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PMC3016568 | 21224965 | INTRODUCTION
Sepsis syndrome, a systemic response to infection, can produce devastating outcomes even in previously normal individuals. Advances in the treatment of sepsis have led to an attempt to elucidate the ideal plan of management in septic patients. Some investigators advocated the use of low-dose corticosteroid... | CONCLUSION
In this era of modern anaesthesia, sepsis remains a challenging and complex disease, despite the advances in conventional critical care. Conventional therapies used in the management of sepsis are not up to the mark, therefore, the search continues for newer modalities. Activated protein C was introduced wit... | Despite advances in modern medicine, sepsis remains a complex syndrome that has been associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Multiple organ failure associated with sepsis leads to high mortality and morbidity. About 28 – 50% deaths have been reported in patients with sepsis. The number of sepsis patients i... | DEFINITION OF SEPSIS AND SEVERE SEPSIS
In 1992, the American College of Chest Physician / Society of Critical Care Medicine have defined sepsis under the following heads:[ 4 ]
SIRS (Systemic inflammatory response syndrome): Altered pathophysiology without positive blood culture.
Sepsis: SIRS induced by infection.
Sever... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:18 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):496-503 | oa_package/43/d7/PMC3016568.tar.gz | ||||
PMC3016569 | 21224966 | INTRODUCTION
Preanaesthesia evaluation is the process of clinical assessment by an anaesthetist, which precedes the delivery of anaesthesia care for surgery and non-surgical procedures.[ 1 ] Preanaesthetic clinic (PAC) is a specialty clinic where patients are evaluated before surgery to establish a database upon which ... | CONCLUSION
A thorough preoperative evaluation can be as effective as an anxiolytic premedication. All the departments of anaesthesia should have guidelines regarding timing, preoperative testing and super speciality consultations for effective functioning of a PAC to reduce the number of visits. These guidelines should... | The goal of preoperative risk assessment is to identify and modify the procedure and patient factors that significantly increase the risk for complications. Preanaesthesia clinics (PACs) have been developed to improve the preoperative experience of the patients by coordinating surgical, anaesthesia, nursing and laborat... | LOCATION OF PREANAESTHESIA CLINICS
It can be situated in the same hospital complex as other surgical specialty clinics to promote easy accessibility and convenience. Moreover, this may allow patients to be assessed at the PAC on the same day as their surgical appointments.
The main parameters for an ideal PAC location ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:18 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):504-507 | oa_package/32/43/PMC3016569.tar.gz | ||||
PMC3016570 | 21224967 | INTRODUCTION
With technological advances, the world is moving fast and, at the same time, the population worldwide is becoming fatter and fatter. Obesity now prevails in all sections of people irrespective of whether it is a developed or developing or a poor country. As the person becomes rich in his fat the economic r... | The purpose of this article is to review the fundamental aspects of obesity, pregnancy and a combination of both. The scientific aim is to understand the physiological changes, pathological clinical presentations and application of technical skills and pharmacological knowledge on this unique clinical condition. The go... | DEFINITION OF OBESITY
Obesity is a disorder of energy balance. It is derived from the Latin word obesus, which means fattened by eating. Obesity is the state of excess adipose tissue mass. The most widely used method to gauge obesity is body mass index (BMI), which is equal to weight/height 2 (kg/m 2 ), also known as ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:18 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):508-521 | oa_package/79/40/PMC3016570.tar.gz | |||||
PMC3016571 | 21224968 | INTRODUCTION
The clinical environment contains a plethora of bells, beeps, and buzzers. Intensive care unit (ICU) monitors have alarm options to intimate the staff of critical incidents.[ 1 ] Since critical patients have different underlying diseases, the ability of ICU monitors to detect abnormality is limited and nee... | METHODS
This study was conducted among residents working at ICU of a multispeciality centre, with the help of a printed questionnaire.
What all monitors are routinely employed in the ICU? Are you aware of presence of types of alarm and settings of alarm limits on the monitor? Do you check whether alarm limits have been... | RESULTS
The study involved 80 residents. Of these, 34 were postgraduate residents (PG) and the rest were senior residents (SRs) in the field of anaesthesiology. All residents were in full agreement on routine use of electro cardio gram (ECG), pulse oximeter, capnograph and non invasive blood pressure (NIBP) monitoring.... | DISCUSSION
The need of various monitoring parameters varies among the patients because of their clinical status. In our study, we find that the residents were in full agreement regarding the need of basic monitoring parameters for patients in the ICU but varied response was observed regarding specific parameters and al... | Intensive care unit (ICU) monitors have alarm options to intimate the staff of critical incidents but these alarms needs to be adjusted in every patient. With this objective in mind, this study was done among resident doctors, with the aim of assessing the existing attitude among resident doctors towards ICU alarm sett... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:18 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):522-524 | oa_package/37/36/PMC3016571.tar.gz | |||
PMC3016572 | 21224969 | INTRODUCTION
Post operative ventilation of patients undergoing “on pump” cardiac surgery has been the standard practice for the last three decades because of a relatively high risk of respiratory insufficiency and low cardiac output state due to universal use of high dose opioid anaesthetic technique.[ 1 ] However, wit... | METHODS
After obtaining institutional ethical committee’s approval, we conducted this prospective, randomised study. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients for epidural catheter insertion and immediate extubation in the OR as well as elective ventilation in the postoperative period.
From June 2006 to J... | RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
There were no significant differences in age, sex, weight, ejection fraction, preoperative medical conditions, surgical procedures and CPB time between the two groups [Tables 1 and 2 ]. Room and body temperature at the beginning and at the end of surgery were comparable between the two groups. T... | DISCUSSION
To date, there has been no study comparing the patients of fast-track extubation with patients of elective postoperative ventilation after on pump cardiac surgery. In this study, we applied TEA in both the groups of patients and found no difference in respiratory and haemodynamic parameters as well as compli... | CONCLUSION
Thus, immediate extubation after on pump cardiac surgery may be safely achieved with optimisation of perioperative analgesia with TEA and by maintaining normothermia, with several advantages. | Elective postoperative ventilation in patients undergoing “on pump” open heart surgery has been a standard practice. Ultra fast-track extubation in the operating room is now an accepted technique for “off pump” coronary artery bypass grafting. We tried to incorporate these experiences in on pump open heart surgery and ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:18 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):525-530 | oa_package/e1/59/PMC3016572.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016573 | 21224970 | INTRODUCTION
To examine the accuracy and precision of pulse oximetry in cyanotic heart disease patients in the early post-operative period:
When sensor is placed at five different locations (viz. finger, palm, toe, sole and ear). At low saturation states (SaO 2 < 90). To identify the best sensor location. | METHODS
After ethics committee approval, 50 children in the age group of 1 month to 7 years after various corrective surgeries for cyanotic congenital heart diseases in the early post-operative period were selected for this observational study.
Exclusion criteria
Core body temperature <35°C Children with diseases or co... | RESULTS
A total of 50 SaO 2 measurements were obtained in 50 patients. The mean SaO 2 was 96.1%±4.6%, with a range of 83–99.8%. Eight patients had SaO 2 measurements <90% (Group A). The preoperative diagnosis of the study population is shown in Table 1 .
Ear probes consistently showed the highest SpO 2 results alo... | DISCUSSION
Pulse oximetry in the words of Severinghaus and Astrup is “arguably the most significant technologic advance ever made in monitoring the well being of patients during anaesthesia, recovery and critical care”.[ 2 ] Pulse oximetry estimates arterial oxygen saturation by measuring the absorption of light of two... | CONCLUSION
Cyanotic heart disease patients pose a unique dilemma in terms of the reliability and precision of the pulse oximetry readings and the determination of the best location of the sensor, especially in infants. An understanding of the bias and precision of the pulse oximetry at various sensor sites would go a l... | Since the invention of pulse oximetry by Takuo Aoyagi in the early 1970s, its use has expanded beyond the perioperative care into neonatal, paediatric and adult intensive care units (ICUs). Pulse oximetry is one of the most important advances in respiratory monitoring as its readings (SpO 2 ) are used clinically as an ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:18 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):531-534 | oa_package/fc/e5/PMC3016573.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016574 | 21224971 | INTRODUCTION
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) refers to bacterial pneumonia developed in patients who have been mechanically ventilated for a duration of more than 48 h.[ 1 ] It ranges from 6 to 52% and can reach 76% in some specific settings.[ 2 ] Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is the pneumonia after 48 h or m... | METHODS
The study was conducted over a period of 1.5 years, extending from July 2008 to December 2009, in an intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary care centre. A total of 100 patients who were kept on mechanical ventilator were randomly selected. Cases included were patients of both sexes who were kept on mechanical ... | RESULTS
The study cohort comprised of 100 patients of various cases of poisoning, neurological disorders, sepsis and others. The mean age of the patients was 34 years, having a predominance of male population. Of the 100 patients, 37 patients developed VAP during the ICU stay. The mean duration of mechanical ventilatio... | DISCUSSION
In the study of our set up, males predominated (62%). Although the incidence of VAP was also high in males, it was statistically not significant ( P =0.2086) [ Table 2 ]. The mean age group in our study was 34 years. The young population group in our set up is due to the number of cases of poisoning that pre... | CONCLUSION
We arrive at the following conclusions:
Incidence is directly proportional to duration of mechanical ventilation and re-intubation is a strong risk factor for development of VAP. Therefore, duration of ventilation has to be reduced to get rid of morbidity and mortality associated with mechanical ventilation,... | Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a major cause of hospital morbidity and mortality despite recent advances in diagnosis and accuracy of management. However, as taught in medical science, prevention is better than cure is probably more appropriate as concerned to VAP because of the fact that it is a well prevent... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:18 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):535-540 | oa_package/bd/9b/PMC3016574.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016575 | 21224972 | INTRODUCTION
Children have been the earliest patrons of anaesthesiology from its earliest clinical applications of surgical anaesthesia.[ 1 ] An endotracheal tube (ET) is always considered to be the gold standard[ 2 3 ] device to maintain an airway because of its inherent ability to provide positive pressure ventilatio... | METHODS
After approval from institutional ethical committee, written informed consent was taken from all the parents. Sixty children of 2-8 years of age group of either sex, weighing 10-20 kg and belonging to physical status of ASA Grades I and II scheduled for elective ophthalmological and lower abdominal surgical pro... | RESULTS
The patients’ demographic profile were comparable in both the groups [ Figure 1 ]. There was male predominance in both the groups.
