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1 | The Project Gutenberg eBook of London parks and gardens
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[Illustration: (cover)]
[Illustration: (map)]
LONDON PARKS AND GARDENS
[Illustration: ST. KATHARINE’S LODGE, REGENT’S PARK]
LONDON PARKS AND GARD... |
3 |
Printed by
BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO.
Edinburgh
PREFACE
In spite of the abundance of books on London, not one exists which
tells the story of the Parks and Gardens as a whole. Some of the Royal
Parks have been de... |
4 | ave, therefore, decided to keep strictly to
the limits of the County of London within the official boundaries of
the London County Council at the present time.
I would express my thanks to the authorities of the Parks, both Royal
and Municipal, for their courtesy in affording me information, and to
many friends ... |
5 | 23
III. ST. JAMES’S AND GREEN PARKS 56
IV. REGENT’S PARK 83
V. GREENWICH PARK 106
VI. MUNICIPAL PARKS ... |
6 | 61
HYDE PARK AND KENSINGTON GARDENS: LIST OF TREES AND SHRUBS 368
INDEX 377
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
COLOURED PLATES
ST. KATHARINE’S LODGE, REGENT’S PARK _Frontispiece_
... |
7 | 220
STATUE OF WILLIAM III. IN ST. JAMES’S SQUARE 226
ST. PAUL’S CHURCHYARD 250
THE BANK GARDEN 258
THE INNER TEMPLE GARDEN ... |
8 | THE LILY POND, HOLLAND HOUSE 340
ST. JOHN’S LODGE, REGENT’S PARK 347
IN THE TEXT
PAGE
DOLPHIN FOUNTAIN IN HYDE PARK ... |
9 | 6
TRINITY ALMSHOUSES, MILE END ROAD 293
ABBEY GARDEN, WESTMINSTER 301
GARDEN GATE, CHELSEA HOSPITAL 314
IN THE GARDEN, ST. JOHN’S LODGE 349
Londo... |
10 | ation from wealth
to poverty, from the millionaire to the pauper alien. The collection of
buildings which together make London are a most singular assortment of
innumerable variations between beauty and ugliness, between palaces and
works of art and hovels of sordid and unlovely squalor.
An Englishman must be al... |
11 | ontrast overpowers him; but apart from all ideas of social
reform, from legislative action or philanthropic theories, there is
one thin line of colour running through the gloomy picture. The parks
and gardens of London form bright spots in the landscape. They are
beyond the pale of controversy; they appeal to all s... |
12 | improve and beautify them,
but much remains to be achieved in that direction before their
capabilities will have been thoroughly developed. The opportunity
is great, and if only the best use can be made of it London Parks
could be the most beautiful as well as the most useful in the world.
It is impossible to pra... |
13 | d most of the commons and other large
open spaces are in their jurisdiction also, though a few parks and
recreation grounds are under the borough councils. Municipal bodies for
the most part take charge of all the disused burial grounds converted
into gardens, though some are maintained by the parish or the rector.... |
14 | ,
and open spaces in London: of these a little over 4000 acres are in
the hands of the London County Council. Besides this it administers
nearly 900 acres outside the county. The City of London owns large
forest tracts, commons, and parks beyond the limit of the County of
London--Epping, Burnham Beeches, Highgate ... |
15 | he City
Corporation or London County Council outside this limit have not been
dealt with, and such places as Chiswick, Kew, Richmond, or Gunnersbury
have been omitted.
