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Computer programming or coding is the composition of sequences of instructions, called programs, that computers can follow to perform tasks. It involves designing and implementing algorithms, step-by-step specifications of procedures, by writing code in one or more programming languages. Programmers typically use high-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming |
A programming language is a system of notation for writing computer programs.
Programming languages are described in terms of their syntax (form) and semantics (meaning), usually defined by a formal language. Languages usually provide features such as a type system, variables, and mechanisms for error handling. An impl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language |
C (pronounced – like the letter c) is a general-purpose programming language. It was created in the 1970s by Dennis Ritchie and remains very widely used and influential. By design, C's features cleanly reflect the capabilities of the targeted CPUs. It has found lasting use in operating systems code (especially in kern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) |
In computer programming, a programming idiom, code idiom or simply idiom is a code fragment having a semantic role which recurs frequently across software projects. It often expresses a special feature of a recurring construct in one or more programming languages, frameworks or libraries. This definition is rooted in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_idiom |
In computer science, reflective programming or reflection is the ability of a process to examine, introspect, and modify its own structure and behavior.
== Historical background ==
The earliest computers were programmed in their native assembly languages, which were inherently reflective, as these original architectu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflective_programming |
In computer science, extensible programming is a style of computer programming that focuses on mechanisms to extend the programming language, compiler, and runtime system (environment). Extensible programming languages, supporting this style of programming, were an active area of work in the 1960s, but the movement was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_programming |
In computer science, functional programming is a programming paradigm where programs are constructed by applying and composing functions. It is a declarative programming paradigm in which function definitions are trees of expressions that map values to other values, rather than a sequence of imperative statements which... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming |
Inductive programming (IP) is a special area of automatic programming, covering research from artificial intelligence and programming, which addresses learning of typically declarative (logic or functional) and often recursive programs from incomplete specifications, such as input/output examples or constraints.
Depend... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_programming |
Extreme programming (XP) is a software development methodology intended to improve software quality and responsiveness to changing customer requirements. As a type of agile software development, it advocates frequent releases in short development cycles, intended to improve productivity and introduce checkpoints at whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming |
Defensive programming is a form of defensive design intended to develop programs that are capable of detecting potential security abnormalities and make predetermined responses. It ensures the continuing function of a piece of software under unforeseen circumstances. Defensive programming practices are often used where... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_programming |
Ajax (also AJAX ; short for "asynchronous JavaScript and XML") is a set of web development techniques that uses various web technologies on the client-side to create asynchronous web applications. With Ajax, web applications can send and retrieve data from a server asynchronously (in the background) without interfering... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_(programming) |
In computer science, imperative programming is a programming paradigm of software that uses statements that change a program's state. In much the same way that the imperative mood in natural languages expresses commands, an imperative program consists of commands for the computer to perform. Imperative programming focu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_programming |
Java is a high-level, general-purpose, memory-safe, object-oriented programming language. It is intended to let programmers write once, run anywhere (WORA), meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need to recompile. Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) |
In computer science, array programming refers to solutions that allow the application of operations to an entire set of values at once. Such solutions are commonly used in scientific and engineering settings.
Modern programming languages that support array programming (also known as vector or multidimensional language... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array_programming |
Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability with the use of significant indentation.
Python is dynamically type-checked and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including structured (particularly procedural), object-oriented a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language) |
Generic programming is a style of computer programming in which algorithms are written in terms of data types to-be-specified-later that are then instantiated when needed for specific types provided as parameters. This approach, pioneered in the programming language ML in 1973, permits writing common functions or data ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_programming |
Linear programming (LP), also called linear optimization, is a method to achieve the best outcome (such as maximum profit or lowest cost) in a mathematical model whose requirements and objective are represented by linear relationships. Linear programming is a special case of mathematical programming (also known as math... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_programming |
Dynamic programming is both a mathematical optimization method and an algorithmic paradigm. The method was developed by Richard Bellman in the 1950s and has found applications in numerous fields, from aerospace engineering to economics.
In both contexts it refers to simplifying a complicated problem by breaking it down... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_programming |
A programming game is a video game that incorporates elements of computer programming, enabling the player to direct otherwise autonomous units within the game to follow commands in a domain-specific programming language, often represented as a visual language to simplify the programming metaphor. Programming games bro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_game |
Procedural programming is a programming paradigm, classified as imperative programming, that involves implementing the behavior of a computer program as procedures (a.k.a. functions, subroutines) that call each other. The resulting program is a series of steps that forms a hierarchy of calls to its constituent procedur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_programming |
Goal programming is a branch of multiobjective optimization, which in turn is a branch of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). It can be thought of as an extension or generalisation of linear programming to handle multiple, normally conflicting objective measures. Each of these measures is given a goal or target va... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_programming |
In computer programming, initialization or initialisation is the assignment of an initial value for a data object or variable. The manner in which initialization is performed depends on the programming language, as well as the type, storage class, etc., of an object to be initialized. Programming constructs which perfo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialization_(programming) |
Pair programming is a software development technique in which two programmers work together at one workstation. One, the driver, writes code while the other, the observer or navigator, reviews each line of code as it is typed in. The two programmers switch roles frequently.
While reviewing, the observer also considers ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_programming |
In computer science, a semaphore is a variable or abstract data type used to control access to a common resource by multiple threads and avoid critical section problems in a concurrent system such as a multitasking operating system. Semaphores are a type of synchronization primitive. A trivial semaphore is a plain vari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_(programming) |
In computer science, declarative programming is a programming paradigm—a style of building the structure and elements of computer programs—that expresses the logic of a computation without describing its control flow.