The success rate to place the PLMA at first attempt was 83.33% and only 16.67% patients required second attempt. The success rate to intubate the patients was 96.67% and 3.33% at fi... | DISCUSSION
The LMA TM and other supraglottic airways have radically changed paediatric anaesthesia practice and have become a key component of airway management in children.[ 1 ] There are limitations of Classic LMA (air leak, gastric distension and aspiration). In ProSeal LMA, there is presence of drain tube, integra... | CONCLUSION
Based upon the above observations, results and discussion it is concluded that during routine paediatric surgical procedures of short duration, ProSeal LMA is useful alternative to endotracheal intubation. Though the PLMA is slightly difficult to place, effective airway can be achieved easily by an experienc... | The laryngeal mask airway (LMA) is a supraglottic airway management device. The LMA is preferred for airway management in paediatric patients for short duration surgical procedures. The recently introduced ProSeal (PLMA), a modification of Classic LMA, has a gastric drainage tube placed lateral to main airway tube whic... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:18 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):541-545 | oa_package/b0/1e/PMC3016575.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016576 | 21224973 | INTRODUCTION
The sympathetic supply to the head, neck and upper limb is derived from T1-9 segments, and passes through the stellate ganglion (C5-T1). The stellate ganglion is 2.5 cm×1 cm×0.5 cm and lies over the neck of the 1 st rib, between C7 and T1. The most common approach for stellate ganglion block (STGB) is par... | METHODS
A prospective analytical study was performed in 20 patients of PVD of upper limbs during the last 5 years. Approval by the institutional ethical committee and informed consent were obtained. The chief complaints were severe throbbing pain with cold fingers and dry gangrene of 8 days to 1 month duration. Patient... | RESULTS
STGB was performed on 20 patients (M/F=19/1) of age 25–65 years, weighing 40–70 kg. The affecting pathologies are mentioned in Table 1 .
Figure 2 depicts the mean pre-block values of days 1 and 2, where the mean VAS was 7 and the mean surface temperature of the hand was 29.89°C. Following STGB with LA, the me... | DISCUSSION
STGB is a well-accepted therapeutic technique. Wolf et al . observed incidence of minor and short-lived complications in 1.7/1,000 patients, with no major complications in the series of 45,000 cases.[ 13 ] The local anaesthetic blocks provide immediate relief but they are not long lasting. Permanent relief ... | CONCLUSION
STGB using local anaesthetic with an adjuvant ketamine is a safe and effective technique. Ketamine enhances the effect of sympathetic blockade with relief of pain, ischaemia and maintains circulation. Thus, ketamine is a useful adjuvant to STGB and it obviates the need of permanent destruction of the ganglio... | Stellate ganglion block (STGB) is commonly indicated in painful conditions like reflex sympathetic dystrophy, malignancies of head and neck, Reynaud’s disease and vascular insufficiency of the upper limbs. The sympathetic blockade helps to relieve pain and ischaemia. Diagnostic STGB is usually performed with local anae... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:18 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):546-551 | oa_package/88/a5/PMC3016576.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016577 | 21224974 | INTRODUCTION
The supraclavicular brachial plexus block provides anaesthesia of the entire upper extremity in the most consistent and time-efficient manner.
Since the ‘80s, clonidine has been used as an adjunct to local anaesthetic agents in various regional techniques to extend the duration of block. The results of pre... | METHODS
The study protocol of this prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial was approved by the Hospital Ethics Committee. All participants gave written informed consent. Fifty patients, ASA physical status I–III, 18 years of age or older, undergoing surgery of the upper limb, were recruited. E... | RESULTS
Demographic data
There were no differences between the clonidine and the control groups regarding age, sex, weight and height [ Table 1 ] or the site of surgery.
Comparison of modified lovett rating scale
The modified Lovett rating scale at baseline and intra-operatively was comparable in both the clonidine and... | DISCUSSION
Supraclavicular blocks are performed at the level of the brachial plexus trunks. Here, almost the entire sensory, motor and sympathetic innervations of the upper extremity are carried in just three nerve structures (trunks), confined to a very small surface area. Consequently, typical features of this block ... | We compared the effects of clonidine added to bupivacaine with bupivacaine alone on supraclavicular brachial plexus block and observed the side-effects of both the groups. In this prospective, randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial, two groups of 25 patients each were investigated using (i) 40 ml of bupivacaine 0... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:18 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):552-557 | oa_package/b5/f8/PMC3016577.tar.gz | |||
PMC3016578 | 21224975 | INTRODUCTION
“Auto-co-induction”[ 1 2 ] is a technique of giving a pre-calculated dose of induction agent prior to giving the full dose of same induction agent; this technique is also known as “the priming technique”.[ 3 ] Application of priming principle is well documented in relation to the use of muscle relaxants. T... | METHODS
The present study was conducted in our department after obtaining the approval of Institutional Ethical Committee. Ninety patients of age between 18 and 50 years, American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) Grade I and II, from both sexes having no history of adverse anaesthetic reaction, were randomly allocated... | RESULTS
The sample size of this study was calculated based on assuming a power of 80% and α (alpha) value of 0.05 as significant using epi info software (version 6.0). All data were reported as mean value ±2 SD.
The data were analysed statistically using the SPSS statistical package (version 10.0). Comparison between t... | DISCUSSION
The present study was conducted to evaluate the clinical efficacy of propofol auto co-induction as compared to midazolam propofol co-induction, in terms of reduction in the induction dose of propofol and better haemodynamic stability in peri-intubation period.
In group I, after priming with propofol, mean in... | CONCLUSIONS
The present study compared the efficacy of propofol auto-co-induction versus midazolam propofol co-induction. The following conclusions and inferences can be drawn from this study:
A significant fall in the induction dose requirement of propofol is found in both the study groups. The priming in relation to ... | Application of priming principle is well documented in relation to the use of muscle relaxants. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of priming technique in relation to induction agents. Clinical efficacy in terms of dose reduction and alteration in peri-intubation haemodynamics was compared in pro... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:18 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):558-561 | oa_package/78/2c/PMC3016578.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016579 | 21224976 | INTRODUCTION
Brugada syndrome was first described as a separate clinical entity in 1992 by Brugada and Brugada.[ 1 ] Patients suffering from Brugada syndrome have a characteristic electrocardiogram pattern of right bundle branch block (RBBB) with ST elevation in leads V 1 –V 3 and are at a high risk for malignant dysr... | DISCUSSION
Brugada syndrome is genetic, characterized by abnormal electrocardiogram findings, and is also known as Sudden Unexpected Death Syndrome or Sudden Unexpected Nocturnal Death Syndrome.