To get to some of these places involves a considerable journey. Many
of the outlying parks have to be reached by train, or by a very long
drive,... |
16 | reenwich, and many other parks much more simple, and motor
’busses rattle along close to even the distant Golder’s Hill or
Highbury Fields. With a railway time-table, a good eye for colour in
selecting the right omnibus, and a knowledge of the points of the
compass, every green patch in London can be reached with e... |
17 | ndon County Council Parks, published
in their handbook, and those of the Royal Parks, which are submitted
to Parliament every year, are accessible. The following extracts may,
however, be useful. In looking at the two sets of figures, of course
the acreage must be borne in mind, and the great expense of police
in ... |
18 | l. | Total. |
| | |Salaries.|keepers.| Altera- | | | |
| | | | | tions. | | | |
+----------------------+------+---------+--------+---------+---------+--------+--------+
| | ... |
19 | 730 | 7,804 |
+----------------------+------+---------+--------+---------+---------+--------+--------+
| { Regent’s Park } | | | | | | | |
| 4. { and } | 472½ | 290 | 2,171 | 300 | 11,417 | 14,542 | 13,329 |
| { Primrose Hill } | ... |
20 | 97 | 92 |
| Brockwell | 127¼ | 114,322 | 4,493 | 34 |
| Dulwich | 72 | 45,510 | 3,330 | 28 |
| Finsbury | 115 | 137,934 | 7,649 | 52 |
| Victoria | 217 | 38,430 | 12,099 | 107 |
| Waterlow | 26 | 11,178 | 2,658 | 24 ... |
21 | arden has passed into building land. No one has a right
to grudge the wealth or prosperity that has accrued in consequence,
but the wish that the benevolence and foresight of past days had taken
a different bent, and that a more systematic retention of some of the
town gardens had received attention, cannot be bani... |
22 | ration
on church festivals. It is probable that the earliest London gardens
were of this monastic character, and as long as the buildings were
maintained the gardens were in existence. The Grey, the Black, the
White, and the Austin Friars all had gardens within their enclosures;
and the Hospitaller Orders--the Tem... |
23 | s, the gardens constantly being the
background of the scenes.
It is only one more of the regrettable results of the barbarous way
in which the Reformation was carried out in England, that the gardens
shared the fate of the stately buildings round whose sheltering walls
they flourished. It is not easy to picture ... |
24 | e in Holborn, and
migrated to the riverside, where their memory ever lives under their
popular name of the Black Friars. Minute accounts of the expenses
of this garden are preserved in the Manor Roll, and a very fairly
accurate picture of what it was can be pieced together. The chief
flowers in it were roses, and ... |
25 | was thought a favourable spot for
vines, and the Bishop of Ely’s vineyard, the site of which is still
remembered by Vine Street, was hard by. A good deal of imagination is
now required to conjure up a picture of a vintage in Holborn. Amid
the crowd of cabs, carts, carriages, and omnibuses rolling all day
over the ... |
26 | t. Andrew’s, Holborn. The wine produced was more of the
character of vinegar, and was also sold; as much as thirty gallons of
this “verjuice” was produced in one year. Extra hands were hired to
weed and dress the vineyard, and apparently the vineyard entailed a
good deal of trouble, and for many years it was let. T... |
27 | te of the changes of centuries
a few acres of the original forest remain in Highgate Woods to this
day, now owned by the Corporation of London. Between the hills and the
city on the north-east lay the marshy ground known as Moorfields, for
some 800 years the favourite resort of Londoners wishing to take the
air. G... |
28 | by
name, who in 1415 “caused the wall of the citie to be broken neere unto
Coleman Street, and there builded a posterne now called _Moorgate_,
upon the Mooreside, where was never gate before. This gate he made for
ease of the citizens, that way to passe upon cawseys into the Field
for their recreation.”[5] The fie... |
29 | at the weavers (between whom there hath been
ever an old competition for mastery), but at last the weavers rallied
and beat them.” Such scenes were very frequent, and Moorfields for
generations was the theatre of such contests. During the time of the
Great Fire, numbers of homeless people camped out there, passing ... |
30 | more and more
the favourite resort of citizens of all ranks. Laid out more as a
public garden in 1606, they continued the chief open space of the city
until a few generations ago.
The garden of the Drapers’ Company was another of the lungs of the
City, and the disappearance of the great part of it, also within ... |
31 | ery man’s ground, a
line then to be drawn, a trench to be cast, a foundation laid, and an
high bricke wall to be builded. My Father had a garden there, and there
was a house standing close to his south pale; this house they loosed
from the ground, and bare upon Rowlers into my Father’s garden 22 foot
ere my Father... |
32 | The idea of a garden
city is such a new one that it is not fair to judge by such standards.
