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Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_0 | Iraqi Turkmens | The Iraqi Turkmens (Turkish: Irak Türkmenleri, عراق تورکمنلری; Arabic: تركمان العراق), also referred to as Iraqi Turks, (Turkish: Irak Türkleri, عراق توركلری; Arabic: أتراك العراق) are the third largest ethnic group in Iraq. Their traditional homeland is in northern Iraq, with Kirkuk considered by them as their capital... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_2 | Iraqi Turkmens | According to Iraqi Turkmen scholar Professor Suphi Saatçi, prior to the mid-20th century the Turkmens in Iraq were known simply as "Turks". It was not until after the military coup of 14 July 1958, that the ruling military junta officially introduced the name "Turkman/Turkmen": the political goal of the Iraqi governmen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_3 | Iraqi Turkmens | The state-imposed terms on the Turks of Iraq were not resisted, for the word "Turkmen" had historically been designated to the Oghuz Turks who had accepted Islam and migrated westwards from Central Asia to the Middle East, and had continued to be used in the region. Thus, Iraqi Turkmens (as well as Syrian Turkmens and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_4 | Iraqi Turkmens | Despite the modern usage of the term "Turkmen", Professor David Kushner has pointed out that the term "Turks" continues to be used in referring to the "Outside Turks" of the former Ottoman Empire, including the Turks in Iraq, which is in contrast to the terms used for other Turkic peoples who did not share this Ottoman... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_5 | Iraqi Turkmens | Generally one may distinguish between the 'closer' communities [to Turkey] of Turks in Cyprus, Greece, Bulgaria, and Iraq, on the one hand, and the more 'distant' ones in Iran, the Soviet Union and China, on the other...even the term "Turks" is selectively used. It is habitually used in reference to the 'closer' Turkis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_6 | Iraqi Turkmens | They are also referred to as Turkish-Iraqis, the Turkish minority in Iraq, and the Iraqi-Turkish minority. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_8 | Iraqi Turkmens | Professor Orit Bashkin has observed that within Iraqi Turkmen literature, poets have managed to "remain loyal to Iraq as a state" whilst they have also "concurrently upheld their Turkish distinctiveness": | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_9 | Iraqi Turkmens | For Mustafa Gökkaya (b. 1910), this signified that his community was Muslim and that "my father is Turk, and the homeland [is] my mother". For Reşit Ali Dakuklu (b. 1918), being part of "the Turks of Iraq" signified maintaining brotherly relations with every nation, being united with Iraq, while speaking in Turkish. Un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_12 | Iraqi Turkmens | The exact origin of Iraqi Turkmens is uncertain, but several possible explanations and theories of settlement in the region indicate that they likely originally emerged in Iraq as garrisons established by multiple rulers in various time periods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_13 | Iraqi Turkmens | Iraqi Turkmens are believed to be the descendants of various waves of Turkic settlement in Mesopotamia beginning from the 7th century until the end of Ottoman rule (1919). The first wave of migration dates back to the 7th century, followed by migrations during the Seljuk Empire (1037–1194), the fleeing Oghuz during the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_15 | Iraqi Turkmens | The presence of Turkic peoples in what is today Iraq first began in the 7th century when approximately 2,000–5,000 Oghuz Turks were recruited in the Muslim armies of Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad. They arrived in 674 with the Umayyud conquest of Basra. More Turkic troops settled during the 8th century, from Bukhara to Basra an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_17 | Iraqi Turkmens | The second wave of Turkmens to descend on Iraq were the Turks of the Great Seljuq Empire. Large scale migration of Turkmens in Iraq occurred in 1055 with the invasion of Sultan Tuğrul Bey, the second ruler of the Seljuk dynasty, who intended to repair the holy road to Mecca. For the next 150 years, the Seljuk Turks pla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_19 | Iraqi Turkmens | The third, and largest, wave of Turkmen migration to Iraq arose during the four centuries of Ottoman rule (1535–1919). By the first half of the sixteenth century the Ottomans had begun their expansion into Iraq, waging wars against their arch rival, the Persian Safavids. In 1534, under the reign of Suleiman the Magnifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_20 | Iraqi Turkmens | With the conquest of Iraq by Suleiman the Magnificent in 1534, followed by Sultan Murad IV's capture of Baghdad in 1638, a large influx of Turks settled down in the region. After defeating the Safavids on 31 December 1534, Suleiman entered Baghdad and set about reconstructing the physical infrastructure in the province... