query stringlengths 545 118k | answer stringclasses 906
values | id int64 0 1.2k |
|---|---|---|
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
While some studies have emphasized the difficulties involved in decarbonizing transport, there is robust evidence that battery electric vehicles (BEVs) ... | A | 0 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Regarding battery production, electrification requires industrial transformation and the establishment of new battery ecosystems alongside the entire va... | A | 1 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
First, we estimated domestic production using existing and announced cell production facilities and their stated capacities. There are different motivat... | A | 2 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Over the last decade, central banks have taken on a role in examining and managing transition risks as well as physical climate risks. These risks are n... | A | 3 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
First, we hypothesize that a central bank is more likely to re-risk, the greater the stranded assets risks are in the economy and financial system it ov... | A | 4 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
We do not find an association between exposure to climate hazards and re-risking. Instead, we find that de-risking is positively and significantly corre... | A | 5 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Second, the large scale of the planned changes in the total capacity and the composition of the grids of European countries by 2030 and, in particular, ... | A | 6 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Going beyond the standard deviation as a metric to capture stability is important because renewables can soften the incidence of extreme prices. We pres... | A | 7 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
A different measure is required to capture the relationship between electricity prices and the price of fossil fuels and, particularly, natural gas. Stu... | A | 8 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Historically, global IAMs have predominantly emphasized supplyside measures in global mitigation scenarios, which has limited their capacity to address ... | A | 9 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
In current climate policy scenarios (NPi), emissions reductions in the ELE and ALL scenarios by 2050 are less pronounced when accounting for indirect em... | A | 10 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Regional disparities are driven by opposing dynamics in service demand and energy efficiency. As lower- and middle-income countries get wealthier, they ... | A | 11 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Energy system models (ESMs) on the other hand commonly represent VRE explicitly, with a high spatial and temporal resolution, and some ESMs have recentl... | A | 12 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
In the cost-optimal solution for the net-negative scenario, wind (54%), solar photovoltaics (PV) (40%) and hydropower (5%) supply 99% of the whole elect... | A | 13 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
BECC can be excluded at a 13% system cost increase, with mainly biofuel production decreasing whereas biogas and biomass usage for process heat and flex... | A | 14 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Following a surge of enthusiasm, the green hydrogen market and associated expectations have recently entered a phase of consolidation as high costs, lim... | A | 15 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Green hydrogen project announcements reveal two opposing trends over the past 3 years. First, there has been a notable short-term setback, with capaciti... | A | 16 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Substantial implementation gaps may be common for emerging energy technologies in the early stages of technology diffusion, as large projects almost alw... | A | 17 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Despite the fact that emissions reduction targets and renewable energy production goals are often set at the national or state level, the planning, siti... | A | 18 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Beyond support or opposition based on type of technology or energy infrastructure, there are a wide variety of project characteristics that may influenc... | A | 19 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
While the trends discussed above are supported by various samples and studies, there is also heterogeneity by individual characteristics, including part... | A | 20 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Previous research suggests that alternative solar products can expand access to solar. Specifically, the development of solar leasing models with minima... | A | 21 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
The data firmly support hypotheses 1-3 defined above. Weighting the differences by state sample sizes, the data suggest that community solar adopters ar... | A | 22 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
We analyse inherent and policy impacts by comparing the demographic profiles of adopters that participated in LMI community solar programmes (programme ... | A | 23 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Understanding the role of different investors and their interactions is essential to effectively incentivize innovation. However, analyses on climate-te... | A | 24 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Corporate investors are differentiated from public grants and other private investors in a few key ways. First, they consistently increased in number of... | A | 25 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Our results indicate that corporate investment and other private investment are highly significant for startup outcomes, in terms of both success and fa... | A | 26 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
We fill this gap by providing a model-based analysis of the EU ETS with a specific emphasis on the influence of actors' foresight horizon. The contribut... | A | 27 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Figure 3 shows our modelling results on the impact of reforms and actors' foresight on carbon prices. First of all, one can see between period (1) and p... | A | 28 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
These risks are examples of what can happen in the electricity sector. Any delay poses the risk of climate targets becoming out of reach or being reacha... | A | 29 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Although many studies have explored cost-reduction potentials using qualitative or quantitative methods, such as literature-based projections, expert el... | A | 30 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Whereas cumulative production volumes may be the best-performing predictor of theoretical technology cost compared with others, findings are hard to gen... | A | 31 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