Distances are now much reduced by electricity above and below ground,
so that the necessity of crowding business houses together to save
time is not so all-important. When the City gardens became built over,
no doubt the ne... |
33 | nders were
gardeners. So serious did the “scurrility, clamour, and nuisance of
the gardeners and their servants,” who sold their fruit and vegetables
in the market, become, that they disturbed the Austin Friars at their
prayers in the church hard by, and caused so much annoyance to the
people living near, that in ... |
34 | d parts, continued
to enjoy their little gardens for many centuries. Even after the
spoliation of the monasteries, the houses rebuilt on their sites
had their little enclosures; and large houses such as Sir William
Pawlet’s, on the ground of the Augustine monastery, or later on Sir
Christopher Hatton’s on Ely Plac... |
35 | lity less than a century ago. Charles
Lamb, when aged six, went to school to a Mr. Bird in Bond Stables,
off Fetter Lane, now vanished; and, returning to the spot in 1825, he
recalled the early associations: “The school-room stands where it did,
looking into a discoloured, dingy garden.... Oh, how I remember ...
t... |
36 | Fire; and
in it his money was buried during the scare of the Dutch invasion. So
carelessly, indeed, was the money hidden that 100 gold pieces were
lost, but eventually most of them recovered by sweeping the grass and
sifting the soil. The natural way in which Pepys mentions how other
people--Sir W. Batten and Mrs... |
37 | he newly-acquired floral treasures, from all parts of the
world, is truly touching. To make them “denizons of our London gardens”
was Gerard’s delight. And this worthy ambition was shared by L’Obel,
who looked after Lord Zouche’s garden in Hackney; by John Parkinson,
author of the delightful work on gardening; and ... |
38 | the London gardens,
that the citizens “set such store by.” There were several of these
“worshipful gentlemen” to whom the introduction of flowers is due, and
of many a plant Gerard could say with pride, they “are strangers to
England, notwithstanding I have them in my garden.” Most plants were
grown for use, but ... |
39 | n the window of a house in Wapping, where a sailor had brought
it as a present to his wife. So attached to it was she, that she only
parted with it when a sum of eight guineas was offered, besides two of
the young rooted cuttings. London can claim so many flowers, it would
be tedious to enumerate them all. The firs... |
40 | reditch,
on “the Wonderful Works of God in the Creation,” which is still
delivered, often by most excellent preachers, but to a sadly small
and unappreciative congregation. Every opportunity ought to be taken
to awaken the interest in these wonders of creation in the vegetable
kingdom, and so much might be done in... |
41 | rincess Christian perform the
opening ceremony. The available space of the Whitechapel Art Gallery
was filled with plants that would thrive in London; the Office of
Works arranged a demonstration of potting; bees at work, aquaria,
specimens dried by children or drawn in the schools, growing specimens
of British pl... |
42 | and moral conditions of the whole neighbourhood improved.
Every year it is further to get into the country from the centres
of population, and the necessity of improving existing open spaces
becomes all the greater. By improving it is not meant to suggest that
what are sometimes called improvements should be carr... |
43 | n for floral treasures, and incidentally in
their works the names of these friends, such as Mr. James Clarke and
Mr. Thomas Smith, “Apothecaries of London,” and their “search for rare
plants” are mentioned. Gerard was constantly on the watch, and records
plants seen in the quaintest places, such as the water-radish... |
44 | covered the heaths
and woods of Hampstead and Highgate. Many another flower is recorded by
Gerard, who must have had a keen and observant eye which could spot a
rare water-plant in a ditch while attending an execution at Tyburn! yet
he meekly excuses his want of knowledge of where a particular hawkweed
grew, sayi... |
45 | mple, pure, and elevating to their minds, and modern systems
of teaching are realising this. If public gardens can be brought to
lend their aid in the actual training, as well as being a playground,
they will serve a twofold purpose. An old writer quaintly puts this
influence of plant life. “Flowers through their b... |
46 | ay Day revels, to go out
to the country round London and enjoy the early spring as the Arabs do
at the present time, when they have the fête of “Shem-en-Nazim,” or
“Smelling the Spring.” “On May day in the morning, every man, except
impediment, would walk into the Sweet Meddowes and green woods, there
to rejoyce t... |
47 | behind the rest, although it contained
a few charming public gardens in the heart of the town. Of late years
large tracts of low-lying waste grounds have been filled up, and one
piece connected with another, until it, too, rejoices in a complete
“park system.” Chicago, Pittsburgh, and all these modern towns of
rap... |
48 | hich
have grown gradually as circumstances changed can have no system. Their
variety and irregularity is their charm, and no description of either
the parks, gardens, or open spaces of London can be given as a whole.
