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A Review on Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices for Glucose Detection <s> Other Glucose Detection Platforms <s> In this report, a paper-based micro-calorimetric biochemical detection method is presented. Calorimetric detection of biochemical reactions is demonstrated as an extension of current colorimetric and ... | Except for the conventional colorimetric and electrochemical techniques for glucose detection, there are some other techniques, such as luminescence BIB004 , fluorescence BIB002 , calorimetric BIB001 , mass spectrum (MS) BIB005 and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) BIB003 applied to µPADs for rapid glucose dia... |
A Review on Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices for Glucose Detection <s> Conclusions <s> The fabrication of toner-based microfluidic devices to perform clinical diagnostics with capillary action and colorimetric detection is described in this report. Test zones and microfluidic channels were drawn in a graphic... | Rapid and convenient tests for glucose have become essential in underdeveloped and developing countries, as glucose is an important indicator of metabolic activity. Since microfluidic paper-based analytical device was proposed by the Harvard group in 2007, it has attracted extensive attention in a wide range of applica... |
A review of assistive spatial orientation and navigation technologies for the visually impaired <s> Introduction <s> The ramifications of assistive technology for both current and future service provision are wide. In recent years, policy makers have become increasingly aware of the potential of these services to maint... | The World Health Organization (WHO) reported in 2013 that 285 million people are estimated to be visually impaired worldwide: 39 million are blind and 246 million suffer from low vision. From the overall population with visual impairment, about 90% of the world's visually impaired live in developing countries and 82% ... |
A review of assistive spatial orientation and navigation technologies for the visually impaired <s> Understanding human navigation <s> This article reports on an experiment undertaken to test the spatiocognitive competence of the visually impaired population in regard to wayfinding. The test consisted of eight basic wa... | Human beings have the ability to acquire and use information obtained from the surrounding environment using their natural sensors. They have developed a number of evolutionary mechanisms that enable the distinction between different objects and the triggering of events and complex processes based on their perception o... |
A review of assistive spatial orientation and navigation technologies for the visually impaired <s> Location <s> We present a study focusing on the usability of a wayfinding and localization system for persons with visual impairment. This system uses special color markers, placed at key locations in the environment, th... | All guidance/navigation systems must include a basic form of localization, i.e., the determination of a user's location and/or pose. The estimation of the user's location is sometimes referred to as ''positioning'' BIB001 . The most common localization methods can be grouped into four different categories: (1) direct s... |
A review of assistive spatial orientation and navigation technologies for the visually impaired <s> Direct-sensing techniques <s> Metronaut is a novel wearable computer which captures information, senses position, provides wide range communications, consumes less than one watt of power, and weighs less than one pound. ... | Localization techniques based on direct sensing determine the location of the user through the sensing of identifiers (or tags), which have been installed in the environment. Typical direct-sensing technologies include the use of radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags that can either be passive BIB006 BIB004 BIB003... |
A review of assistive spatial orientation and navigation technologies for the visually impaired <s> Dead reckoning <s> The position-tracking accuracy of a location-aware mobile system can change dynamically as a function of the user’s location and other variables specific to the tracker technology used. This is especia... | Humans maintain (update) their sense of orientation as they move around via a combination of two processes, i.e. landmark-based and dead-reckoning processes. Landmarkbased updating involves recognizing specific features in the world that may be associated with known places. Deadreckoning updating involves keeping track... |
A review of assistive spatial orientation and navigation technologies for the visually impaired <s> Triangulation <s> This paper presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of Cricket , a location-support system for in-building, mobile, location-dependent applications. It allows applications running on mobile a... | Though most direct-sensing techniques try to locate the user by sensing one unique identifier, several systems employ multiple identifiers and use triangulation computational methods to locate the user. These methods locate the user by triangulating the sensed tags installed in known locations. The tags that have been ... |