The average age of presentation is 40 years, but can vary from 2 to 77 years.[ 2 ] It is more common in men, with a higher pr... | A 14-year-old autistic boy presented with acute gastroenteritis and hypotension. The electrocardiogram showed a ventricular fibrillation rhythm – he went into cardiorespiratory arrest and was immediately resuscitated. On investigation, the electrocardiogram showed a partial right bundle branch block with a “coved” patt... | CASE REPORT
A 14-year-old child, weighing 42 kg, was admitted with acute gastroenteritis and hypotension. The electrocardiogram showed ventricular fibrillation and he went into cardiorespiratory arrest; he was revived with immediate cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation and shifted to the intensive care unit with inot... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:18 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):562-564 | oa_package/93/10/PMC3016579.tar.gz | ||||
PMC3016580 | 21224977 | INTRODUCTION
Due to high incidence of respiratory and cardiovascular complications, anaesthetic management of mediastinal mass is very difficult. Here we describe successful management of an anterior mediastinal mass with help of cardiopulmonary bypass. | DISCUSSION
In this patient, MRI showed the level of tracheal constriction extending from T1 to T4 vertebrae. The minimum tracheal diameter was 7 mm. The tracheal diameter was 18 mm above the level of constriction and below constriction it was bifurcated into bronchi. The tracheal course was tortuous throughout the cons... | CONCLUSION
Preoperative control of the airway seemed to be impossible here, so CPB was used. Femoro femoral CPB was initiated electively because during emergency it is not only difficult to institute but also increases mortality. After the institution of bypass, the LMA was inserted to have a control over the airway an... | The perioperative management of patients with mediastinal mass is challenging. Complete airway obstruction and cardiovascular collapse may occur during the induction of general anaesthesia, tracheal intubation, and positive pressure ventilation. The intubation of trachea may be difficult or even impossible due to the c... | CASE REPORT
A 65 year old male patient was admitted with severe dyspnoea, stridor and cyanosis. In spite of treatment with intravenous antibiotics, corticosteroids, bronchodilator, chest physiotherapy and 100% oxygen inhalation, his SpO 2 , PaO 2 and PaCO 2 were 88-91%, 78 torr and 48 torr, respectively. His chest X-... | Dr. Rejaul Karim, Associate Prof., Department of Radiology, I.P.G.M.E & R, Kolkata for interpretation of images. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:18 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):565-568 | oa_package/77/c9/PMC3016580.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016581 | 21224978 | INTRODUCTION
Ventriculo-peritoneal shunt (VPS) placement is a routine procedure in daily neurosurgical activity.[ 1 ] Although potentially fatal, postoperative intracerebral haematoma has not found its due mention in the literature.[ 1 ] Savitz and others reported a 4% incidence of delayed intracerebral haematoma or in... | DISCUSSION
Early emergence from anaesthesia is essential following neurosurgery for neurological evaluation. Zelcer and Wells[ 3 ] found a 9% incidence of unresponsiveness at the end of 15 min after general anaesthesia among 443 mixed surgical patients. Arousal beyond 15 min[ 3 ] and 30 min[ 4 ] is labelled as delayed ... | CONCLUSION
Early emergence from anaesthesia is highly desirable following neurosurgical procedures. Delayed emergence, often blamed on the anaesthetic agents may not always be the culprit as seen in the current report. When other causes are excluded the possibility of an acute intracranial event as an aetiology for del... | Emergence from general anaesthesia has been a process characterized by large individual variability. Delayed emergence from anaesthesia remains a major cause of concern both for anaesthesiologist and surgeon. The principal factor for delayed awakening from anaesthesia is assumed to be the medications and anaesthetic ag... | CASE REPORT
A 40-year-old 79 kg male presented with the diagnosis of pineal region tumour and hydrocephalus. He had a history of frontal and occipital headache of 1 year duration, gradually decreasing vision and history of one episode of seizure 2 months back. He was on dexamethasone 4 mg 6 th hourly and phenytoin sod... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:18 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):569-571 | oa_package/07/22/PMC3016581.tar.gz | |||
PMC3016582 | 21224979 | Sir,
A 14-year-old patient underwent sub-aortic membrane resection with cardiopulmonary bypass support. Post induction, right internal jugular vein (IJV) cannulation was done with 16-G, 18-G, and 18-G triple lumen catheter in a single attempt. Intravascular placement of the catheter was confirmed after aspiration of bl... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:18 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):572-573 | oa_package/6e/5f/PMC3016582.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016583 | 21224980 | As most of us are aware, ventilator support came to stay after the polio epidemic in Denmark in the ‘50s. Many of us are also aware that Peter Safar, an Anaesthesiologist, is credited with pioneering cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), who also wrote a book titled “The ABC of Resuscitation” in 1957 for training the pu... | In 1968, going back 40 and odd years, my colleagues and I were registrars in the Department of Anaesthesia at the Maulana Azad Medical College and associated Irwin and Pant Hospitals. Irwin Hospital, now known as Lok Nayak Jaya Prakash Narayan Hospital, was the largest hospital in Delhi, with more than 1,500 sanctioned... | The author thanks Prof. K M Rajendran Retd. Director, Prof. and HOD Anaesthesia, JIPMER, Pondicherry, Prof. Pramod Kohli, HOD, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi and Prof. Ravi Shankar, Prof & HOD, Mahathma Gandhi Medical College, Pondicherry for their valuable informations. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:18 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):574-575 | oa_package/cd/d9/PMC3016583.tar.gz | |||||
PMC3016584 | 21224982 | Sir,
A 17-year-old male, weighing 50 kg, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical grade I, was scheduled for exploration and repair of right panbrachial plexus injury under general anaesthesia (GA). Inside the operation theatre, we connected routine monitors to the patient. GA was induced with propofol 100 mg ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:18 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):576a | oa_package/e5/8e/PMC3016584.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016585 | 21224981 | Sir,
Priapism after neuraxial or general anaesthesia is rare and may delay or even cancel the planned urological procedure. Our patient was a 66-year-old gentleman with hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease (double vessel disease, anterolateral wall myocardial infarction 2 years back), and chronic obstructive... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:18 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):576b-577 | oa_package/d2/35/PMC3016585.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016586 | 21224983 | Sir,
A 61-year-old man presented with central chest tightness. Although the Electrocardiogram (ECG) did not show ischemic changes, the troponin was raised. He was in fast atrial fibrillation with haemodynamic compromise. He was given two Direct Current (DC) shocks after which it converted to sinus rhythm. Cardiac risk ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:18 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):577-579 | oa_package/fc/b3/PMC3016586.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016587 | 21224984 | Sir,
I read with interest the article titled “Role of ketamine in fiberoptic era” by Chand et al .[ 1 ] I congratulate the authors for successful airway management of a case of post-burn contracture presenting with fixed flexed neck deformity. The authors used intravenous ketamine along with lidocaine 2% for the relea... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:18 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):579-580 | oa_package/89/87/PMC3016587.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016588 | 21224985 | Sir,
There is a misconception among many of our surgical colleagues that air conditioning in operating theatres is only for our comfort. If it was so, all working areas in the hospitals would have got this facility. But all of us would agree that this is not the case in most of the hospitals in India. This means there ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:18 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):580 | oa_package/18/43/PMC3016588.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016589 | 21224986 | Sir,
Arterial blood pressure (ABP) is a basic haemodynamic index often utilized to guide therapeutic interventions, especially in critically ill patients. Inaccurate ABP measuring creates a potential for misdiagnosis and mismanagement. I would like to share an important and interesting experience with you that would be... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:19 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):581-582 | oa_package/bb/be/PMC3016589.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016590 | 21224988 | Sir,
I read with interest the case report by Raiger et al ,[ 1 ] titled “Non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema after neostigmine for reversal: A report of two cases.” The authors had described two cases of pulmonary oedema after routine surgeries. One patient developed it after tracheal extubation and required a very short... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:19 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):582a | oa_package/7f/24/PMC3016590.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016591 | 21224987 | Sir,
A 75-year-old, American Society of Anesthesiology Grade II male patient, a known case of carcinoma of the urinary bladder, who had previously undergone trans-urethral resection of the bladder tumour, received intravesical BCG and six cycles of radiotherapy, was referred to our hospital with persistent hematuria fo... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:19 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):582b-583 | oa_package/d8/77/PMC3016591.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016592 | 21224989 | Sir,
We like to report a case of haemothorax which occurred after removal of subclavian venous catheter. A 35 year old male patient, a case of left Cerebello pontine angle tumour was posted for craniectomy and excision. On the day of surgery after induction of general anaesthesia, subclavian venous catheterization was ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:19 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):583-584 | oa_package/56/e7/PMC3016592.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016593 | 21224990 | Sir,
A 60-year-old male patient weighing 82 kg was posted for emergency evacuation of a subdural haematoma. Pre-anaesthetic evaluation of the patient revealed no abnormalities, with the patient being semiconscious, GCS 10 and showing no neurological deficit. On examination of the airway, all parameters such as mouth op... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:19 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):585 | oa_package/d6/3d/PMC3016593.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016594 | 21224991 | Sir
Subcutaneous tunnelling of the epidural catheter is routinely practiced for anchoring the epidural catheter. There are different techniques for subcutaneous tunnelling which are associated with complications like needle stick to the clinician or shearing of the epidural catheter. Rose GL (2009) reported the efficac... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:19 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):586a | oa_package/02/bb/PMC3016594.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016595 | 21224992 | Sir,
It is well known that contamination of the anaesthesia work area with potential bacterial pathogens and blood occurs intraoperatively[ 1 ] following general anaesthesia. It has been demonstrated that bacterial contamination occurs early (within as little as 4 min) and is unrelated to factors of case duration, urge... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:19 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):586b-587 | oa_package/a9/c8/PMC3016595.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016596 | 21224993 | Sir,
Central venous (CV) catheterisation is a routine procedure in intensive care units (ICU), with an overall complication rate of 12%. Loss of a complete guide wire into the circulation is one of its rare and preventable complications.[ 1 ] A 65-year-old male patient in our neurosurgical ICU required CV access on the... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:19 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):587-588 | oa_package/50/fa/PMC3016596.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016597 | 21224994 | Sir,
Naso-gastric tube (NGT) is usually indicated for enteral feeding or aspiration of intestinal secretions or stomach wash in cases of suspected poisoning. But before using this tube for any procedure, it is imperative to check and confirm the correct position of the distal end of the tube. Because, occasionally the ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:19 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):588-590 | oa_package/e5/15/PMC3016597.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016603 | 20828336 | Introduction
Arginine vasopressin (Avp) is a cyclic nonapeptide that exerts diverse biological effects through a number of receptors (R), three of which have been cloned to date in mammals; the vasopressin Avprla, Avprlb and Avpr2—Avp also binds to the structurally related oxytocin (Oxt) receptor (Oxtr) with high affin... | The distribution, pharmacology and function of the arginine vasopressin (Avp) lb receptor subtype (Avprlb) has proved more challenging to investigate compared to other members of the Avp receptor family. Avp is increasingly recognised as an important modulator of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, an action... | V1B receptor distribution
The Avpr 1 a and the Oxtr have been well characterised in the rodent brain and are thought to be the likely substrates for central actions of Avp and/or Oxt ( de Wied et al. 1993 ; Burbach et al. 1995 ; Barberis and Tribollet 1996 ). More recent data from KO animals suggest specific behaviou... | J.A.R received funding from the Neuroendocrinology Charitable Trust (UK) and the Schering-Plough Corporation; A.M.O'C received funding from the Wellcome Trust and BBSRC. This research was supported by the NIMH Intramural Research Program (Z01-MH-002498-21). S.J.L received funding from the Wellcome Trust.