Each has its own associations, its own history, and to glance at some
of London’s bright spots and... |
49 | cted with London life to-day, and have a past
teeming with interest. What changes some of those elms have witnessed!
Generation after generation of the world of fashion have passed beneath
their shades. Dainty ladies with powder and patches have smiled at
their beaux, perhaps concealing aching hearts by a light and... |
50 | the survival of many
features is as remarkable as the disappearance of others. The present
limits on the north and east, Bayswater Road and Park Lane, have
suffered no substantial alteration since the roads were known as the
Via Trimobantina and the Watling Street in Roman times. The Watling
Street divided, and o... |
51 | bots of Westminster, the Manor House by the riverside
was of some importance, and John of Gaunt stayed there. Famous
nurseries and a tea garden, “the Neate houses,” marked the spot in the
eighteenth century.
Until the stormy days of the Reformation these lands remained much
the same. Owned by the Abbey of Westmi... |
52 | lace), and the meadows between the Hospital
and Westminster. Five years later, when the upheaval of the dissolution
of the monasteries was taking place, the monks of Westminster were
forced to take the lands of the Priory of Hurley--one of their own
cells just dissolved--in exchange for the rest of the manor. Henry... |
53 | lion, or “princelye standes
therein,” and feasted the guests in the banqueting-house. There were
brilliantly caparisoned horses, men and women in costly velvets and
brocades, stiff frills, plumed hats and embroidered gloves. Picture the
_cortège_ entering by the old lodge, where now is Hyde Park Corner, the
honour... |
54 | g beyond
the swamps and fens of St. James’s Park. Hyde Park on a May evening
even now is still beautiful, if looked at from the eastern side across
a golden mist, against which the dark trees stand up mysteriously, when
a glow of sunset light seems to transform even ragged little Cockney
children into fairies. It ... |
55 | were made, but the more
important were those on the present sites of the Marble Arch and of
Hamilton Place. The energy displayed on the occasion is described by
Butler in “Hudibras,” and the part taken by women in the work. Like the
“sans culottes” of the French Revolution, they helped with their own
hands.
... |
56 | ke determination, stands out a striking contrast to the gay
colours and cheerful looks of the company engaged in the chase.
The darker trees and sheltered corners of Hyde Park afforded covert
for the wary “Roundhead” to lie in ambush for the imprudent Loyalist
carrying letters to the King. On more than one occasi... |
57 | ved for hunting. Races took place, both
foot and horse; crowds collected to witness them, and ladies, with
their attendant cavaliers, drove there in coaches, and refreshed
themselves at the “Cake House” with syllabubs. This latter was the
favourite drink, made of milk or cream whipped up with sugar and
wine or cid... |
58 | he third, another well-wooded division, included the lodge
and banqueting-house and the Ring where the races took place. This part
was valued at more than double the two others, and was purchased by
Anthony Dean, a ship-builder, for £9020, 8s. 2d. This business-like
gentleman presumably reserved the use of the timb... |
59 | ne occasion the would-be assassin
joined the crowd, which pursued the Protector during his ride, ready,
if at any moment he galloped beyond the people, to dash at him with
a fatal blow. The plotter had carefully filed the Park gate off its
hinges so as to make good his own escape. It is a curious fact that
Cromwel... |
60 | a hotly-contested race. Even during the sombre
days of the Commonwealth sports took place in the Park, but with the
Restoration it became much more the resort of all the fashionable
world and the scene of many more amusements. The parks were still in
those days for the Court and the wealthy or well-to-do citizens o... |
61 | Gentry to
take the aire and see each other Comes and drives round and round; one
row going Contrary to each other affords a pleaseing diversion.”