A review of assistive spatial orientation and navigation technologies for the visually impaired <s> Pattern recognition <s> This article presents a short but detailed description of the optophone-its origins as a reading device for the blind, the various stages of its development, and the possibility of its use as a mo... | Recently, systems have been developed which use computer vision techniques, like pattern matching, to sense the surrounding environment and detect visual landmarks. Although at first glance it may be quite obvious that pattern recognition alone cannot provide an indication of the user location, an estimation can indire... |
A review of assistive spatial orientation and navigation technologies for the visually impaired <s> Motion and pose estimation <s> Context awareness is an important functionality for wearable computers. In particular, the computer should know where the person is in the environment. This paper proposes an image sequence... | Systems that use computer vision to estimate the location and orientation of the user enable him/her to perceive their relative position to a detected georeferenced visual landmark BIB009 BIB006 BIB007 . When the user is carrying a camera whose position and orientation relative to the user's body are known, the motion ... |
A review of assistive spatial orientation and navigation technologies for the visually impaired <s> 3D sensing <s> This paper presents a visual odometer system using stereo cameras for pedestrian navigation. Corner detection, stereo matching, triangulation, tracking, and robust ego-motion estimation are used for data p... | Distance is one of the most important aspects of navigation, as it is used to avoid collisions or recognize nearby objects. The way human vision uses different perspectives of the same scene to create a three-dimensional perception of the world inspired the use of multiple cameras to model/ recognize the world in three... |
A review of assistive spatial orientation and navigation technologies for the visually impaired <s> Spatial orientation <s> This paper presents incorporation of certain human vision properties in the image processing methodologies, applied in the vision substitutive system for human blind. The prototype of the system h... | Visually impaired people often want more than just information about their location, having the need to relate their current location to the features existing in the surrounding environment. Orientation and mobility are essential skills for performing a proper navigation . In this process, mobility, or micro-navigatio... |
A review of assistive spatial orientation and navigation technologies for the visually impaired <s> Navigation <s> This paper presents the research for the development of a new travel aid to increase the independent mobility of blind and elderly travellers. This aid will build on the technologies of geographical inform... | The term ''navigation'' defines the behavior of moving toward a destination, with all the motor, sensory, and cognitive processes that it implies . Downs and Stea define navigation as ''the process of solving one class of spatial problems, the movement of a person from one location on the earth's surface to another'' ... |
A review of assistive spatial orientation and navigation technologies for the visually impaired <s> Interface <s> This paper presents incorporation of certain human vision properties in the image processing methodologies, applied in the vision substitutive system for human blind. The prototype of the system has digital... | Accurate recognition and distinction between the contextual elements found in the environment, whether by using computer vision or any other form of input is of the highest importance on an EOA device. Interfacing with the user to provide information about the elements found in the scene is also crucial, as the interpr... |
Visually-Enabled Active Deep Learning for (Geo) Text and Image Classification: A Review <s> Introduction <s> Defining an efficient training set is one of the most delicate phases for the success of remote sensing image classification routines. The complexity of the problem, the limited temporal and financial resources,... | Big data are leading to dramatic changes in science (with the advent of data-driven science) and in society (with potential to support economic, public health, and other advances). Machine leaning and deep learning technologies are central to leveraging big data for applications in both domains. Recent advances in mach... |
Visually-Enabled Active Deep Learning for (Geo) Text and Image Classification: A Review <s> Scope and Intended Audience <s> Visual data mining techniques have proven to be of high value in exploratory data analysis, and they also have a high potential for mining large databases. In this article, we describe and evaluat... | The potential to bring the advances in M&DL to GIScience is reflected in a fairly long history of work on spatial and spatio-temporal data mining. In 2001, for example, Han and Miller provided a broad introduction to data mining and knowledge discovery methods for geographic data. In a second edition in 2009 , with r... |
Visually-Enabled Active Deep Learning for (Geo) Text and Image Classification: A Review <s> The State of the Art: Active Learning, Visual Analytics, and Deep Learning <s> User studies are important for many aspects of the design process and involve techniques ranging from informal surveys to rigorous laboratory studies... | As outlined above, leveraging the potential of DL to increase classification accuracy (for images or text) requires extensive amounts of manually labeled data. This is particularly challenging in domains requiring experts with prior knowledge that is often tacit BIB004 BIB005 BIB003 BIB002 ]-in such cases, even crowd... |