The current effects of technical designs and material choices on costs and performance are well documented, with pre-series and commercial components di... | A | 32 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Internationally there is a movement to achieve a just transition to renew- able energy sources, where just transition encompasses broad elements of ener... | A | 33 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Remote settlements and Indigenous settlements are more likely to be underserved on multiple metrics (model 6). Remote settlements are 18% more likely (v... | A | 34 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Internationally households wanting to install solar often face barriers to navigating the process for grid connection. Stakeholder engagements and prior... | A | 35 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
To promote an equitable energy transition, many governments have enacted policies to provide energy technologies at reduced or zero cost to low-income h... | A | 36 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Our findings show that adding behavioural interventions to a referral programme multiplies the effect of providing financial rewards alone. Incorporatin... | A | 37 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
We test reciprocity and simplification in a large, pre-registered randomized controlled field experiment. All California clients of the non-profit (N = ... | A | 38 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Two primary considerations arise when evaluating supply-side policies. The first is the relative effectiveness of each policy type in reducing oil produ... | A | 39 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
This paper examines the effectiveness and distributional consequences of potential supply-side policies intended to phase out oil extraction across Cali... | A | 40 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Supply-side policies lower statewide crude oil production but with different temporal and spatial patterns. Setbacks applied to new wells, excise taxes ... | A | 41 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Following Russia's military attack on Ukraine, the European Union (EU) and United States have imposed a large number of sanctions on Russia. The attack ... | A | 42 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
As an explicit aim of the tax cut is to shield consumers from increasing fuel costs, an alternative way to do so is to give general income transfers to ... | A | 43 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
In the long term, supply is somewhat elastic and demand is rather elastic too. This is because producers have time to adjust their production and make s... | A | 44 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
A first retrospective analysis of the event by Busby et al. discusses the magnitude of the event and its causes, indicating that the total economic loss... | A | 45 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
In the following, we compare events in Februrary 2021 to the period 2004-2020, as the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) provides hourly data... | A | 46 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
At the time of the failure, temperatures at wind parks in Southern Texas were at the very lower end of the temperature range observed in the period 2004... | A | 47 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
There is a need to better understand the extent of energy insecurity experienced by Australia's remote Indigenous communities, in particular the role th... | A | 48 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
For author V.N.D., who works on issues related to energy, housing and social justice in Central Australia, maintaining access to electricity during temp... | A | 49 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Prepayment for electricity is uncommon in urban Australia. It is heavily regulated in most jurisdictions on the basis of concerns for wellbeing. ...
... | A | 50 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Previous literature analysing scenarios for achieving universal access to modern energy services have focused predominantly on electricity supply to ass... | A | 51 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
In what follows, we define clean cooking as cooking with modern fuels such as liquid petroleum gas (LPG), electricity and piped gas, which when used in ... | A | 52 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Clear differences in the pace and nature of the transition in cooking fuels across regions are evident. In rural CPA in the COVID scenario, we see most ... | A | 53 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Consumer satisficing is problematic enough when consumers are choosing between contracts competing only on price. This problem may be compounded if cons... | A | 54 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
We adopted a collaborative business model innovation process to explore how utility business models can evolve to meet the challenges of a low-carbon tr... | A | 55 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
We then identified energy consumer segments based on consumers' likelihood of adopting the new energy contracts. Segmentation studies have been used to ... | A | 56 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Moreover, although repowering activity to date has been concentrated in a few markets and driven by relatively unique policy incentives, by the late 202... | A | 57 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
We propose a more holistic and socially informed perspective on repowering based on comprehensive project-level information. Specifically, this approach... | A | 58 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
The second major individual reason for dismantling turbines in repowering is a violation of the cumulative noise emissions, which comprises 13% of the t... | A | 59 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
We propose a conceptual framework for understanding how different features of social information programmes impact energy conservation that can be artic... | A | 60 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Our setting consists of a randomized controlled trial implemented by an Italian energy company that provides almost half-a-million households with infor... | A | 61 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
These results provide initial, albeit weak, support for our conceptual framework. For high users, normative and injunctive feedbacks pull behaviour in t... | A | 62 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Even though the positive effect of public R&D grants to companies has been highlighted in recent studies, we still know little about how specific govern... | A | 63 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