The gay companies who assembled to drive round and round the Ring, or
watch races, sometimes met with unusual excitement. On one occasion
Hind, a famous highwayman, f... |
62 | s own, and does not conceal the feelings of wounded pride
it occasioned. Once he naïvely explains that having taken his wife and
a friend to the Park “in a hackney,” and they not in smart clothes,
he “was ashamed to go into the tour [Ring], but went round the Park,
and so, with pleasure, home.” His delight when he ... |
63 | ilt with varnish, and all
clean, and green reines, that people did mightily look upon us; and
the truth is I did not see any coach more pretty, though more gay than
ours, all that day ... the day being unpleasing though the Park full
of Coaches, but dusty, and windy, and cold, and now and then a little
dribbling o... |
64 | n. Then the little kindness and the refreshment, so that the story
ends merrily.
The “Lodge” is but another name for the “Cheese-cake House” or “Cake
House,” or as it was sometimes called from the proprietor, the Gunter
of those days, “Price’s Lodge.” This house, which was a picturesque
feature, stood near the R... |
65 |
through London. As the summer advanced, and the havoc became more
and more appalling, many of the soldiers quartered in the city, were
marched out to encamp in Hyde Park. At first it seemed as if they would
escape the deadly scourge, but the men were not accustomed to the
rough quarters, and soon succumbed.
... |
66 | passage in its history
more piteous and depressing than the advent of those frightened men who
came with “heavy hearts,” “fearing the Almighty’s arrows,” only to be
overtaken by the terror in their plague-stricken camp.
Hyde Park has witnessed other gloomy pictures from time to time.
Although the colouring of f... |
67 | ts--the Duke, whose loss was a great
blow to the Jacobite cause in Scotland, and the Whig opponent. All
through the eighteenth century Hyde Park was frequently the place in
which disputes were settled, and one of the last duels recorded, which
resulted in the death of Captain Macnamara (his antagonist, Colonel
Mon... |
68 | 8, there was a more brilliant review, when the Duke of Monmouth took
command of the Life Guards, and the King and Duke of York were both
present. Pepys was there, and wrote, “It was mighty noble, and their
firing mighty fine, and the Duke of Monmouth in mighty rich clothes;
but the well ordering of the men I unders... |
69 | her was the
popular hero on the occasion, and when he afterwards appeared in the
Park he was so mobbed by the crowd, enthusiastic to see something of
“Forwärts,” as he was familiarly named, that he had to defend himself
against their rough treatment.
When the Park was again in the King’s hands after the Restorat... |
70 | e condition
that he sent a certain quantity of the cider produced from it to the
King. In his time a brick wall was built round the Park, and it was
re-stocked with deer. The wall was rebuilt in 1726, and not replaced by
railings until a hundred years later. These iron railings were pulled
down by the mob in 1866,... |
71 | anger
even at a comparatively late date. Attacks from highwaymen were to be
feared. Horace Walpole was robbed in November 1749, and the pistol shot
was near enough to stun though not otherwise to injure him. The Duke
of Grafton had his collar bone broken, and his coachman his leg, some
ten years earlier, when, on ... |
72 | turf the
older “Rotten Row,” but this plan was never carried out. The old road
was much thought of at the time it was made, and the lighting of it up
at night with 300 lamps caused wonder to all beholders.
A young lady, Celia Fiennes, describes the road in her diary about
1695. “Y^e whole length of this parke th... |
73 | convex, and the old one is so concave, that by this extreme of faults
they agree in the common of being, like the high road, impassable.”
One of the most striking features of Hyde Park to-day is the long sheet
of water known as the “Serpentine,” but this was a comparatively late
addition to the attractions of the... |
74 | he bridge across the end of the Serpentine. The
inscription states that a supply of water by a conduit was granted
to the Abbey of Westminster by Edward the Confessor, and the further
history of the lands, which passed into Henry VIII.’s hands at a time
when all church property was in peril of seizure, is neatly gl... |
75 | ll’s time,
one small one having been near here, but the history of the Chelsea
Waterworks reservoir must have been unknown to those who believed the
tradition. It contained a million and a half gallons of water, and
was protected by a wall and railings, as suicides were once said to
have been frequent. When the Se... |
76 | ed
the effect of water on plants. He quotes a series of experiments
made by Dr. Woodward on growing plants entirely in water, or with
certain mixtures. For fifty-two days during the summer of 1692 he
carefully watched some plants of spearmint, which were all “the most
kindly, fresh, sprightly Shoots I could chuse,... |
77 | yal gardens, has the credit
of having invented the “ha-ha” or sunk fence, and thus led the way for
merging gardens into parks. Kent, who followed him, went still further.