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_22 | Iraqi Turkmens | Following the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, Iraqi Turkmens wanted Turkey to annex the Mosul vilayet and for them to become part of an expanded state; this is because, under the Ottoman monarchy, Iraqi Turkmens enjoyed a relatively trouble-free existence as the administrative and business classes. How... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_23 | Iraqi Turkmens | Since the demise of the Ottoman Empire, Iraqi Turkmens have found themselves increasingly mistreated under successive regimes, such as in the massacres of 1923, 1946, and 1959, and from 1980, when the Ba'ath Party targeted the community. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_25 | Iraqi Turkmens | Iraqi Turkmens are mostly Muslim and have close cultural and linguistic ties with the Anatolian region of Turkey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_27 | Iraqi Turkmens | Iraqi Turkmen dialects fall under the Western Oghuz branch of Turkic languages, and are often referred to as "Iraqi Turkmen Turkish" "Iraqi Turkish", and "Iraqi Turkic". The dialects possess their own unique characteristics, but have also been influenced by the historical standards of Ottoman Turkish (which was the off... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_28 | Iraqi Turkmens | The Turkish language was recognized as a minority language in Kirkuk and Kifri in 1930, until the revolutionary government introduced the names "Turkman" and "Turkmanja" in 1959 with the aim of politically distancing the Turks of Iraq from Turkey. Then, in 1972, the Iraqi government banned the Turkish language and scho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_29 | Iraqi Turkmens | Some Iraqi Turkmens claimed that their language had Sumerian influence, which was present in many of the names of villages, cities, and foods. By 2021, researchers had discovered over 350 Turkmen words which traced back to Sumerian. There was also speculation that traditional Turkmen clothes strongly resembled Sumerian... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_30 | Iraqi Turkmens | Indeed, Iraqi Turkmens themselves (according to the 1957 census), as well as a range of linguistic sources, tend to view their language as a Turkish dialect (of Turkey), which they call Irak Türkmen Türkçesi, Irak Türkçesi, or Irak Türkmencesi. Studies have long noted the similarities between Iraqi Turkmens and certain... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_31 | Iraqi Turkmens | Besides their traditional dialects, the Iraqi Turkmen diaspora also communicate in standard (Istanbul) Turkish, whilst the younger generations in Iraq (below the age of 18 in 2019) speak Istanbul Turkish with ease. In addition, diglossia in Iraq Turkmen dialects and Istanbul Turkish has become a widespread phenomenon. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_33 | Iraqi Turkmens | Due to the existence of different Turkish migration waves to Iraq for over 1,200 years, the Iraqi Turkmen varieties are by no means homogeneous; dialects can vary according to regional features. Several prestige languages in the region have been particularly influential: Ottoman Turkish from 1534 onwards and then Persi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_34 | Iraqi Turkmens | In general, the Iraqi Turkmen dialects of Tal Afar (approx 700,000 speakers), Altun Kupri, Tuz Khurmatu, Taza Khurmatu, Kifri, Bashir and Amirli show unity with the Eastern Anatolian dialect of Urfa; meanwhile, the dialects in Kirkuk, Erbil, Dohuk, Mandali and Khanaqin show similarities with Azerbaijani Tabrizi and Afs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_35 | Iraqi Turkmens | Iraqi Turkmens generally also have an active command in standard Turkish due to their cultural orientation towards the Republic of Turkey. Turkish media outlets (especially satellite TV) has been influential; moreover, there are a number of private schools which teach in Turkish backed by Turkish institutions. Thus, di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_36 | Iraqi Turkmens | In 2020, a request to grant a ISO 639 code for Iraqi Turkmen was submitted to SIL, but later rejected in 2024 as it doesn't meet the criteria for being a distinct language. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_38 | Iraqi Turkmens | Professor Christiane Bulut has argued that publications from Azerbaijan often use expressions such as "Azerbaijani (dialects) of Iraq" or "South Azerbaijani" to describe Iraqi Turkmen dialects "with political implications"; however, in Turcological literature, closely related dialects in Turkey and Iraq are generally r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_39 | Iraqi Turkmens | Furthermore, the terms "Turkmen/Turkman" are also considered to be historically political because in the early 20th century the minority were simply recognized as Turks who spoke the Turkish language, until after the military coup of 14 July 1958, when the ruling military junta introduced the names "Turkman/Turkmen" to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_41 | Iraqi Turkmens | Under the British Mandate over Iraq, the Turkish language was recognized as an official language in Kirkuk and Kifri under Article 5 of the Language Act of 1930. Article 6 of the Act permitted the language of education to be determined by the native language of the majority of students, whilst Article 2 and Article 4 g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_42 | Iraqi Turkmens | Upon Iraq's entry into the League of Nations in 1932, the League demanded that Iraq recognize its ethnic and religious minorities. Consequently, the Turkish language, alongside Kurdish, was to be recognized as an official language under the Iraqi constitution of 1932: "in the liwa of Kirkuk, where a considerable part o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_43 | Iraqi Turkmens | However, in 1959 the military junta introduced the names "Turkman" and "Turkmanja". More recently, Article 4 of the 2005 Iraqi Constitution recognizes "Turkomen" as an official minority language in the "administrative units in which they constitute density of population" (alongside Syriac). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_45 | Iraqi Turkmens | In 1997 the Iraqi Turkmen Congress adopted a Declaration of Principles, Article Three states that "the official written language of the Turkmen is Istanbul Turkish, and its alphabet is the new Latin alphabet." By 2005 the Turkish language replaced traditional Turkmeni, which had used the Arabic script, in Iraqi schools... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_47 | Iraqi Turkmens | Iraq's first two Turkmen schools were opened on 17 November 1993, one in Erbil and the other in Kifri. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_48 | Iraqi Turkmens | In 2010 the Turkmen Federation of Scouts (Türkmen Izcilik Federasyonu) was founded, based in Kirkuk. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_49 | Iraqi Turkmens | In 2005 Iraqi Turkmen community leaders decided that the Turkish language would replace the use of traditional Turkmeni in Iraqi schools; Turkmeni had used the Arabic script whereas Turkish uses the Latin script (see Turkish alphabet). Kelsey Shanks has argued that "the move to Turkish can be seen as a means to strengt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_50 | Iraqi Turkmens | Parental literacy rates in Turkish are low, as most are more familiar with the Arabic script (due to the Ba'athist regime). Therefore, the Turkmen Directorate of Education in Kirkuk has started Turkish language lessons for the wider society. Furthermore, the Turkmen officer for the Ministry of Education in Nineveh has ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_52 | Iraqi Turkmens | The current prevalence of satellite television and media exposure from Turkey may have led to the standardisation of Turkmeni towards Turkish, and the preferable language for adolescents associating with the Turkish culture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_53 | Iraqi Turkmens | In 2004 the Türkmeneli TV channel was launched in Kirkuk, Iraq. It broadcasts programmes in the Turkish and Arabic languages. As of 2012, Türkmeneli TV has studios in Kirkuk and Baghdad in Iraq, and in the Çankaya neighbourhood in Ankara, Turkey. Türkmeneli TV has signed agreements with several Turkish channels, such a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_55 | Iraqi Turkmens | Iraqi Turkmens are predominantly Muslims. Sunni Turkmens form the majority (about 60–70%), but there is also a significant number of Turkmens practicing the Shia branch of Islam (about 30% to 40%). Nonetheless, Turkmens are mainly secular, having internalized the secularist interpretation of state–religion affairs prac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_56 | Iraqi Turkmens | A small minority of Iraqi Turkmens are Catholics, and their number was estimated at about 30,000 in 2015. In 2017, Iraqi Turkmen Catholics constituted around 1% of the Iraqi Turkmen community. Iraqi