Visually-Enabled Active Deep Learning for (Geo) Text and Image Classification: A Review <s> What's AL and Why AL? <s> Active learning differs from “learning from examples” in that the learning algorithm assumes at least some control over what part of the input domain it receives information about. In some situations, a... | Can machines learn with fewer labeled training instances than those needed in supervised learning (a full explanation of which is provided in Appendix A.2.1) if they are allowed to ask questions? The answer is "yes", with many encouraging results that have been demonstrated for a variety of problem settings and domains... |
Visually-Enabled Active Deep Learning for (Geo) Text and Image Classification: A Review <s> AL Problem Scenarios <s> Active learning is a machine learning technique that selects the most informative samples for labeling and uses them as training data. It has been widely explored in multimedia research community for its... | The AL literature BIB002 BIB001 showcases several different problem scenarios in which the active machine learner may solicit input. The three most common scenarios considered in the literature are: membership query synthesis, stream-based selective sampling, and pool-based sampling. All three scenarios assume that ma... |
Visually-Enabled Active Deep Learning for (Geo) Text and Image Classification: A Review <s> Sample an instance <s> We consider the problem of using queries to learn an unknown concept. Several types of queries are described and studied: membership, equivalence, subset, superset, disjointness, and exhaustiveness queries... | Sample a large pool of instances ). Each starts from the set of all possible observations (the instance space at left) and applies a query strategy (light blue box) for selecting which instance to ask the human or machine annotator to label (dark blue box). Membership query synthesis was proposed in BIB001 , and furth... |
Visually-Enabled Active Deep Learning for (Geo) Text and Image Classification: A Review <s> Batch-Mode AL <s> The goal of active learning is to select the most informative examples for manual labeling. Most of the previous studies in active learning have focused on selecting a single unlabeled example in each iteration... | In most AL research, queries are selected in serial (i.e., labeling one instance at a time). This is not practical when training a model is slow or expensive. By contrast, batch-mode (also batch mode) AL allows the machine learner to query a batch (i.e., group) of unlabeled instances simultaneously to be labeled, whic... |
Visually-Enabled Active Deep Learning for (Geo) Text and Image Classification: A Review <s> AL Query Strategies <s> We propose an algorithm called query by commitee , in which a committee of students is trained on the same data set. The next query is chosen according to the principle of maximal disagreement . The algor... | Query strategies are central in AL methods; they are used to identify those training examples that can contribute most to the learning performance of ML models. Various AL query strategies have been proposed, defined, and discussed in several surveys to improve over random sample selection BIB018 BIB015 BIB019 . Here... |
Visually-Enabled Active Deep Learning for (Geo) Text and Image Classification: A Review <s> Recent and Novel AL Methods <s> Obtaining labels can be expensive or time-consuming, but unlabeled data is often abundant and easier to obtain. Most learning tasks can be made more efficient, in terms of labeling cost, by intell... | Yan et al. BIB001 , Sharma et al. BIB002 , and Sharma and Bilgic BIB003 introduced some very recent and novel AL based methods. Typical AL algorithms rely on a single annotator (i.e., oracle) who serves in the role of a "teacher". By contrast, the following multiple annotator AL scenario poses new challenges: an oracle... |
Visually-Enabled Active Deep Learning for (Geo) Text and Image Classification: A Review <s> AL Summary and Discussion <s> Most of the empirical evaluations of active learning approaches in the literature have focused on a single classifier and a single performance measure. We present an extensive empirical evaluation o... | Even though AL has been successfully applied to many problems in different domains, no systematic and comprehensive comparison of AL strategies have been examined. This might be caused by the fact that most of the work has been disconnected, using different data sets in different problem domains with insufficient consi... |
Visually-Enabled Active Deep Learning for (Geo) Text and Image Classification: A Review <s> Visual Analytics (VA) and Human-in-the-Loop <s> This is the book form of the Research and Development Agenda for Visual Analytics to be published by IEEE in 2005. <s> BIB001 </s> Visually-Enabled Active Deep Learning for (Geo) T... | VA focuses on the integration of computational methods (e.g., analytical reasoning algorithms) and interactive visual interfaces to extend the perceptual and cognitive abilities of humans BIB001 , and thus to support human reasoning (via exploratory knowledge discovery) about complex phenomenon with big and often heter... |
Visually-Enabled Active Deep Learning for (Geo) Text and Image Classification: A Review <s> AL With VA <s> Active learning has been proven a reliable strategy to reduce manual efforts in training data labeling. Such strategies incorporate the user as oracle: the classifier selects the most appropriate example and the u... | AL alone has already been applied successfully to many applications (Section 3.1) where labeled data are limited. Here we review some work in AL empowered by VA. In the literature, the integration of interactive VA interfaces and AL methods is also known as interactive ML BIB005 . All of the reviewed work below stro... |
