gpu_memory_utilization": 0.8, "max_model_len": 8192, "script": "deepseek-ocr-vllm.py", "script_url": "https://hug... |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
Document OCR using DeepSeek-OCR
This dataset contains markdown-formatted OCR results from images in andesco/risk-financing-4th-images using DeepSeek-OCR.
Processing Details
- Source Dataset: andesco/risk-financing-4th-images
- Model: deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-OCR
- Number of Samples: 436
- Processing Time: 13.8 min
- Processing Date: 2026-02-21 22:10 UTC
Configuration
- Image Column:
image - Output Column:
markdown - Dataset Split:
train - Batch Size: 8
- Max Model Length: 8,192 tokens
- Max Output Tokens: 8,192
- GPU Memory Utilization: 80.0%
Model Information
DeepSeek-OCR is a state-of-the-art document OCR model that excels at:
- LaTeX equations - Mathematical formulas preserved in LaTeX format
- Tables - Extracted and formatted as HTML/markdown
- Document structure - Headers, lists, and formatting maintained
- Image grounding - Spatial layout and bounding box information
- Complex layouts - Multi-column and hierarchical structures
- Multilingual - Supports multiple languages
Dataset Structure
The dataset contains all original columns plus:
markdown: The extracted text in markdown format with preserved structureinference_info: JSON list tracking all OCR models applied to this dataset
Usage
from datasets import load_dataset
import json
# Load the dataset
dataset = load_dataset("{{output_dataset_id}}", split="train")
# Access the markdown text
for example in dataset:
print(example["markdown"])
break
# View all OCR models applied to this dataset
inference_info = json.loads(dataset[0]["inference_info"])
for info in inference_info:
print(f"Column: {{info['column_name']}} - Model: {{info['model_id']}}")
Reproduction
This dataset was generated using the uv-scripts/ocr DeepSeek OCR vLLM script:
uv run https://huggingface.co/datasets/uv-scripts/ocr/raw/main/deepseek-ocr-vllm.py \\
andesco/risk-financing-4th-images \\
<output-dataset> \\
--image-column image
Performance
- Processing Speed: ~0.5 images/second
- Processing Method: Batch processing with vLLM (2-3x speedup over sequential)
Generated with UV Scripts
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