Declaration of... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:54 | Stress. 2011 Jan 10; 14(1):98-115 | oa_package/e6/2a/PMC3016603.tar.gz | ||||
PMC3016617 | 21221212 | The National Health Personnel Licensing Examination Board (NHPLEB) of the Republic of Korea completed the clinical skill test for the Medical Licensing Examination in 2009 and 2010 that was introduced for the first time in Asia. This was only possible due to the great amount of time devoted by the medical professors an... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 17:45:04 | J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2011 Jan 3; 8:1 | oa_package/03/d6/PMC3016617.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016691 | 21234154 | “Love and work are the cornerstones of our humanness.” Freud was perhaps one of the first to recognize the connection between work and mental health. Since his time (1856–1939), there has been research evidence of an important link between person’s mental wellbeing and productivity. Unfortunately, the worldwide trend o... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:33:02 | Ind Psychiatry J. 2009 Jan-Jun; 18(1):1-2 | oa_package/2d/12/PMC3016691.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016692 | 21234156 | MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was carried out in a medical college teaching hospital. The medical college teaching hospital is located in the industrial township of Pimpri, Pune. Patients admitted for surgery during a two-month period were the subjects of study. A cross-sectional study design was used. Ethical cleara... | RESULTS
Out of 79 patients 50(63.2%) patients reported anxiety levels ≤7 on the HAD scale, eight (10.1%) reported between 8-10 and 21(26.5%) fell in the category of ≥11.
Knowledge about surgical procedure and anxiety levels
Patients who were well informed about the surgical procedure in advance had significantly less p... | DISCUSSION
With the advancement of technology and expertise in the field of medicine we are now able to give answers to many unsolved questions of the past. In the midst of all these answers we are now facing hurdles of new questions. In this era of many new surgical interventions, where even space can’t bind man, just... | CONCLUSIONS
Preoperative anxiety is a common phenomenon in patients undergoing surgery. It can be reduced by better doctor-patient communication. | Background:
Anxiety may not be recognized by physicians though they affect a large number of patients awaiting surgery as reported in some studies. Good doctor-patient communication may have an impact on preoperative anxiety.
Aim:
To find out the incidence of anxiety in patients awaiting surgery and its association wit... | Anxiety is a complicating comorbid diagnosis in many patients with medical illnesses (Cukor et al ., 2008). Persons who undergo surgical procedures are under strong preoperative distress (Chaudhury et al ., 2006). It has been described that the incidence of preoperative anxiety varies from 11 to 80% in adults (Marane... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:33:02 | Ind Psychiatry J. 2009 Jan-Jun; 18(1):19-21 | oa_package/38/c3/PMC3016692.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016693 | 21234157 | MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was carried out in the city of Ludhiana and its surrounding areas/satellite towns in a radius of 20 km. The sample consisted of 158 non-psychiatrist medical practitioners (100 Allopathic, 33 Homeopathic and 25 Ayurvedic). Only qualified registered medical practitioners were included in t... | DISCUSSION
A total of 158 non-psychiatrist practitioners were surveyed, out of which 133 practitioners answered the questionnaire, forming a response rate of 84.17% which is much more as compared with 41% and 62% in works of similar kind (Fauman, 1981 & 1983) and also more than that reported by Chad and Shome (1996) in... | CONCLUSION
In this study, it was found that the majority of the non-psychiatrist medical practitioners see patients with mental health (psychiatric) problems in their practice. Majority of them (79.7%) do not know any diagnostic criteria used for diagnosis of mental health problems. They are aware of the etiology, incr... | Background:
Mental health problems account for 12% of global disease burden and non-psychiatrist medical practitioners deal with a large proportion of this burden. This study was planned to assess the knowledge, attitude and treatment practices of non-psychiatrist medical practitioners regarding mental health problems.... | As per the World Health Report of 1995, about 500 million people are believed to suffer from neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders. World Health Report 2001, which is dedicated to the theme of mental health, shows that disorders are estimated to account for about 12% of the global burden of disease and also... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:33:02 | Ind Psychiatry J. 2009 Jan-Jun; 18(1):22-26 | oa_package/62/60/PMC3016693.tar.gz | |||
PMC3016694 | 21234158 | MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sample
Two hundred two (78 men and 124 women) Hindi speaking students studying in the Banaras Hindu University completed the Hindi translation of the EPQR-S. The age of the respondents ranged from 18 to 30 years with mean age of 22.27 years and SD of 2.37.
Tool
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Re... | RESULTS
Table 1 presents the Corrected Item-Total Correlations for each of the four subscales of the EPQRS-H (i.e., extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism and the lie scale). The reliability of the extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism and lie score subscales were found to be 0.766; 0.772; 0.238; 0.624, respectivel... | DISCUSSION
The present study was aimed to evaluate the internal consistency of the Hindi translation of the EPQR-S. Both the extraversion and the neuroticism subscales of the Hindi translation of the EPQR-S achieved satisfactory alpha coefficients well in excess of 0.7, the level recommended by Kline (1993). The lie sc... | Background:
There is a growing consensus about the validity of human personality traits as important dispositions toward feelings and behaviors (Matthews, Deary, & Whiteman, 2003).
Materials and Methods:
Here we examine the reliability of the Hindi translation of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Short Form... | In its preliminary version, the Eysenck personality theory involved neuroticism-stability and extraversion-introversion dimensions; subsequently, the psychoticism dimension was added to the theory (Lewis et al ., 2002). As the extraversion dimension represents sociality and impulsivity, individuals in this dimension w... | Authors are thankful to Mr. Gaurav Kumar Rai, Mrs. Upagya Rai and Ms. Richa Singh for their help in questionnaire administration. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:33:02 | Ind Psychiatry J. 2009 Jan-Jun; 18(1):27-31 | oa_package/bd/10/PMC3016694.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016695 | 21234155 | CONCLUSION
Delusions are a key clinical manifestation of psychosis and have particular significance for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Although common in several psychiatric conditions, they also occur in a diverse range of other disorders (including brain injury, intoxication and somatic illness). Delusions are signi... | Delusion has always been a central topic for psychiatric research with regard to etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and forensic relevance. The various theories and explanations for delusion formation are reviewed. The etiology, classification and management of delusions are briefly discussed. Recent advance... | A delusion is a belief that is clearly false and that indicates an abnormality in the affected person’s content of thought. The false belief is not accounted for by the person’s cultural or religious background or his or her level of intelligence. The key feature of a delusion is the degree to which the person is convi... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:33:02 | Ind Psychiatry J. 2009 Jan-Jun; 18(1):3-18 | oa_package/16/10/PMC3016695.tar.gz | |||||
PMC3016696 | 21234159 | MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sample
The sample consisted of 30 alcoholic and 30 non-alcoholic parents from the Kanke Block of Ranchi district. The age range of parents was 25 to 50 years. Those parents were included who had history of more than five years of alcohol abuse and who were interacting with their children for at le... | RESULT
The sample consisted of a total of 60 participants; 30 children of alcoholic and 30 children of non-alcoholic parents. Table 2 shows mean and standard deviation (SD) of scores obtained by children of alcoholic and non-alcoholic parents in different domains of PCRS towards father. Significant difference was fou... | DISCUSSION
The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the parent-child relationship in children of alcoholic and non-alcoholic parents. In parent-child relationship a significant difference was found in the domains of symbolic punishment, rejecting, objective punishment, demanding, indifferent, symbolic ... | CONCLUSION
The results showed that the children of alcoholic parents tended to have more symbolic punishment, rejecting, objective punishment, demanding, indifferent and symbolic reward in loving and neglecting than children of non alcoholic parents. | Aim:
Overall aim of the study was to see parent-child relationship in children of alcoholic and non-alcoholic parents.
Materials and Methods:
The sample consisted of 30 alcoholic and 30 non-alcoholic parents and their children taken from Kanke Block of Ranchi district. The sample was selected on the basis of inclusion ... | An alcoholic family’s home environment and the manner in which family members interact may contribute to the risk of the problems observed among children of alcoholics. Although alcoholic families are a heterogeneous group, some common characteristics have been identified. Families of alcoholics have lower levels of fa... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:33:02 | Ind Psychiatry J. 2009 Jan-Jun; 18(1):32-35 | oa_package/a2/c6/PMC3016696.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016697 | 21234160 | MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted on 150 female teachers from various schools of Bhopal. The stratified random sampling method was used for selection of sample. The age range varied from 20-60 years and the experience also varied from 1-35 years.