Visually-Enabled Active Deep Learning for (Geo) Text and Image Classification: A Review <s> Active Deep Learning (ADL) <s> We introduce a challenging set of 256 object categories containing a total of 30607 images. The original Caltech-101 [1] was collected by choosing a set of object categories, downloading examples f... | As discussed further in Appendix A.1, DL can discover intricate patterns hidden in big data. Advances in DL have been dramatic and rapid, and the landscape of M&DL is changing quickly as a result. For example, Jean and colleagues BIB003 BIB007 in 2015 demonstrated for the first time that DL could beat Google's existing... |
Visually-Enabled Active Deep Learning for (Geo) Text and Image Classification: A Review <s> GIScience Applications Using AL/AL with VA <s> The increasing availability and use of positioning devices has resulted in large volumes of trajectory data. However, semantic annotations for such data are typically added by domai... | Júnior et al. BIB001 's very recent (2017) work on GPS trajectory classification provides solid evidence that AL can be used together with VA to help domain experts perform semantic labeling of movement data. In this work, they pose three research questions: (1) Is there a ML method that supports building a good classi... |
Visually-Enabled Active Deep Learning for (Geo) Text and Image Classification: A Review <s> RS Applications Using AL/ADL <s> The problem of scarcity of labeled pixels, required for segmentation of remotely sensed satellite images in supervised pixel classification framework, is addressed in this article. A support vect... | DL has achieved success in many applications, however, a large set of good quality labeled samples are needed to train a good DL classifier, as emphasized in Appendix A.1. Zhu et al. BIB013 provided a very recent survey of DL in RS, where they reviewed the recent advances and analyzed the challenges of using DL with RS... |
Visually-Enabled Active Deep Learning for (Geo) Text and Image Classification: A Review <s> Technical Challenges and Opportunities <s> In this paper we present methods of enhancing existing discriminative classifiers for multi-labeled predictions. Discriminative methods like support vector machines perform very well fo... | Below we list some main technical challenges and opportunites, from classifier and AL problem scenarios related, to VA and AL/ADL integration. • Multi-label classification: Most existing multi-label classification research has been based on simple ML models (such as logistic regression BIB006 BIB007 , naive Bayes BIB00... |
Visually-Enabled Active Deep Learning for (Geo) Text and Image Classification: A Review <s> • <s> Abstract Voluminous geographic data have been, and continue to be, collected with modern data acquisition techniques such as global positioning systems (GPS), high-resolution remote sensing, location-aware services and sur... | Intergration of different AL problem scenarios: As introduced in Section 3.1.2, among the three main AL problem scenarios, pool-based sampling has received substantial development. But, there is a potential to combine scenarios to take advantage of their respective strengths (e.g., use of real instances that humans are... |
Visually-Enabled Active Deep Learning for (Geo) Text and Image Classification: A Review <s> Challenges and Opportunities From Application Perspective (for GIScience and RS Audience) <s> As the resolution of remote-sensing imagery increases, the full complexity of the scenes becomes increasingly difficult to approach. U... | As Raad emphasized in , "When data volume swells beyond a human's ability to discern the patterns in it ... GIS, infused with artificial intelligence, can help executives make better decisions", we share the same vision that GIScience researchers need to bring M&DL into our community, and start to build GeoAI. Early a... |
Visually-Enabled Active Deep Learning for (Geo) Text and Image Classification: A Review <s> Appendix A.1. Machine learning and Deep Learning <s> The success of machine learning algorithms generally depends on data representation, and we hypothesize that this is because different representations can entangle and hide mo... | Machine learning (ML) [143, is a sub-field of computer science, in particular, artificial Intelligence (AI), that focuses on algorithms for learning from data. Traditional ML relies on feature engineering, the process of using domain-specific prior knowledge to manually extract features from data BIB001 . The featur... |
Visually-Enabled Active Deep Learning for (Geo) Text and Image Classification: A Review <s> Appendix A.2. Types of Learning Methods <s> From the Publisher: ::: This is an interdisciplinary book on neural networks, statistics and fuzzy systems. A unique feature is the establishment of a general framework for adaptive da... | There are three major types of learning methods in ML (and DL, since DL is a branch of ML) BIB004 : supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and semi-supervised learning. Appendix A.2.1. Supervised Learning Supervised learning is the ML task of inferring a function from labeled training data. In supervised learnin... |