He, Horace Walpole said, “leaped the fence, and saw that all Nature was
a garden.” The fashions in garden design soon change, and the work of
a ... |
78 | Brompton
nurseries were so vast that the Kensington plants took up “but little
room in comparison with” those belonging to the firm. Queen Mary took
great interest in the new gardens. “This active Princess lost no time,
but was either measuring, directing, or ordering her Buildings, but
in Gard’ning, especially E... |
79 | the old-made Gardens at _Kensington_; and in 1704
made that new garden behind the Green-House, that is esteemed amongst
the most valuable Pieces of Work that has been done any where....
The place where that beautiful Hollow now is, was a large irregular
Gravel-pit, which, according to several Designs given in, was... |
80 | to
sight. As the taste for gardening changed from the shut-in gardens of
the Dutch style to the more extended plans of Wise, the garden grew
in size. Again, when Bridgeman was gardener, Queen Caroline, wife of
George II., wished to emulate the splendour of Versailles, and 300
acres were taken from Hyde Park to add... |
81 | ze is now 274 acres. Queen Caroline
would have liked to take still more of the Parks for her private use;
but when she hinted as much to Walpole, and asked the cost, he voiced
public opinion when he replied, “Three crowns.”
[Illustration: FOUNTAINS AT THE END OF THE SERPENTINE]
The fashion of making sheets of ... |
82 | rs, Surveyor-General of the Woods
and Forests. The cost of the large undertaking was supposed to come
out of the Queen’s privy purse, and it was not until after her death
that it was found that Walpole had supplemented it out of the public
funds. The West Bourne supplied the new river with sufficient water
for som... |
83 | 9 feet below the surface, remains constant, that level being the
same as the water-bearing stratum of the Thames valley in London.
It is pumped up to the Serpentine, and returns to the lake in St.
James’s Park, supplying the lake in the gardens of Buckingham Palace
on the way. The deep well provides about 120,000 g... |
84 | er ponds often presented a gay scene in winter,
although it was on the canal in St. James’s Park that the use of the
modern skate is first recorded in Charles II.’s time.
During the last hundred years Hyde Park has frequently been disturbed
by mobs and rioters, until it has become the recognised place in which
t... |
85 | t Cumberland Gate quite a severe encounter took place, in which the
Life Guards twice charged the mob. Further down Oxford Street were
barricades, and to avoid further rioting the procession eventually had
to take the people’s route, passing quietly down to the Strand and
through the City.
The occasion of the Re... |
86 | , HYDE PARK]
The idea of introducing flowers into the Park began about 1860, and the
long rows of beds between Stanhope Gate and Marble Arch were made about
that time, when Mr. Cowper Temple was First Commissioner of Works.
They were made when “bedding out” was at the height of its fashion,
when the one idea was... |
87 | ing out of comparatively tender plants in
the summer months, when the same general effect could be got with
a less expenditure both of money and plants. But on the other hand
numbers of people come to study the beds, note the combinations, and
examine the use of certain plants which they would not otherwise have
t... |
88 | tirely
obscure the beauty of the Orangery. A few years ago three acres in
the centre of Hyde Park were taken, on which to form fresh nurseries.
Gradually better ranges have been built, and soon the old unsightly
frames at Kensington will disappear. The new garden is so completely
hidden that few have discovered it... |
89 | r bedding plants, and those for the
herbaceous borders, are grown. Of late years the number of beds in
the Park has been considerably reduced, without any diminution of the
effect. In 1903 as many as ninety were done away with between Grosvenor
Gate and Marble Arch. There is now a single row of long beds instead
o... |
90 | 30 | 2642 |
| Queen Victoria Memorial in | 1270 | ... |
| front of Buckingham Palace | | |
+-----------------------------+----------------+----------------+
| Total | 3687 | 9181 |
+-------... |
91 | hen this plan was under consideration that Paxton showed his idea for
the building of iron and glass so well known as the Crystal Palace. It
was 1851 feet long and 408 wide, with a projection on the north 936
feet by 48, and the building covered about 19 acres.