We also collect data on companies that received awards from the DOE Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) programme. Previous research on this progr... | A | 64 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Because companies that apply for government grants differ from other companies in several ways, we compare ARPA-E awardees in 2010 to companies that wer... | A | 65 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Following the connection-oriented approach of PMUY, most evaluations of the programme have discussed enrolment rates using government-provided data. Few... | A | 66 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Second, many previous analyses have focused only on the household's primary cooking fuel as the variable of interest. Current evidence suggests that the... | A | 67 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Before concluding, we note some limitations of our research. We rely on primary survey data for our analysis, including self-reported information on qua... | A | 68 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Prior scholarship related to asthma and coal-fired power plant exposures often consisted of observational and cross-sectional studies that considered si... | A | 69 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Four coal-fired power plants—Cane Run, Clifty Creek, Mill Creek and Rockport—with emissions that impacted air quality in Jefferson County, Kentucky (whi... | A | 70 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Uniquely, this study found that exposure reductions to coal-fired power plant emissions were consistently associated with a reduced asthma morbidity at ... | A | 71 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
NYC has been a leader in this regard, and has implemented two informational regulations in its efforts to reduce building energy use and cut GHG emissio... | A | 72 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Many of the available energy efficiency retrofit measures, whether technological or behavioural, are shown to have relatively short payback periods, aft... | A | 73 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Given higher initial average EUI, office buildings experience larger absolute decreases, on average, in energy use over time when compared to multifamil... | A | 74 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Beyond market fundamentals, oil prices may respond to geopolitical events and structural changes6. The structure of the oil market changes when the 'Sev... | A | 75 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
The saturation indicator technique identifies periods when prices move away from the level implied by market fundamentals for two or more consecutive qu... | A | 76 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
To understand price regimes in Model 1, we relate each to realworld events and explain why some changes noted by previous analyses do not appear in Tabl... | A | 77 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
These recent developments emphasize the importance of understanding how the community energy sector is financed. However, there is currently very limite... | A | 78 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Of the 153 projects, the majority (139) are electricity generation projects, with a total capacity of about 41 MW. Two of these projects also involved h... | A | 79 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
These findings are striking because, unlike conventional equity, community shares are neither saleable to third parties for profit, nor do they necessar... | A | 80 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
However, there has been no objective evaluation of the extent to which PMUY has actually induced a transition away from solid fuels15. Assessments of LP... | A | 81 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
An increase in LPG consumption with experience would conform to patterns of technology adoption in other sectors, but there are few studies that directl... | A | 82 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
We find that a standard deviation (s.d.) increase in distributor (up-front) price reduces normalized monthly sales by 0.27 s.d. We also see a comparable... | A | 83 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Being widely available and replenishable, wastes and biomass residues from agricultural, dairy, forestry and household activities seem to contain the ba... | A | 84 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Looking into each broad waste category, for agricultural and forest residues, combined heat and power generation (CHP) offers both the greatest net ener... | A | 85 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
The county-level distribution of renewable energy production, net energy gain and its associated climate benefits also indicates that most counties woul... | A | 86 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Low-income households face pressure to curtail energy costs, often with negative impacts. For instance, during winter months with high heating bills, lo... | A | 87 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
People with disabilities face higher rates of energy poverty. Compared to the general population, people with disabilities may need more energy to reali... | A | 88 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
The results suggest distributional, procedural and recognition injustices that differ across groups, which highlights the importance of considering spec... | A | 89 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
As private markets will not spur such necessary developments on their own, government policies play an important role in phasing out coal. However, in d... | A | 90 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
First, we investigate how citizens' support for a coal phase-out is affected by different timelines and other features of a phase-out and examine the mo... | A | 91 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
As the discussions of the Coal Commission showed, the main question about phasing out coal is not if, but when, the phase-out is going to happen. Hence,... | A | 92 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Three alternative paradigms govern investments in generation capacity: vertical integration, energy-only markets and installed capacity (ICAP) markets. ... | A | 93 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
To illustrate the impact that incomplete markets in risk may have on the capacity mix that arise in equilibrium, we developed two simple test systems. T... | A | 94 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
To illustrate the impact that incomplete markets in risk may have on the capacity mix that arise in equilibrium, we developed two simple test systems. T... | A | 95 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
During the same time, we observe a decline in the general interest rate resulting in lower costs of capital that had a substantial effect on the economi... | A | 96 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
The cost of debt of a RET project can be decomposed into two elements covering the baseline country risk and project specific risk40. Figure 5 shows the... | A | 97 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
For policymakers, our findings stress the importance of policies that are conducive to favourable financing conditions for RETs. First, our results sugg... | A | 98 |
You are given the start of a paragraph from a scientific research paper, ending in "...". Choose the most coherent continuation from the options below.
Query:
Early studies were subject to several methodological issues that compromised the internal and external validity of the results, overestimating the savin... | A | 99 |
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