Tool
The subscale of ‘The Occupational Stress Indicator’ (Wen... | RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Comparison of scores on the basis of marital status revealed significantly higher scores of married teachers on five dimensions of coping i.e. logics, social support, task strategies, time management, home and work relations as well as total score, indicating better coping ability of married teac... | RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Comparison of scores on the basis of marital status revealed significantly higher scores of married teachers on five dimensions of coping i.e. logics, social support, task strategies, time management, home and work relations as well as total score, indicating better coping ability of married teac... | Background:
The study investigates the role of certain demographic variables in determining stress-coping behavior of female teachers.
Materials and Methods:
The sample consists of 150 female teachers selected by stratified sampling method from various schools of Bhopal. Stress-coping behavior was measured with the hel... | An individual cannot remain in a state of stress and strain and tries to adopt some strategy to deal with the stress. Stress is also defined as a mismatch between demands and coping resources. Coping refers to the thoughts and acts people use to meet the internal and external demands.
Coping has been defined as the beh... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:33:02 | Ind Psychiatry J. 2009 Jan-Jun; 18(1):36-38 | oa_package/c0/29/PMC3016697.tar.gz | |||
PMC3016698 | 21234161 | MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sample
The present study was a cross-sectional study for which a sample consisting of 100 patients from the inpatient and outpatient services of the Ranchi Institute of Neuro Psychiatry and Allied Sciences was taken using purposive sampling. Of the 100 patients 30 were suffering from Schizophrenia... | RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The study aimed to compare the felt stigma and its relationship with insight among patients attending inpatient and outpatient services of RINPAS. For this purpose we tried to match both the groups (i.e. with insight and without insight) in various socio-demographic and clinical variables. Both t... | RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The study aimed to compare the felt stigma and its relationship with insight among patients attending inpatient and outpatient services of RINPAS. For this purpose we tried to match both the groups (i.e. with insight and without insight) in various socio-demographic and clinical variables. Both t... | CONCLUSION
Findings indicate that though there is certain amount of stigma present in patients without insight, as is expected, the level of stigma increases as the patients develop insight into their illness. Future empirical work may further clarify the connections between awareness of illness and both individual and... | Background:
The literature on insight has paid insufficient attention to the social experiences that are associated with receiving and endorsing a diagnosis of mental illness. The psychological and behavioral commitments associated with insight extend beyond agreeing with a diagnosis and accepting treatment to include ... | In psychiatry, the term insight is used to refer to the capacity to recognize that one has an illness that requires treatment (Ghaemi, 1997). Research suggests that individuals diagnosed with psychotic illnesses are more likely than any other patient group to be assessed as having poor insight (Amador et al ., 1994;... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:33:02 | Ind Psychiatry J. 2009 Jan-Jun; 18(1):39-42 | oa_package/47/c3/PMC3016698.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016699 | 21234162 | MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study design
It is a cross-sectional one-time observational study using simple screening instruments for detecting early symptoms of depression in adolescents.
Adolescents studying in a public school constituted the study material. All the 125 students studying in 9th standard of the school were e... | RESULTS
In GHQ-12, out of 125 adolescents, 106 did not had any evidence of stress (score <14) and 19(15.2%) were found to be having evidence of distress (score e"14). In BDI, out of 125, 102 were not depressed (score<12) and 23 (18.4%) were depressed (scoree"12).
There were in all 35 students who were detected to have ... | DISCUSSION
The present study found that 15.2% of the adolescents had evidence of distress and 18.4% were found to be depressed. We tried to find the factors responsible and association of the same with the prevalent stress. We found certain factors like parental fights, beating at home and inability to cope up with stu... | Background:
Three to nine per cent of teenagers meet the criteria for depression at any one time, and at the end of adolescence, as many as 20% of teenagers report a lifetime prevalence of depression. Usual care by primary care physicians fails to recognize 30-50% of depressed patients.
Materials and Methods:
Cross-sec... | Just 40 years ago, many physicians doubted the existence of significant depressive disorders in children. However, a growing body of evidence has confirmed that children and adolescents not only experience the whole spectrum of mood disorders but also suffer from the significant morbidity and mortality associated with ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:33:02 | Ind Psychiatry J. 2009 Jan-Jun; 18(1):43-46 | oa_package/65/22/PMC3016699.tar.gz | |||
PMC3016700 | 21234163 | MATERIALS AND METHODS
This was a community-based cross-sectional study carried out over a period from January 2005 to December 2005. This study was conducted at the rural field of a nongovernmental organization Nab Bharat Jagriti Kendra, which covers a population of 1,332,739 spread over 10 blocks in the state of Jhark... | RESULTS
The prevalence of disability was the highest in the age groups 30-34 years and 20-24 years, which was significantly higher than the prevalence in other age groups. Among 1432 patients of psychosis, 269 had depression and anxiety, 503 had mental retardation, 358 had epilepsy and 464 had substance abuse or depend... | DISCUSSION
Well-documented studies to determine the prevalence and pattern of mental disorders are few. There are no community-based studies using IDEAS for assessment of disability, but there are some hospital-based studies among patients with mental illness and mental disability using IDEAS. This instrument was used ... | CONCLUSION
Common mental disorders form a large proportion of the total burden of mental illnesses and must be addressed in all mental health programs. Collaboration between the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Social Work and NGOs is useful in developing such programs at the primary care level. In our initiat... | Background:
In the present era, mental disability is a major public health problem in the society. Many of the mental disabilities are correctable if detected early.
Objectives:
To assess the prevalence and pattern of mental disability.
Materials and Methods:
Community-based cross-sectional study. Patients of all age g... | Mental disorders are prevalent in people of all regions, countries and societies. They affect men and women at all stages of life. Contrary to popular belief, the poor are more likely to suffer from mental and behavioral disorders (The World Health Report, 2001) and are more likely to suffer tragic outcomes as a result... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:33:02 | Ind Psychiatry J. 2009 Jan-Jun; 18(1):47-50 | oa_package/2a/8c/PMC3016700.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016701 | 21234164 | MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sample
The sample comprised of 55 elderly persons (35 men and 20 women) in the age group of 60-80 years. The mean age of the sample population was 67 years. The subjects for the sample were selected from the older adults of a Delhi-based region residing in the housing societies. These elderly pers... | RESULTS
Table 1 shown above reveals that there are no significant gender differences in elderly men and women with respect to loneliness and depression. Elderly men, however, were found to be more sociable as compared to elderly women.
Table 2 shows a significant positive correlation between depression and loneliness... | DISCUSSION
The health and well-being of older adults is affected by the level of social activity and the mood states. Researchers have reported the negative effects of loneliness on health in old age (Heikkinen et al ., 1995). Loneliness, coupled with other physical and mental problems, gives rise to feelings of depre... | Background:
The elderly population is large in general and growing due to advancement of health care education. These people are faced with numerous physical, psychological and social role changes that challenge their sense of self and capacity to live happily. Many people experience loneliness and depression in old ag... | Aging is a series of processes that begin with life and continue throughout the life cycle. It represents the closing period in the lifespan, a time when the individual looks back on life, lives on past accomplishments and begins to finish off his life course. Adjusting to the changes that accompany old age requires th... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:33:02 | Ind Psychiatry J. 2009 Jan-Jun; 18(1):51-55 | oa_package/42/91/PMC3016701.tar.gz | |||
PMC3016702 | 21234165 | MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sample
The present study was carried out on a sample of 35 mentally retarded children (mean age, 14.17 years; SD, 5.5) chosen at random from the Central Institute of Psychiatry, Kanke, Ranchi (Jharkhand). The sample included 19 males and 16 females. Children with comorbid epilepsy, sensory deficit... | RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
One-way analysis of variance was carried out to find out if there was any significant difference in social development in relation to various levels of mental retardation [ Table 2 and Figure 1 ].
The value of ANOVA was significant at. 01 level (χ 2 = 14.9; df = 3). This indicates that there w... | RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
One-way analysis of variance was carried out to find out if there was any significant difference in social development in relation to various levels of mental retardation [ Table 2 and Figure 1 ].
The value of ANOVA was significant at. 01 level (χ 2 = 14.9; df = 3). This indicates that there w... | CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that the social quotient increases as level of mental retardation decreases from profound to mild. The social quotient across different age ranges does not differ significantly. Clinical psychologists who are working with underprivileged children/individuals may use the Vineland Social Ma... | Background:
Social development of children with mental retardation has implications for prognosis. The present study evaluated whether the social maturity scale alone can reflect on the social maturity, intellectual level and consequent adjustment in family and society of children with mental retardation.