Visually-Enabled Active Deep Learning for (Geo) Text and Image Classification: A Review <s> Appendix A.4. Types of Classification Tasks <s> Grouping images into (semantically) meaningful categories using low level visual features is a challenging and important problem in content based image retrieval. Using binary Baye... | Classification in M&DL is a predictive task, which aims to learn from existing labeled data and predict the label for new data BIB011 . The labels representing classes or categories are finite and discrete (otherwise the task would be regression, instead of classification) . In supervised/semi-supervised ML (Appendixe... |
Visually-Enabled Active Deep Learning for (Geo) Text and Image Classification: A Review <s> Appendix A.5. Text and Image Classifications <s> The automated categorization (or classification) of texts into predefined categories has witnessed a booming interest in the last 10 years, due to the increased availability of do... | Text classification and image classification are two important applications of classification tasks in ML (Appendix A.4). Image classification is the task of classifying images to pre-defined class names (i.e., labels). Image classification can be applied to many real-world problems, for example, retrieval of all image... |
Visually-Enabled Active Deep Learning for (Geo) Text and Image Classification: A Review <s> Appendix A.6. Word Embedding <s> The recently introduced continuous Skip-gram model is an efficient method for learning high-quality distributed vector representations that capture a large number of precise syntactic and semanti... | We have introduced text and image classifications above (Appendix A.5). When using DL algorithms for text classification and image classification, one of the big technical differences is that images have matrix representations and thus can be directly fed into deep neural nets. But, for text data, translation into word... |
Literature Survey on Interaction Design and Existing Software Applications for Dyslectic Users <s> INTRODUCTION <s> This paper describes the effects of using a word processor on the creative writing of a small group of children with learning disabilities. Each week the children wrote one word-processed and one handwrit... | Dyslexia is a hidden learning disorder in reading, spelling and written language, and maybe in number work. It is a learning disability, which cannot be completely treated and has negative consequences for dyslectics' life by making it complicated . Learning difficulties, caused by dyslexia, have often a negative impa... |
Literature Survey on Interaction Design and Existing Software Applications for Dyslectic Users <s> Related Work on IxD Guidelines and Parameters <s> In this paper, we present an exploratory study of the web navigation experiences of dyslexic users. Findings indicate that dyslexics exhibit distinctive web navigation beh... | Otávio et al investigated Web accessibility issues for users with dyslexia by involving in their study related literature studies on interaction design parameters. A number of related works on interaction design for dyslexia have been mentioned in their research. Some of them focused on functionality and some others o... |
Literature Survey on Interaction Design and Existing Software Applications for Dyslectic Users <s> Interaction Design guidelines and parameters <s> This paper outlines and explains the guideline needed to design an effective interaction design (IxD) for dyslexic children’s reading application. The guideline is develope... | Research on interaction design guidelines resulted in one design guideline with an emphasis on three design dimensions -Form, Content and Behavior-mentioned of high importance for software applications' design addressing to dyslectic users. To be more precise the interaction design guideline supports that these dimensi... |
Constructionist Attempts at Supporting the Learning of Computer Programming: A Survey <s> Introduction. <s> This paper describes a new technique for implementing educational programming languages using tangible interface technology. It emphasizes the use of inexpensive and durable parts with no embedded electronics or ... | While programming is often seen as a key element of constructionist 1 approaches (starting from LOGO (Feuerzeig et al., 1970) , a programming language designed to enable learning abstract concepts of disciplines like math, geometry, physics, and potentially all others, by manipulating computational objects ), the rese... |
Constructionist Attempts at Supporting the Learning of Computer Programming: A Survey <s> What does it mean to learn programming? <s> This article brings together, summarizes, and comments on several threads of research that have contributed to our understanding of the challenges that novice programmers face when learn... | The basic premise behind programming -i.e., producing a precise description of how to carry out a task or to solve a problem -is that an interpreter, different from the producer of the description, can understand it and effectively carry out the task as described. There are thus two distinct but tightly tied aspects in... |
Constructionist Attempts at Supporting the Learning of Computer Programming: A Survey <s> No technological hurdles: <s> The importance of computer science education in secondary, and even primary school, has been pointed out by many authors. But too often pupils only experience ICT, both at home and at school, and conf... | • they allow students (and teachers) to have meaningful experiences related to important CS concepts (like algorithms) without having to wait until they get some technology and programming fluency (Bell and Lodi, to appear) . It is important to note that evidence shows unplugged activities should not replace programmin... |