Turkmen Catholics were distinct from Citadel Christians. Iraqi Turkmen Catholics were Latin Catholic and lived in all are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_57 | Iraqi Turkmens | Historically, many Iraqi Turkmens belonged to religious sects which followed Qizilbash doctrine. The religious sects were separate but closely related. They were all very secretive about their faith. They originated during the Safavid era, and by the 1920s, Twelver Shia missionaries from Southern Iraq had converted the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_61 | Iraqi Turkmens | Iraqi Turkmens are the third largest ethnic group in Iraq. According to 2013 data from the Iraqi Ministry of Planning, Iraqi Turkmens have a population of about 3 million out of the total population of about 34.7 million (approximately 9% of the country's population). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_63 | Iraqi Turkmens | According to Mesut Yeğen, documents from the British Foreign Office claim that the Turkmens made a majority in the city of Erbil in 1919 The 1957 Iraqi census (which is recognized as the last reliable census, as later censuses were reflections of the Arabization policies of the Ba'ath regime) recorded 567,000 Turks out... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_64 | Iraqi Turkmens | According to the 1957 census conducted by King Faisal II – a monarch supported by the British – there were only 136,800 Turkmen in all of Iraq. Bearing in mind that since the British had wrested control of Mesopotamia from the Turks after the First World War, a deliberate campaign had been undertaken to eradicate or di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_65 | Iraqi Turkmens | Subsequent censuses, in 1967, 1977, 1987 and 1997, are all considered highly unreliable, due to suspicions of manipulation by the various regimes in Iraq. The 1997 census states that there was 600,000 Iraqi Turkmens out of a total population of 22,017,983, forming 2.72% of the total Iraqi population; however, this cens... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_67 | Iraqi Turkmens | In 2004 Scott Taylor suggested that the Iraqi Turkmen population accounted for 2,080,000 of Iraq's 25 million inhabitants (forming 8.32% of the population) whilst Patrick Clawson has stated that Iraqi Turkmens make up about 9% of the total population. Furthermore, international organizations such as the Unrepresented N... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_69 | Iraqi Turkmens | Iraqi Turkmens primarily inhabit northern Iraq, in a region they refer to as "Turkmeneli" which stretches from the northwest to the east at the middle of Iraq. Iraqi Turkmens consider their capital city to be Kirkuk. Liam Anderson and Gareth Stansfield describe the Turkmeneli region as follows: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_70 | Iraqi Turkmens | ...what Turkmens refer to as Turkmeneli – a vast swath of territory running from Iraq's border with Turkey and Syria and diagonally down the country to the border with Iran. Turkmen sources note that Turcomania – an Anglicized version of "Turkmeneli" – appears on a map of the region published by William Guthrie in 1785... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_71 | Iraqi Turkmens | Iraqi Turkmens generally consider several major cities, and small districts associated with these cities, as part of Turkmeneli. The major cities claimed to be a part of their homeland include: Altun Kupri, Badra, Bakuba, Diala, Erbil, Khanaqin, Kifri, Kirkuk, Kizilribat, Mendeli, Mosul, Salahaldeen, Sancar, Tal Afar, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_72 | Iraqi Turkmens | According to the 1957 census, Iraqi Turkmens formed the majority of inhabitants in the city of Kirkuk, with 40% declaring their mother tongue as "Turkish". The second-largest Iraqi Turkmen city is Tel Afar where they make up 95% of the inhabitants. The once mainly Turkoman cities of the Diyala Province such as Kifri ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_73 | Iraqi Turkmens | Some Iraqi Turkmens also live outside the Turkmeneli region. For example, there is a significant community living in Iraq's capital city of Baghdad, especially in the neighbourhoods of Adhamiyah and Ragheba Khatun. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_74 | Iraqi Turkmens | The Turkmen population in Erbil is estimated to be around 300,000. They mainly reside in the neighbourhoods of Taci, Mareke and Three Tak in Erbil's city centre, around the citadel. Until 2006, they were living in the Tophane, Tekke and Saray neighborhoods of the Citadel, which contained almost 700 houses. In 2006, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_76 | Iraqi Turkmens | Most Iraqi Turkmens migrate to Turkey, followed by Germany, Denmark, and Sweden. There are also Iraqi Turkmen communities living in Canada, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Greece, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_77 | Iraqi Turkmens | According to Professor Suphi Saatçi, in 2010 approximately 1,000 Iraqi Turkmens were living in Canada, 2,000 in Denmark, and 4,000 in the Netherlands. Since the European migrant crisis (2014–19) the number of Iraqi Turkmen has continued to increase in Europe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_78 | Iraqi Turkmens | There are many established Iraqi Turkmen diaspora communities, such as the Canadian Iraqi Turkmen Culture Association, based in Canada. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_79 | Iraqi Turkmens | The Turkoman community in Chicago dates from the aftermath of the Iran-Iraq War and the Gulf War. They have tended to settle in the northern neighborhoods of the city and in the suburbs, and many have taken jobs as factory workers or cabdrivers. Owing to their small size, they attend the mosques of other communities. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_81 | Iraqi Turkmens | The position of Iraqi Turkmens has changed from being administrative and business classes of the Ottoman Empire to an increasingly discriminated against minority. Since the demise of the Ottoman Empire, Iraqi Turkmens have been victims of several massacres, such as the 1959 Kirkuk massacre. Furthermore, under the Ba'at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_84 | Iraqi Turkmens | In 1924, Iraqi Turkmens were seen as a disloyal remnant of the Ottoman Empire, with a natural tie to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's new Turkish nationalist ideology emerging in the Republic of Turkey. The Iraqi Turkmens living in the region of Kirkuk were perceived as posing a threat to the stability of Iraq, particularly as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_86 | Iraqi Turkmens | Around 20 Iraqi Turkmen civilians were killed by Iraqi policemen including women and children on 12 July 1946 in Gavurbağı, Kirkuk. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_88 | Iraqi Turkmens | The Kirkuk massacre of 1959 came about due to the Iraqi government allowing the Iraqi Communist Party, which in Kirkuk was largely Kurdish, to target Iraqi Turkmens. With the appointment of Maarouf Barzinji, a Kurd, as the mayor of Kirkuk in July 1959, tensions rose following 14 July revolution celebrations, with animo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_90 | Iraqi Turkmens | Over 135 Turkmen civilians were killed on 28 March 1991 during the Gulf War by Iraqi forces, in the Turkmen town of Altun Kupri. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_92 | Iraqi Turkmens | The government of Saddam Hussein had heavily restricted the cultural rights of Iraqi Turkmen and adopted a policy of assimilation. Due to government relocation programs, thousands of Iraqi Turkmen were relocated from their traditional homelands in northern Iraq and replaced by Arabs, in an effort to Arabize the region.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_94 | Iraqi Turkmens | The Kurds claimed de facto sovereignty over land that Iraqi Turkmens regard as theirs. For the Iraqi Turkmens, their identity is deeply inculcated as the rightful inheritors of the region as a legacy of the Ottoman Empire. Thus, it is claimed that the Kurdistan Region and Iraqi government has constituted a threat to th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_95 | Iraqi Turkmens | According to Anderson and Stansfield, in the 1990s, tension between Kurds and Iraqi Turkmens inflamed as the KDP and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) were institutionalized as the political hegemons of the region and, from the perspective of the Iraqi Turkmens, sought to marginalize them from the positions of aut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_97 | Iraqi Turkmens | Between 2003 and 2006, 1,350 Turkmens in Tal Afar died mainly from sectarian violence between Sunnis and Shias, as well as war. Thousands of houses were damaged or demolished, resulting in 4,685 displaced families. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_101 | Iraqi Turkmens | Between ten and twelve Turkmen individuals were elected to the transitional National Assembly of Iraq in January 2005, including five on the United Iraqi Alliance list, three from the Iraqi Turkmen Front (ITF), and either two or four from the Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_102 | Iraqi Turkmens | In the December 2005 elections, between five and seven Turkmen candidates were elected to the Council of Representatives. This included one candidate from the ITF (its leader Saadeddin Arkej), two or four from the United Iraqi Alliance, one from the Iraqi Accord Front and one from the Kurdistani Alliance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_103 | Iraqi Turkmens | Iraqi Turkmens have also emerged as a key political force in the controversy over the future status of northern Iraq and the Kurdistan Region. The government of Turkey has helped fund such political organizations as the Iraqi Turkmen Front, which opposes Iraqi federalism and in particular the proposed annexation of Kir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_104 | Iraqi Turkmens | Tensions between the two groups over Kirkuk, however, have slowly died out and on 30 January 2006, the President of Iraq, Jalal Talabani, said that the "Kurds are working on a plan to give Iraqi Turkmens autonomy in areas where they are a majority in the new constitution they're drafting for the Kurdistan Region of Ira... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_110 | Iraqi Turkmens | Yasin al-Hashimi, former Prime Minister of Iraq (1924–25 and 1935–36) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_117 | Iraqi Turkmens | Ahmet bin Carlak, considered the first environmentalist in Turkey and called the "Tarzan of Manisa" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_122 | Iraqi Turkmens | İhsan Doğramacı, founder of Bilkent University and Hacettepe University | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_125 | Iraqi Turkmens | Amine Gülşe, Swedish model; crowned Miss Turkey (2014) and actress | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_131 | Iraqi Turkmens | Sayyida Zumurrud Khatun, was the mother of Abbasid caliph al-Nasir | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_136 | Iraqi Turkmens | Üner Kırdar, Turkish diplomat and senior United Nations official | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_137 | Iraqi Turkmens | Hiyam Köprülü, Minister of State in Iraq (2020–present) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_144 | Iraqi Turkmens | Rashad Mandan Omar, Minister of Science and Technology (2003) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Iraqi_Turkmens_chunk_167 | Iraqi Turkmens | Media related to Iraqi Turkmen at Wikimedia Commons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens |
Turkmeneli_chunk_0 | Turkmeneli | Turkmeneli (Turkish: Türkmeneli, lit. 'Land of the Turkmens'), also known as Turkmenland, and historically as Turcomania and East Turkmeneli (Doğu Türkmeneli), is a geopolitical term used to define the vast swath of territory in which the Iraqi Turkmens historically have had a dominant population. The term incorporates... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeneli |
Turkmeneli_chunk_1 | Turkmeneli | In particular, the Turkmen/Turkoman consider the capital of Turkmeneli to be the disputed city of Kirkuk and its boundaries also include Tal Afar, Mosul (second largest city in Iraq), Erbil, Mandali, and Tuz Khurmatu. According to Liam Anderson and Gareth Stansfield, the Turkmen/Turkoman note that the term "Turcomania"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeneli |
Turkmeneli_chunk_3 | Turkmeneli | The Iraqi Turkmen/Turkomans generally consider several major cities, and small districts associated with these cities, as part of their homeland. The major cities claimed to be a part of Turkmeneli, in a north-to-south order, include: Mosul, Erbil, Kirkuk, Tuz Khurmatu (maybe sometimes even Tikrit) and Tal Afar, Sancar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeneli |
Turkmeneli_chunk_5 | Turkmeneli | The flag of Turkmeneli is a sky blue banner, featuring a central white crescent and star, flanked above and below by two narrow horizontal white stripes. It is used as the ethnic and political symbol of the Iraqi Turkmen community. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeneli |
Turkmeneli_chunk_6 | Turkmeneli | The sky blue color, known as gök mavisi in Turkmen, symbolizes the Turkic heritage. While there is no fixed shade, the hexadecimal color #52B5F7 is widely used. The crescent and star are common symbols in Turkic and Islamic iconography, representing cultural and religious heritage. The two horizontal white lines are in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeneli |
Turkmeneli_chunk_8 | Turkmeneli | According to Khalil Osman there has been "a raft of federalist schemes" proposed by various Turkmen/Turkoman political parties. For example, one controversial proposal to set up Turkmeneli as a Turkmen/Turkoman autonomous region included the areas northwest of Iraq, from Tal Afar in Nineveh Governorate, through Kirkuk ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeneli |
Turkmeneli_chunk_9 | Turkmeneli | Vahram Petrosian suggests that the Iraqi Turkmen Front's (ITF) forwarding of the idea of the recognition of Turkmeneli may pave the way for a future Kurdish-Turkmen conflict. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeneli |
Turkmeneli_chunk_10 | Turkmeneli | In 2016 Wassim Bassem reported that the Turkmen/Turkoman have been calling for their own independent province in the Tal Afar district. Their demands had coincided with calls for the establishment of other new provinces for the Christian and the Yazidi minorities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeneli |
Turkmeneli_chunk_11 | Turkmeneli | On 17 July 2017, Turkmen representatives proposed that Tal Afar and Tuz Khurmatu become an autonomous Turkmen region and asked for a "special status" for Kirkuk at a summit in Baghdad under the name "Future of Turkmens in United Iraq". They also called for "training and equipping the Turkmen Hashd al-Shaabi forces." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeneli |
Turkmeneli_chunk_13 | Turkmeneli | Pan-Turkists advocated for Iraqi Turkmen to separate from Iraq and form East Turkmeneli, and for Syrian Turkmen to separate from Syria and form West Turkmeneli, which would both unite and form the State of Turkmeneli, which would be a prerequisite for Pan-Turkism. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeneli |
Turkmeneli_chunk_14 | Turkmeneli | After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, the Turkmen did not want to be part of Iraq and wanted to be part of Turkey. The Turkmen elites detested the idea of going from the Ottoman ruling class to a marginalized minority. The Turkmen elites "had a hard time reconciling with the fact that the Mosul-Kirkuk region wou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeneli |
Turkmeneli_chunk_15 | Turkmeneli | Iraqi Turkmen nationalists were divided between those who wanted to join Turkey and those who wanted an independent Turkmeneli. Iraqi Turkmen nationalists advocated for a Turkmeneli stretching from Tal Afar to Mandali, with its capital in Kirkuk. After the expiration of the Treaty of Lausanne in 2023, many Iraqi Turkme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeneli |
Turkmeneli_chunk_23 | Turkmeneli | Anderson, Liam; Stansfield, Gareth (2009), Crisis in Kirkuk: The Ethnopolitics of Conflict and Compromise, University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 978-0812206043 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeneli |
Turkmeneli_chunk_24 | Turkmeneli | Oğuzlu, Tarik H. (2004), "Endangered community: the Turkoman identity in Iraq", Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 24 (2), Routledge: 309–325, doi:10.1080/1360200042000296681, hdl:11693/49129, S2CID 56385519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeneli |
Turkmeneli_chunk_25 | Turkmeneli | Osman, Khalil (2015), Sectarianism in Iraq: The Making of State and Nation Since 1920, Routledge, ISBN 978-1317674870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeneli |
Turkmeneli_chunk_26 | Turkmeneli | Petrosian, Vahram (2003), "The Iraqi Turkomans and Turkey", Iran & the Caucasus, 7 (1/2), Brill Publishers: 279–308, doi:10.1163/157338403X00150 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeneli |
Turkmeneli_chunk_27 | Turkmeneli | Rich, Paul J. (2008), Iraq and Rupert Hay's Two Years in Kurdistan, Lexington Books, ISBN 978-1461633679 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeneli |
Turkmeneli_chunk_28 | Turkmeneli | Strakes, Jason E. (2009), "Current Political Complexities of the Iraqi Turkmen", Iran & the Caucasus, 13 (2), Brill Publishers: 365–382, doi:10.1163/157338410X12625876281505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeneli |
Turkmeneli_chunk_30 | Turkmeneli | Ketene, Orhan (2007). "Turkmen and Turkmeneli" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-26. Retrieved 2014-08-03. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeneli |
Turkmeneli_chunk_31 | Turkmeneli | Ezzat, Yawooz (2012). The Treatment of Iraqi Turks Since the Aftermath of WWI: A Human Rights. Trafford Publishing (Book on Demand). ISBN 978-1-4669-4605-7. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeneli |
Turkmeneli_chunk_32 | Turkmeneli | Kerkuklu, Mofak Salman (2004). Brief History of Iraqi Turkmen. Istanbul: Yildiz Press. ISBN 9789756855126. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeneli |
Kirkuk_chunk_0 | Kirkuk | Kirkuk (Arabic: كركوك; Kurdish: کەرکووک, romanized: Kerkûk; Syriac: ܟܪܟܘܟ, romanized: Kerkouk; Turkish: Kerkük) is a major city in northern Iraq, serving as the capital of the Kirkuk Governorate. The city is home to a diverse population of Kurds, Iraqi Turkmens and Arabs. Kirkuk sits on the ruins of the original Kirkuk... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkuk |
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