Materials and... | Mental retardation (MR) is one of the most distressing handicaps in any society. Development of an individual with mental retardation depends on the type and extent of the underlying disorder, the associated disabilities, environmental factors, psychological factors, cognitive abilities and comorbid psychopathological ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:33:02 | Ind Psychiatry J. 2009 Jan-Jun; 18(1):56-59 | oa_package/2f/3f/PMC3016702.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016703 | 21234166 | DISCUSSION
Clark & Wells (1995) and Clark (2001) have developed a cognitive model for the management of social phobia [ Figure 1 ]. The aim of the model was to answer the question of why the fears of someone with social phobia are maintained despite frequent exposure to social or public situations and nonoccurrence of ... | CONCLUSION
The case report highlights the fact that combination of cognitive, emotional and behavioral approaches is effective and is the initial choice of treatment for social phobia. | Cognitive behavior therapy is probably the most well-known and the most practiced form of modern psychotherapy and has been integrated into highly structured package for the treatment of patients suffering from social phobia. The present case study is an attempt to provide therapeutic intervention program to a 27-year-... | Social phobia consists of a marked and persistent fear of encountering other people, usually in small groups; or doing certain acts in a public place, like eating in public toilets, public speaking or encounters with persons of the opposite sex. Affected individuals fear that they will be evaluated negatively or that t... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:33:02 | Ind Psychiatry J. 2009 Jan-Jun; 18(1):60-63 | oa_package/b2/5c/PMC3016703.tar.gz | ||||
PMC3016704 | 21234167 | CONCLUSION
Misinterpretation of P values is extremely common. One of the reasons may be that those who teach research methods do not themselves appreciate the problem. The P value is the probability of obtaining a value of the test statistic as large as or larger than the one computed from the data when in reality ... | Few clinicians grasp the true concept of probability expressed in the ‘ P value.’ For most, a statistically significant P value is the end of the search for truth. In fact, the opposite is the case. The present paper attempts to put the P value in proper perspective by explaining different types of probabilities, ... | The clinician who wishes to remain abreast with the results of medical research needs to develop a statistical sense. He reads a number of journal articles; and constantly, he must ask questions such as, “Am I convinced that lack of mental activity predisposes to Alzheimer’s? Or “Do I believe that a particular drug cur... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:33:02 | Ind Psychiatry J. 2009 Jan-Jun; 18(1):64-69 | oa_package/c1/31/PMC3016704.tar.gz | |||||
PMC3016705 | 21234168 | CONCLUSION
ERP constitutes a millisecond-by-millisecond record of neural information processing, which can be associated with particular operations such as sensory encoding, inhibitory responses and updating working memory. Thus it provides a noninvasive means to evaluate brain functioning in patients with cognitive di... | Electroencephalography (EEG) provides an excellent medium to understand neurobiological dysregulation, with the potential to evaluate neurotransmission. Time-locked EEG activity or event-related potential (ERP) helps capture neural activity related to both sensory and cognitive processes. In this article, we attempt to... | Richard Caton (1842–1926), a medical lecturer at Liverpool, was the pioneer in the field of evoked potential. He observed that “feeble currents of varying direction pass through the multiplier when the electrodes are placed on two points of the external surface.” This sentence marked the birth of the electroencephalogr... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:33:02 | Ind Psychiatry J. 2009 Jan-Jun; 18(1):70-73 | oa_package/b1/a8/PMC3016705.tar.gz | |||||
PMC3016708 | 21062141 | Introduction
Parental care has evolved considerably across several taxa of animals ( Clutton-Brock 1991 ). In insects, parental care is not common, but it is known in different lineages. Several insect species have developed parental care that varies in its form and degree of sociality ( Tallamy and Wood 1986 ; Costa ... | Materials and Methods
All A. maritima individuals were caught in a field on the coast of Izumozaki, Niigata Prefecture, Japan (138° 42′ 10′′ N, 37° 32′ 11′′ E) between late April and early May in 2008 and 2009. All females were coupled with a male for 1–2 days prior to the start of the experiment. After body length w... | Results
Observation of defending behavior
When disturbed by forceps, the females showed three different response types: (1) remaining immobile, (2) counterattacking, or (3) running away. When a female ran away from its initial position before the three taps with the forceps were completed, it was recorded as “escaped.”... | Discussion
Nesting and brood attendance are found throughout the order Dermaptera ( Costa 2006 ). Previous studies have reported food provisioning to nymphs by earwig parents in some species, based on observations of mouthpart-to-mouthpart contact ( Lamb 1976 ) and direct evidence ( Staerkle and Kölliker 2008 ). Howev... | Associate Editor: Tigrul Giray was editor of this paper.
Provisioning the young is an important form of insect parental care and is believed to improve the survival and growth of the young. Anisolabis maritima Bonelli (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae) is a cosmopolitan species of earwig that shows sub-social behavior in ... | Acknowledgments
This study was supported in part by a Grantin-Aid for Scientific Research (21770018) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 16:13:45 | J Insect Sci. 2010 Oct 22; 10:184 | oa_package/b3/d7/PMC3016708.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016709 | 20874600 | Introduction
The disadvantages of pesticide application in olive orchards encourage pest control to be oriented toward integrated management ( Viggiani 1989 ; Katsoyannos 1992 ; Civantos and Sánchez 1993 ; Longo 1995 ; Hilal and Ouguas 2005 ), where biological control plays an important role ( Jiménez 1984 ; Jer... | Materials and Methods
Populations of E. steffani and the substitute host E. kuehniella were obtained from laboratory-raised specimens. E. kuehniella was reared according to a method described by Celli et al. ( 1991 ), based on an insect artificial diet consisting of wheat germ and beer yeast (2:1), under laborato... | Results
Duration of the developmental stages of E. steffani
No significant differences (p > 0.01) were found regarding the time required by the E. steffani males and females to complete their development from egg to adult. The duration under study conditions was approximately 11–15 days, with pupation occupying ha... | Discussion
The lack of significant differences between males and females in terms of duration of development has been recorded also in the case of Elasmus zehntneri ( Tanwar 1990 ). This could be due to the fact that the parasitoid is gregarious, and therefore the male generally does not need additional time to searc... | Elasmus steffani (Viggiani) (Hymenoptera: Elasmidae) is a gregarious idiobiont ectoparasitoid of Prays oleae (Bernard) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), an olive crop pest. In the substitute host Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), the duration of the developmental stages was approximately 11–15 days.... | Acknowledgements
The authors thank H. Barroso for technical assistance and David Nesbitt for correcting the English version of the manuscript. This work was supported by a grant from Junta de Andalucía and the AECI (Mutis) provided I.R. a Doctoral Fellowship. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 16:13:44 | J Insect Sci. 2010 Jul 30; 10:119 | oa_package/7b/61/PMC3016709.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016710 | 20879916 | Introduction
The apple tree was introduced to Brazil in the 1960s in Fraiburgo, Santa Catarina. Since this crop was introduced in the country, farmers have faced attacks by several pests, which cause the loss of up to 100% of the harvest ( Ribeiro 1999 ). Currently the apple tree is considered the most important fructi... | Materials and Methods
The rearing and maintenance of both populations of C. externa was done in a climatic room, at 25 ± 2° C, 70 ± 10% RH, and a photoperiod of 12:12 L:D. Following the techniques described by Auad et al. ( 2001 ) they were fed UV-killed eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)... | Results
Six hours after the application of the pesticides, no compound had caused the death of any C. externa . However, 12 hours after application of carbaryl, fenitrothion, and methidathion significant mortality was observed in adults from both populations, and this situation remained unchanged until the last evalua... | Discussion
The results for abamectin in the present research are similar to the outcome of Godoy et al. ( 2004 ), who also observed no significant differences in mortality rates between this compound and the control samples of C. externa .
The safety of sulfur on adult C. externa is related to the innate tolerance o... | This research aimed to assess the toxicity of the pesticides abamectin 18 CE (0.02 g a.i. L -1 ), carbaryl 480 SC (1.73 g a.i. L -1 ), sulfur 800 GrDA (4.8 g a.i. L -1 ), fenitrothion 500 CE (0.75 g a.i. L -1 ), methidathion 400 CE (0.4 g a.i. L -1 ), and trichlorfon 500 SC (1.5 g a.i. L -1 ) as applied in integrated a... | Acknowledgements
Authors thank the CNPq and FAPEMIG for the scholarships that allowed this research; Dr. Eduardo Alves and MSc. Eloísa Lopes, from the Department of Phytopathology, Federal University of Lavras, Brazil, for their great help with ultrastructural analysis; Dr. András Bozsik, from the Department of Plant... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 16:13:44 | J Insect Sci. 2010 Jul 30; 10:121 | oa_package/59/ec/PMC3016710.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016720 | 21073346 | Introduction
Vespa velutina Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), a vespine wasp endemic to southeast Asia, preys on honeybees, both the native Apis cerana cerana F. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) as well as the introduced European Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) ( Matsuura and Yamane 1990 ; Tan et al. 2005 ; Tan et a... | Materials and Methods
Six colonies (three A. cerana and three A. mellifera ) of equal size, four combs of about 10,000 bees each, were tested in autumn (September–October 2008) in an apiary at Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China. Because subspecies of A. mellifera differ greatly in defensive behaviour (... | Results
When live wasps were placed at the entrance of an A. cerana hive, changes in the thoracic temperature of guard bees increased significantly from a resting temperature of 24.3 ± 1.1° C to 29.8 ± 1.6° C during shimmering (Dependent t -test, t 59 = 21.9, p < 0.001, Figure 1 , Video ). However, exposure to wa... | Discussion
Although heat-balling wasps as such is well documented ( Ono et al. 1987 ; Tan et al. 2005 ), the behavioural sequence of attracting additional recruits to the guard bee cohort, increased numbers of wing-shimmering guard bees (an average of 32.2 ± 3.2 bees/ball ( Tan et al. 2005 )) that raise thoracic tempe... | Associate Editor: Tugrul Giray was editor of this paper
When vespine wasps, Vespa velutina Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), hawk (capture) bees at their nest entrances alerted and poised guards of Apis cerana cerana F. and Apis mellifera ligustica Spinola (Hymenoptera: Apidae) have average thoracic temperatur... | Acknowledgements
Financial support was granted to Tan Ken by the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden and Yunnan Agricultural University of China. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 16:13:44 | J Insect Sci. 2010 Sep 9; 10:142 | oa_package/dd/31/PMC3016720.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016757 | 21067416 | Introduction
Certain workers have indicated the population characteristics of Phthiraptera on selected avian hosts. Saxena et al. ( 2007 ) and Gupta et al. ( 2007 ) have noted the prevalence, intensity of infestation and the applicability of the negative binomial model in the frequency distribution patterns of twelve p... | Materials and Methods
Seventy cattle egrets ( Bubulcus ibis L.) were trapped live during August 2004 - March 2005, in the district of Rampur. After tying the legs, each bird was critically examined (with the help of magnifying lens). Louse free birds were immediately released and the infested birds subjected to delous... | Results
One ischnoceran species, Ardeicola expallidus (Blagoveshtchensky), (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) and one amblyceran species, Ciconiphilus decimfasciatus (Boisduval and Lacordaire) (Menoponidae) were recorded from seventy cattle egrets during survey work.