Constructionist Attempts at Supporting the Learning of Computer Programming: A Survey <s> Notional Machines <s> This article brings together, summarizes, and comments on several threads of research that have contributed to our understanding of the challenges that novice programmers face when learning about the runtime ... | An important intuition for approaching programming from a constructionist perspective is that programs are a join point between our mind and the computer, the interpreter of the formal description of what we have in mind. Thus, programs appeal to our curiosity and ingenuity and are wonderful artifacts to share and disc... |
Constructionist Attempts at Supporting the Learning of Computer Programming: A Survey <s> Abstract Programming Patterns <s> We look at the essential thinking skills students need to learn in the introductory computer science course based on object-oriented programming. We create a framework for such a course based on t... | A small number of abstract programming patterns can be applied to a potentially infinite spectrum of specific conditions. This is often a challenge for novices, given that most of the times the discipline is taught (i) introducing one or more primitive tools (e.g., variables), and (ii) showing some examples highlightin... |
Constructionist Attempts at Supporting the Learning of Computer Programming: A Survey <s> Misconceptions <s> This article brings together, summarizes, and comments on several threads of research that have contributed to our understanding of the challenges that novice programmers face when learning about the runtime dyn... | Sorva defines misconceptions as "understandings that are deficient or inadequate for many practical programming contexts" BIB001 . Some authors ) believe that computer science has an exceptional position in constructivist's view of knowledge constructed by individuals or groups rather than a copy of an ontological rea... |
Constructionist Attempts at Supporting the Learning of Computer Programming: A Survey <s> sometimes a novice programmer "doesn't get" a concept or "gets it wrong" in a way that is not a harmless (or desirable) alternative interpretation. Incorrect and incomplete understandings of programming concepts result in unproduc... | According to Clancy, there are two macro-causes of misconceptions: over-or undergeneralizing and a confused computational model. High-level languages provide an abstraction on control and data, making programming simpler and more powerful, but, by contrast, hiding details of the executor to the user, who can consequent... |
Constructionist Attempts at Supporting the Learning of Computer Programming: A Survey <s> Programming Languages for Learning to Program <s> Most ideas come from previous ideas. The sixties, particularly in the ARPA community, gave rise to a host of notions about “human-computer symbiosis” through interactive time-share... | From a constructionist viewpoint of learning, programming languages have a major role: they are a key means for sharing artifacts and expressing one's theories of the world. The crucial part is that artifacts can be executed independently from the creator: someone's (coded) mental process can become part of the experie... |
Constructionist Attempts at Supporting the Learning of Computer Programming: A Survey <s> Scheme, Racket <s> DrScheme is a programming environment for Scheme. It fully integrates a graphics-enriched editor, a parser for multiple variants of Scheme, a functional read-eval-print loop, and an algebraic printer. The enviro... | Scheme ) is a language originally aimed at bringing structured programming in the lands of Lisp (mainly by adding lexical scoping). The language has nowadays a wide and energetic community of users. Its importance in education, however, is chiefly related to a book, "Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs" ... |
Constructionist Attempts at Supporting the Learning of Computer Programming: A Survey <s> Scratch, Snap!, Alice, and others <s> "Digital fluency" should mean designing, creating, and remixing, not just browsing, chatting, and interacting. <s> BIB001 </s> Constructionist Attempts at Supporting the Learning of Computer P... | EToys worlds with pre-defined -although programmable -objects, evolved in a generic environment in which everything can be defined in terms of 'statement' blocks. Scratch BIB001 , originally written in Smalltalk, is the most popular and successful visual block-based programming environment. Launched in 2007 by the MIT ... |
Constructionist Attempts at Supporting the Learning of Computer Programming: A Survey <s> Learning to Program in Teams <s> From the Book: ::: “Clean code that works” is Ron Jeffries’ pithy phrase. The goal is clean code that works, and for a whole bunch of reasons: ::: Clean code that works is a predictable way to deve... | Constructivist approaches often emphasize the importance of social context in which the learning happens (see e.g. ). Working in developers teams requires new skills, especially because software products (even the ones in the reach of novices) are often tangled with many dependencies and division of labour is hard: it... |
Constructionist Attempts at Supporting the Learning of Computer Programming: A Survey <s> Conclusions <s> This paper describes a new technique for implementing educational programming languages using tangible interface technology. It emphasizes the use of inexpensive and durable parts with no embedded electronics or po... | The literature on learning to program through a constructionist strategy has often focused on how to bring the abstract and formal nature of programming languages into the manipulation of more concrete (or even tangible) "objects" BIB001 BIB002 BIB003 . Many proposals aim at overcoming the (initial) hurdles which tex... |