One stipulation was made before the design was accep... |
92 | n Row.”
The Exhibition was opened by the Queen on May 1st. The enthusiasm it
created in all sections of the population has known no parallel, and in
the success and excitement the few small elm trees were soon forgotten
by the delighted people, who raised cheers and shouted--
“Huzza for the Crystal... |
93 | e he had ever seen.
“Merely,” he writes, “as a spectacle of joy and of supreme beauty,
the opening of the Great Exhibition of 1851 stands in my memory as a
thing unapproachable and alone. This supreme beauty was mainly in the
building, not in its contents, nor even in the brilliant and happy
throng that filled it.... |
94 | d, which joined into the original one, and a
few trees were dotted about to break the old line. As first planned,
the avenue must have commanded a view of Paddington Church steeple in
the vista.
There is no better refutation of the theory that only plane trees will
live in London, than an examination of the tree... |
95 | sky, are remarkably
pretty trees. Not far from them stand a good tulip tree and the last
remaining of the old Scotch firs. The Ailanthus Avenue from the
Serpentine Bridge towards Rotten Row, planted in 1876, is looking most
prosperous. There are a few magnificent ancient sweet chestnuts above
the bastion near the ... |
96 | oak, ash, lime, elm, sweet and horse-chestnuts are met
with. The avenue of horse-chestnuts is just as flourishing as those
of planes or elms. In fact the whole Park shows how well trees will
succeed if sufficient care is taken of them. One feature of the Park in
old days was the Walnut Avenue, which grew nearly on ... |
97 | ublic opinion. It is almost
incredible what narrow escapes from destruction even the beauty of Hyde
Park has had. In 1884 a Metropolitan and Parks Railway Bill was before
Parliament, which actually proposed to cross the Park by tunnels and
cuttings which would have completely disfigured “The Dell” and other
parts ... |
98 | . He conceived the idea of turning it into a sub-tropical
garden, designed the banks of the little stream, and introduced
suitable planting, banishing the old shrubs, and merely using the best
to form a background to the spireas, iris, giant coltsfoot, osmundas,
day lilies, and such-like, which adorned the water’s ... |
99 | best for a short time exposed to London air. In
his time, too, many of the small flower-beds which were dotted about
without much rhyme or reason were done away with, and the borders at
the edge of the shrubs substituted.
The latest addition to Hyde Park is the fountain presented by Sir
Walter Palmer and put up... |
100 | It
is interesting to trace the origin of the little customs with which
every one is now familiar, but which once were new and original. For
instance, the naming of trees and flowers in the Parks was first done
about 1842, the idea having been suggested by Loudon, and carried out
by Nash the architect, and George D... |
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Dataset Card
Dataset Description
The 76057 Output Dataset is a curated collection of textual data primarily intended for text classification tasks. The dataset was manually annotated and contains examples in English. It can be used for training and evaluating machine learning models, particularly those focused on understanding or categorizing natural language text.
This dataset may have been derived from various sources (e.g., surveys, user inputs, logs) depending on the original use case. The exact origin and content depend on how the dataset was constructed and labeled.
Dataset Summary
- Creator: Manual annotators
- Language: English (
en) - License: BSD License
- Task Categories: Text Classification
- Number of Examples: Not specified (will depend on actual data)
- Annotation Type: Manual annotations for classification labels
Supported Tasks
The primary task supported by this dataset is text classification, where each input text is associated with one or more categorical labels. This could include binary classification (e.g., spam/not-spam), multi-class classification (e.g., topic categorization), or multi-label classification (e.g., tagging multiple relevant topics per text).
Dataset Structure
The dataset likely includes at least two fields:
text: A string representing the input text.label: A categorical value (string or integer) representing the class or classes assigned to the text.
Depending on the structure, it may also contain:
- Metadata such as source IDs, timestamps, or annotator IDs
- Confidence scores if multiple annotators were involved
- Additional features like sentiment scores, keywords, etc.
Usage
To use this dataset, you can load it using standard tools such as datasets from Hugging Face, or directly via file readers if stored in CSV, JSON, or similar formats.
Example usage in Python:
import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv("76057_output_dataset.csv")
texts = df["text"].tolist()
labels = df["label"].tolist()
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