Population characteristics
A. expallidus: A total ... | Discussion
Two phthirapteran species ( A. expallidus and C. decimfasciatus ) are known to occur on cattle egrets ( Price et al. 2003 ). The mean intensity of C. decimfasciatus on Indian cattle egrets was very high (103.2). This amblyceran louse is haematophagous in nature and the crop of adults and nymphs were foun... | The prevalence, intensities of infestation, range of infestation and population composition of two phthirapteran species, Ardeicola expallidus Blagoveshtchensky (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) and Ciconiphilus decimfasciatus Boisduval and Lacordaire (Menoponidae) on seventy cattle egrets were recorded during August 2... | Acknowledgements
We thank two anonymous reviewers for fruitful comments on an earlier draft of the paper; the Principal, Govt. Raza P. G. College, Rampur, India for laboratory facilities, Prof. E. Mey (Naturhistorisches Museum in Thuringer Landesmuseum Heidecksburg, schlobbezirk 1, D-07407 Rudolstadt Bundesrepublik, Ge... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 16:13:44 | J Insect Sci. 2010 Sep 27; 10:163 | oa_package/c5/e4/PMC3016757.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016758 | 21062140 | Introduction
Infestation with the louse, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) is one of the most common parasitic infestation of humans worldwide ( Burgess 2004 ). Children 3–12 years of age are the most affected group in both developed and developing countries. The main symptoms associated w... | Methods and Materials
Insects
Head lice were collected from heads of 2,120 infested children 6–13 years old, using a fine toothed antilouse metallic comb. Lice were obtained from three elementary schools (HB, PR and E14) located in Buenos Aires, where a topical method indicated high resistance levels to permethrin (71.... | Results
Significant differences in fumigant activity against head lice were found among the essential oils from the native and exotic plant species ( Table 1 ). Eighteen of the twenty five studied essential oils were native from Argentina (72.0%). It is important to note that 75% of the effective essential oils (KT 50 ... | Discussion
The present study shows that essential oils from some Argentinean aromatic plants have fumigant activity against head lice. In comparison with our previous work ( Toloza et al. 2006 ), new botanical families have been examined including Loganiaceae, Asteraceae, Monimiaceae, Apiaceae, Cupressaceae, Euphorbiac... | Infestation with the head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae), is one of the most common parasitic infestation of humans worldwide. Traditionally, the main treatment for control of head lice is chemical control that is based in a wide variety of neurotoxic synthetic insecticides. The ... | Acknowledgements
We thank the authorities of the elementary schools where head lice were collected. This investigation received financial support from Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (Argentina), Laboratorio Elea (Buenos Aires), and CONICET (Argentina). We thank two anonymous referees for thei... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 16:13:45 | J Insect Sci. 2010 Oct 22; 10:185 | oa_package/79/17/PMC3016758.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016759 | 14531383 | Keywords: | To the Editor: Argentina has the highest incidence of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in the world, and 10.4 cases per 100,000 children <5 years of age were reported in 2001. HUS is the leading cause of acute renal failure in children ( 1 ); in 20% to 35% serious chronic renal failure develops, ranging from mild to se... | Acknowledgments
We thank Patricia Griffin for her review and helpful comments on earlier draft.
This work was supported by grants from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USA) and Fundación Alberto J. Roemmers (Argentina). | CC BY | no | 2022-01-25 23:38:27 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1184-1186 | oa_package/42/bd/PMC3016759.tar.gz | |||||
PMC3016760 | 14531381 | To the Editor : Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a recently recognized infectious disease caused by a novel human coronavirus (SARS-CoV) ( 1 ). The first case of SARS, diagnosed as communicable atypical pneumonia, occurred in Guangdong Province, China, in November 2002. Thousands of patients with SARS have b... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-25 23:35:53 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1182-1183 | oa_package/3c/71/PMC3016760.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016761 | 14519260 | Conclusions
This report represents the third confirmed case of C. muris infection in humans. Previously, one case of C. muris infection was identified in an HIV-positive child in Thailand and in an HIV-positive adult in Kenya using microscopy and molecular analysis ( 5 , 7 ). C. muris and C. andersoni –like oocy... | Cryptosporidium muris , predominantly a rodent species of Cryptosporidium , is not normally considered a human pathogen. Recently, isolated human infections have been reported from Indonesia, Thailand, France, and Kenya. We report the first case of C. muris in a human in the Western Hemisphere. This species may be a... | Cryptosporidiosis can be a debilitating diarrheal disease. While infections are normally acute and self-limiting in immunocompetent persons, cryptosporidiosis can be life threatening in those with compromised immune systems. In humans, cryptosporidiosis is caused predominantly by Cryptosporidium parvum or C. hominis... | Acknowledgments
We thank the laboratory support personnel at the Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú, especially Jenny Anchiraico.
This study was supported by Environmental Protection Agency award numbers R-82858602-0 (C.J.P.) and R-82837001-0 to (S.J... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-24 23:36:02 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1174-1176 | oa_package/e6/d5/PMC3016761.tar.gz | ||||
PMC3016762 | 14519236 | China holds the key to solving many questions crucial to global control of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The disease appears to have originated in Guangdong Province, and the causative agent, SARS coronavirus, is likely to have originated from an animal host, perhaps sold in public markets. Epidemiologic fi... | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly emerged disease, caused by a previously unknown coronavirus. The first known cases occurred in Guangdong Province in southern China in November and December 2002. During late February 2003, a physician who was incubating SARS traveled from Guangzhou, the provincial ca... | Dr. Breiman is head of the Programme on Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Sciences at the International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh – Centre for Health and Population Research in Bangladesh. His research focuses on evaluating new vaccines for use in developing countries and on the epidemiology of em... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-27 23:36:15 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1037-1041 | oa_package/26/9f/PMC3016762.tar.gz | |||||
PMC3016763 | 14519248 | Materials and Methods
Bacterial Strains and Growth Conditions
Isolates of VREF (n=108) were collected from nosocomial epidemics (n=16), clinical infections (n=20), clinical surveys (n=36), and community surveys (n=36) ( Table 1 ). The genotypes of these isolates have been described previously ( 11 , 12 ). Strains were ... | Results
Using our predefined cutoff points for cluster analysis, we identified four clusters of VSEF ( Figure 1 ). VSEF clustering seemed to be source-related. Clusters 1 (n=4) and 2 (n=12) contained surveillance isolates from community sources predominantly. All but one of the clinical infections isolates belonged to ... | Discussion
Our study demonstrates the genetic relatedness of clusters of isolates of vancomycin-resistant and -susceptible E. faecium strains from different epidemiologic sources and provides evidence for selection of an E. faecium subtype associated with hospital outbreaks. This subtype is characterized by the pre... | The epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) in Europe is characterized by a large community reservoir. In contrast, nosocomial outbreaks and infections (without a community reservoir) characterize VREF in the United States. Previous studies demonstrated host-specific genogroups and a distinct... | Enterococcus faecium has become an important nosocomial pathogen, especially in immunocompromised patients, creating serious limitations in treatment options because of cumulative resistance to antimicrobial agents ( 1 ). In the United States, the emergence of nosocomial E. faecium infections was characterized by in... | Acknowledgments
We thank N. Bruinsma for vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecium samples.