A Survey on Closed Frequent Pattern Mining <s> CHARM <s> The task of mining association rules consists of two main steps. The first involves finding the set of all frequent itemsets. The second step involves testing and generating all high confidence rules among itemsets. In this paper we show that it is not necessary ... | CHARM BIB004 BIB001 BIB003 BIB002 stands for Closed Association Rule Mining algorithm is used to mine the closed frequent patterns. It explores patternset and didset(Document idset) space simultaneously which skips many levels quickly to identify the closed frequent patterns. It uses two pruning strategies, Candidate... |
A Survey on Closed Frequent Pattern Mining <s> CLOSET+ <s> Mining frequent closed itemsets provides complete and non-redundant results for frequent pattern analysis. Extensive studies have proposed various strategies for efficient frequent closed itemset mining, such as depth-first search vs. breadthfirst search, verti... | The CLOSET+ BIB002 BIB001 algorithm is used to mine closed frequent pattern. Initially, it scans the database only once to find the global frequent patterns and sort the database in support descending order and forms the frequent pattern list, scans the document and builds the FP-Tree using the pattern list, using divi... |
A Survey on Closed Frequent Pattern Mining <s> CARPENTER <s> The growth of bioinformatics has resulted in datasets with new characteristics. These datasets typically contain a large number of columns and a small number of rows. For example, many gene expression datasets may contain 10,000-100,000 columns but only 100-1... | CARPENTER BIB001 BIB002 BIB003 . In the second step, according to the transpose table, construct the row enumeration tree which enumerates row ids with predefined order and search the tree in depth first order without any pruning strategies. It consists of three pruning strategies, in the prune 1 method, it prunes the ... |
A Survey on Closed Frequent Pattern Mining <s> CFIM-P <s> The mining of frequent itemsets is often challenged by the length of the patterns mined and also by the number of transactions considered for the mining process. Another acute challenge that concerns the performance of any association rule mining algorithm is th... | CFIM-P BIB001 BIB002 algorithm stands for Closed Frequent Itemset Mining and Pruning algorithm for mining the closed frequent patterns. The algorithm consists of 3 phases. In the first phase, it traces the null document and filters them for ensuing mining procedures. In the second phase, it mines the closed frequent pa... |
Evolutionary algorithms for solving the automatic cell planning problem : a survey <s> Demand node model <s> This paper presents an automatic cellular network design algorithm which determines the location of transmitters with respect to co-channel interference (CCI). The proposed method is capable of maximizing the av... | The concept of demand nodes was introduced first by , and it has since been used in different works (e.g. BIB001 BIB002 BIB003 BIB004 . The basic idea is that the demand node represents the centre of an area where the traffic is being generated by the users. The main advantage of this model is that by combining the tr... |
Evolutionary algorithms for solving the automatic cell planning problem : a survey <s> Disc model <s> In this paper we introduce the minimum-order approach to frequency assignment and present a theory which relates this approach to the traditional one. This new approach is potentially more desirable than the traditiona... | The first use of disc (circle) graphs in the design of cellular networks was in BIB001 , where it was applied to solve the frequency assignment problem. Later extensions to this model consider intersections among discs and non-uniform traffic distributions (Huang et al. 2000a,b,c) . The main advantage of the approach p... |
Evolutionary algorithms for solving the automatic cell planning problem : a survey <s> Cell and test point model <s> In this paper, the evolution of mobile radio network is presented. First of all, the network life cycle is considered. A mathematical modeling of these life periods is developed inside an optimization pr... | Although this model is known thanks to the works of BIB001 Caminada (1998a,b, 2001) , it appeared first in . In it, the working area is discretized into a set of test points which are spread over the whole area. These test points are used to measure the amount of signal Downloaded by [UMA University of Malaga] at 03:5... |
Evolutionary algorithms for solving the automatic cell planning problem : a survey <s> ACP problems addressed by EAs <s> Abstract This paper describes and analyzes CHC, a nontraditional genetic algorithm which combines a conservative selection strategy that always preserves the best individuals found so far with a radi... | • Cell: this column indicates how the cell or service area of BTSs is computed. • P w, T i and Az: these three columns show, respectively, whether the power, tilt and azimuth of the BTSs are optimized. These are the most common settings adjusted when BTS dimensioning is addressed. • Objectives: different aspects of the... |