Many languages that apply this style attempt to minimize or eliminate side effects by describing what... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declarative_programming |
Modular programming is a software design technique that emphasizes separating the functionality of a program into independent, interchangeable modules, such that each contains everything necessary to execute only one aspect or "concern" of the desired functionality.
A module interface expresses the elements that are pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_programming |
Programming is a form of music production and performance using electronic devices and computer software, such as sequencers and workstations or hardware synthesizers, sampler and sequencers, to generate sounds of musical instruments. These musical sounds are created through the use of music coding languages. There are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_(music) |
An integer programming problem is a mathematical optimization or feasibility program in which some or all of the variables are restricted to be integers. In many settings the term refers to integer linear programming (ILP), in which the objective function and the constraints (other than the integer constraints) are lin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_programming |
Literate programming is a programming paradigm introduced in 1984 by Donald Knuth in which a computer program is given as an explanation of how it works in a natural language, such as English, interspersed (embedded) with snippets of macros and traditional source code, from which compilable source code can be generated... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literate_programming |
Fetal programming, also known as prenatal programming, is the theory that environmental cues experienced during fetal development play a seminal role in determining health trajectories across the lifespan.
Three main forms of programming that occur due to changes in the maternal environment are:
Changes in development... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_programming |
Logic programming is a programming, database and knowledge representation paradigm based on formal logic. A logic program is a set of sentences in logical form, representing knowledge about some problem domain. Computation is performed by applying logical reasoning to that knowledge, to solve problems in the domain. M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_programming |
The terms local programme, local programming, local content or local television refers to a television program made by a television station or independent television producer for broadcast only within the station's transmission area or television market. Local programmes can encompass the whole range of programme genr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_programming |
Broadcast programming is the practice of organizing or ordering (scheduling) of broadcast media shows, typically radio and television, in a daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, or season-long schedule.
Modern broadcasters use broadcast automation to regularly change the scheduling of their shows to build an audience for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_programming |
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects. Objects can contain data (called fields, attributes or properties) and have actions they can perform (called procedures or methods and implemented in code). In OOP, computer programs are designed by making them out of objects t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
In aspect and functional programming, advice describes a class of functions which modify other functions when the latter are run; it is a certain function, method or procedure that is to be applied at a given join point of a program.
== Use ==
The practical use of advice functions is generally to modify or otherwise... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advice_(programming) |
In computing, reactive programming is a declarative programming paradigm concerned with data streams and the propagation of change. With this paradigm, it is possible to express static (e.g., arrays) or dynamic (e.g., event emitters) data streams with ease, and also communicate that an inferred dependency within the as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_programming |
A symbol in computer programming is a primitive data type whose instances have a human-readable form. Symbols can be used as identifiers. In some programming languages, they are called atoms. Uniqueness is enforced by holding them in a symbol table. The most common use of symbols by programmers is to perform language r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol_(programming) |
In computer programming, dataflow programming is a programming paradigm that models a program as a directed graph of the data flowing between operations, thus implementing dataflow principles and architecture. Dataflow programming languages share some features of functional languages, and were generally developed in or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataflow_programming |
A computer program is a sequence or set of instructions in a programming language for a computer to execute. It is one component of software, which also includes documentation and other intangible components.
A computer program in its human-readable form is called source code. Source code needs another computer program... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program |
In computer programming, a directive or pragma (from "pragmatic") is a language construct that specifies how a compiler (or other translator) should process its input. Depending on the programming language, directives may or may not be part of the grammar of the language and may vary from compiler to compiler. They can... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_(programming) |
A "Hello, World!" program is usually a simple computer program that emits (or displays) to the screen (often the console) a message similar to "Hello, World!". A small piece of code in most general-purpose programming languages, this program is used to illustrate a language's basic syntax. Such a program is often the f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Hello,_World!%22_program |
Differentiable programming is a programming paradigm in which a numeric computer program can be differentiated throughout via automatic differentiation. This allows for gradient-based optimization of parameters in the program, often via gradient descent, as well as other learning approaches that are based on higher-ord... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiable_programming |
Offensive programming is a name used for the branch of defensive programming that expressly departs from defensive principles when dealing with errors resulting from software bugs. Although the name is a reaction to extreme interpretations of defensive programming, the two are not fundamentally in conflict. Rather, off... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensive_programming |
Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) is a pseudoscientific approach to communication, personal development, and psychotherapy that first appeared in Richard Bandler and John Grinder's book The Structure of Magic I (1975). NLP asserts a connection between neurological processes, language, and acquired behavioral patterns,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming |
Brokered programming (also known as time-buy and blocktime) is a form of broadcast content in which the show's producer pays a radio or television station for air time, rather than exchanging programming for pay or the opportunity to play spot commercials. A brokered program is typically not capable of garnering enough... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokered_programming |
"Epigrams on Programming" is an article by Alan Perlis published in 1982, for ACM's SIGPLAN journal. The epigrams are a series of short, programming-language-neutral, humorous statements about computers and programming, which are widely quoted.
It first appeared in SIGPLAN Notices 17(9), September 1982.
In epigram #54,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigrams_on_Programming |
Probabilistic programming (PP) is a programming paradigm based on the declarative specification of probabilistic models, for which inference is performed automatically. Probabilistic programming attempts to unify probabilistic modeling and traditional general purpose programming in order to make the former easier and m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_programming |
A programming paradigm is a relatively high-level way to conceptualize and structure the implementation of a computer program. A programming language can be classified as supporting one or more paradigms.
Paradigms are separated along and described by different dimensions of programming. Some paradigms are about implic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_paradigm |
A programming tool or software development tool is a computer program that is used to develop another computer program, usually by helping the developer manage computer files. For example, a programmer may use a tool called a source code editor to edit source code files, and then a compiler to convert the source code i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_tool |
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