Evolutionary algorithms for solving the automatic cell planning problem : a survey <s> Details on EAs for the ACP problem <s> This paper uses a realistic combinatorial optimization problem as an example to show how a genetic algorithm can be parallelized in an efficient way. The problem considered is the selection of t... | This section reviews the main features of the EAs found in the literature for solving the ACP problem. The potential advantages and drawbacks of each algorithm are analysed in light of their corresponding encoding schemes, genetic operators, local search and parallelization. The first usage of this encoding scheme appe... |
Evolutionary algorithms for solving the automatic cell planning problem : a survey <s> Integer encoding. <s> It is increasingly important to optimally select base stations in the design of cellular networks, as customers demand cheaper and better wireless services. From a set of potential site locations, a subset needs... | Integer encoding has been used by Larry Raisanen, Roger Witaker and Steve Hurley at Cardiff University in several works: BIB001 , Whitaker et al. (2004a,b) , BIB002 , BIB003 . Their approach is based on considering that each BTS is identified by an integer. Then, given n candidate BTSs, a permutation π of size n repres... |
Evolutionary algorithms for solving the automatic cell planning problem : a survey <s> Real encoding. <s> In this paper, we find the best base station placement using a genetic approach. A new representation describing base station placement with a real number is proposed, and new genetic operators are introduced. This... | The real encoding is mainly used for solving ACP problems based on freely positioning the BTSs in the working area of the cellular network. Therefore, the tentative solutions are made up of real numbers that represent the BTS coordinates. This scheme is mainly used in works dealing with the disc model (see Section 2.2.... |
Evolutionary algorithms for solving the automatic cell planning problem : a survey <s> ACP-targeted encoding. <s> An important class of computational problems are grouping problems, where the aim is to group together members of a set (i.e., find a good partition of the set). We show why both the standard and the orderi... | The encoding schemes shown in this section have been designed especially to deal with ACP problems, so they do not properly fall into any of the previously defined categories. The most widely used non-classical scheme in the EA literature encodes all the optimizable parameter settings of each BTS in the tentative solut... |
Evolutionary algorithms for solving the automatic cell planning problem : a survey <s> Operators <s> An important class of computational problems are grouping problems, where the aim is to group together members of a set (i.e., find a good partition of the set). We show why both the standard and the ordering GAs fare p... | Several genetic operators have been investigated in the literature for solving ACP problems (Table 2 ). This section is only aimed at discussing the crossover and mutation operators since they are the ones which depend on the encoding schemes (selection and replacement operators are based on the fitness of the individu... |
Evolutionary algorithms for solving the automatic cell planning problem : a survey <s> Mutation. <s> An important class of computational problems are grouping problems, where the aim is to group together members of a set (i.e., find a good partition of the set). We show why both the standard and the ordering GAs fare p... | The analysis of the mutation operators in the literature for solving ACP problems with EAs is similar to that performed for the crossover operators. It depends greatly on the encoding used. The classical bit flip mutation is the preferred operator for binary encoding schemes (see Section 3.2.1). In works using integer ... |
Evolutionary algorithms for solving the automatic cell planning problem : a survey <s> Local search <s> A new heuristic approach for minimizing possibly nonlinear and non differentiable continuous space functions is presented. By means of an extensive testbed, which includes the De Jong functions, it will be demonstrat... | Adding ACP problem knowledge to the exploration performed by EAs can be further promoted with the usage of local search algorithms. That is, engineering hybrid algorithms BIB001 . So far, this problem-specific knowledge has been added by using specific encoding schemes and genetic operators (as has been shown in the pr... |
Evolutionary algorithms for solving the automatic cell planning problem : a survey <s> Parallelization <s> This paper uses a realistic combinatorial optimization problem as an example to show how a genetic algorithm can be parallelized in an efficient way. The problem considered is the selection of the best set of tran... | As early as in the first works published on EAs for solving the ACP problem, i.e. and BIB001 , it was soon understood that this optimization problem involved tasks demanding high computational resources. With the aim of not only speeding up the computation but also improving the solution quality, most of the parallel ... |
Evolutionary algorithms for solving the automatic cell planning problem : a survey <s> Future trends <s> A new heuristic approach for minimizing possibly nonlinear and non differentiable continuous space functions is presented. By means of an extensive testbed, which includes the De Jong functions, it will be demonstra... | There are several research lines that can be explored to address the ACP problem with EAs further. At a lower algorithmic level, the design of new encodings and genetic operators for the problem, as well as the analysis of current existing ones, are of great interest. Concretely, the more complex encoding, the network ... |
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