Ms. Leavis worked on this study while a medical intern at the Division of Acute Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases at University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands, and at the National Institute of Public Health and... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-25 23:38:08 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1108-1115 | oa_package/45/22/PMC3016763.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016764 | 14531382 | Keywords: | To the Editor: The worldwide pattern of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) transmission in 2003 suggests that transmission has occurred more frequently in communities that share certain social and cultural characteristics. Of 8,500 probable cases since March, >90% were reported from China (including mainland, Ho... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-24 23:47:03 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1183-1184 | oa_package/ad/54/PMC3016764.tar.gz | ||||||
PMC3016765 | 14519237 | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is now a global public health threat with many medical, ethical, social, economic, political, and legal implications. The nonspecific signs and symptoms of this disease, coupled with a relatively long incubation period and the initial absence of a reliable diagnostic test, limit... | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) originated in November 2002 in the Guangdong Province of China and, by February 2003, had spread to Hong Kong and subsequently to 32 other countries or regions, infecting approximately 8,459 patients and resulting in >800 deaths ( 1 ). The overall mortality rate is approximately... | Dr. Abdullah is a research assistant professor in the Department of Community Medicine, University of Hong Kong. He is a physician specializing in public health medicine. His chief research interests include tobacco control and epidemiology and prevention of infectious diseases. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-31 23:35:49 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1042-1045 | oa_package/8a/65/PMC3016765.tar.gz | |||||
PMC3016766 | 14531385 | On June 17–18, 2003, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, the World Health Organization (WHO) sponsored a conference entitled SARS: Where Do We Go From Here? The purpose of the conference, which was attended by over 900 scientific and public health experts from 43 countries, was to review available knowledge and lessons learned ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-31 23:44:39 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1191-1192 | oa_package/47/c0/PMC3016766.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016767 | 14519251 | Methods
Data Source
From February 2, 1998, through February 15, 1999, the Emerging Infections Program’s Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) conducted a telephone-based population survey in Connecticut, Minnesota, and Oregon, and selected counties in California, Georgia, Maryland, and New York (tota... | Results
The sample consisted of 12,755 respondents: 7,254 females and 5,501 males. Of these 12,755, a total of 1,975 were <18 years old or of an unknown age and thus were excluded from the analysis ( Table 1 ). Of the remaining 10,780 respondents, 12% reported taking antibiotics within the 4 weeks before the interview ... | Discussion
The results of this FoodNet survey showed that 12% of adult respondents had used antibiotics during the prior month, most (91%) of which were prescribed for a current infection. Extrapolating from the survey data, we estimate that every adult in the United States in 1998 used antibiotics an average of 1.4 ti... | Recent antibiotic use is a risk factor for infection or colonization with resistant bacterial pathogens. Demand for antibiotics can be affected by consumers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices. In 1998–1999, the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) conducted a population-based, random-digit dialing... | Antimicrobial resistance is a rapidly increasing problem in the United States and worldwide. A well-documented risk factor for infection or colonization with resistant bacterial pathogens is recent antibiotic use, particularly within 4 weeks or 1 month before exposure ( 1 – 6 ). As a result, one of the primary strategi... | Acknowledgments
We thank the Emerging Infections Program’s Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) for providing the data we used in this analysis and the many persons who contributed to the analysis.
Ms. Vanden Eng is a master’s degree candidate in biostatistics at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbo... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-27 23:35:57 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1128-1135 | oa_package/30/bc/PMC3016767.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016768 | 14519243 | Materials and Methods
Vaccine
The plasmid DNA, pCBWN, codes for the prM and E glycoproteins of WNV. The plasmid was purified from Escherichia coli XL-1 blue cells with EndoFree Plasmid Giga Kits (QIAGEN, Inc., Santa Clarita, CA) and suspended in 10 mM Tris buffer, pH 8.5, at a concentration of 10.0 mg/mL. For IM vacc... | Results
Serologic Response
While neutralizing antibodies developed in 5 of the 9 fish crows that received the vaccine by the IM route at the 80% neutralization level for WNV by 14 days after vaccination, neutralizing antibodies to WNV did not develop in any of the remaining fish crows (8 orally exposed to vaccine and 2... | Discussion
Although the DNA vaccine failed to induce a long-lasting immune response, fish crows vaccinated with this vaccine by the IM route all survived challenge with virulent WNV. In contrast, oral administration of this vaccine failed to elicit an immune response, nor did it protect fish crows from a lethal challen... | A DNA vaccine for West Nile virus (WNV) was evaluated to determine whether its use could protect fish crows ( Corvus ossifragus ) from fatal WNV infection. Captured adult crows were given 0.5 mg of the DNA vaccine either orally or by intramuscular (IM) inoculation; control crows were inoculated or orally exposed to a p... | West Nile virus (WNV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, was recognized for the first time in the Western Hemisphere during summer 1999 in New York City and was associated with human, equine, and avian deaths ( 1 – 4 ). This virus is transmitted by a variety of mosquito species, mostly in the genus Culex ( 5 – 7 ). The Ne... | Acknowledgments
We thank R. Lind, P. Rico, and S. Duniho for their excellent assistance in caring for the crows; R. Schoepp for his assistance in bleeding the crows; D. Dohm and J. Velez for technical assistance; J. Blow, R. Schoepp, C. Mores, P. Schneider, and K. Kenyon for editorial assistance; E. Peterson for admini... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-24 23:50:38 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1077-1081 | oa_package/5c/80/PMC3016768.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016769 | 14531386 | Walls (1896)Without consideration, without pity, without shame
they have built big and high walls around me.And now I sit here despairing.
I think of nothing else: this fate gnaws at my mind;for I had many things to do outside.
Ah why didn’t I observe them when they were building the walls?But I never heard the noise ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-25 23:38:16 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1194-1195 | oa_package/b0/96/PMC3016769.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016770 | 14519245 | Methods
We compared the proportions of drug-resistant S. pneumoniae isolates reported by participating clinical laboratories from the Active Bacterial Core Surveillance (ABCs) sites to proportions obtained by aggregation of existing antibiograms produced by the same ABCs laboratories.
Active Laboratory-Based Surveill... | Results
Generation of Antibiograms
One hundred and forty-five ABCs laboratories completed the surveys; these laboratories conducted antibiotic susceptibility and other testing for a total of 170 (85%) of the 199 hospital laboratories participating in ABCs at the time the study was undertaken. Of the 145 responding labo... | Discussion
The results of our study suggest that antibiograms may be an adequate method for conducting drug-resistant S. pneumoniae surveillance for many health departments, illustrating the comparability of aggregated antibiograms that include both sterile and nonsterile site isolates to active, laboratory- and popu... | Community-specific antimicrobial susceptibility data may help monitor trends among drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and guide empiric therapy. Because active, population-based surveillance for invasive pneumococcal disease is accurate but resource intensive, we compared the proportion of penicillin-nonsuscepti... | Infections from Streptococcus pneumoniae tax the healthcare system in the United States and other countries. Scientific advances have been made in the treatment and prevention of pneumococcal infections through antibiotics and licensure of vaccines for both adults and children; however, the last few decades have witn... | Acknowledgments
We thank the surveillance officers, clinical microbiologists, laboratory directors, and managers working in ABCs sites for contributing data for this study and Paul Cieslak, Richard Besser, and Anne Schuchat for their helpful and insightful comments on the manuscript.
Dr. Van Beneden is a medical epidem... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-31 23:38:12 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1089-1095 | oa_package/6b/01/PMC3016770.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016771 | 14519247 | Materials and Methods
Selection of Patients
Patients who arrived at the outpatient Gastroenterology Clinic of the Rift Valley Hospital in Nakuru, Kenya, with uninvestigated symptoms of dyspepsia for at least the previous 3 months were included in the study. Inclusion criteria were 1) presence of at least two of the fol... | Results
Seropositivity for H. pylori was found in 98 (71%) of 138 symptomatic patients and 70 (51%) of 138 asymptomatic participants (odds ratio [OR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4 to 4.0; p<0.001). In the asymptomatic participants, the prevalence of H. pylori infection increased with age, from 18% in the ... | The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection was studied in 138 patients with dyspepsia in a hospital in Nakuru, Kenya, and in 138 asymptomatic sex- and age-matched controls from the same population. Anti– H. pylori immunoglobulin (Ig) G was more prevalent in dyspeptic than asymptomatic persons (71% vs. 51%), par... | Dyspepsia is a complex set of symptoms, rather than an indication of a specific disease, and defies simple categorization. Many causes of dyspepsia exist, including Helicobacter pylori . H. pylori may also produce different symptoms in different people. Moreover, what is known about variations in host susceptibility... | Acknowledgment
We thank Phyllis Curchack Kornspan for her editorial and secretarial services.
Dr. Shmuely is deputy chief of the Department of Internal Medicine C, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, affiliated with the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. His research interests are ep... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-27 23:42:11 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1103-1107 | oa_package/b7/78/PMC3016771.tar.gz | |||
PMC3016772 | 14519252 | Materials and Methods
The network is a collaboration among 12 laboratories in 9 countries in Europe to allow more rapid and internationally harmonized assessment of the spread of foodborne viral pathogens. The project is coordinated by the National Institute of Public Health and the Environment in Bilthoven, the Nether... | Results
Review of Current Methods in Europe
From the outset, it was recognized that the best approach in developing an international surveillance scheme for foodborne viruses would not be the standardization of practice, but rather the harmonization of existing practices. To achieve this, a number of surveys were under... | Discussion
Microbial food safety is considered an important public heath issue but historically has focused on control of bacterial contamination. Several recent publications, however, show that outbreaks of foodborne infection attributable to viruses are common and may in fact be an important public health concern for... | The importance of foodborne viral infections is increasingly recognized. Food handlers can transmit infection during preparation or serving; fruit and vegetables may be contaminated by fecally contaminated water used for growing or washing. And modern practices of the food industry mean that a contaminated food item is... | Food-related illness is common worldwide, and bacterial pathogens have historically been associated with this mode of transmission. In recent years, however, the cause of most outbreaks of foodborne illness remained unknown, although a significant proportion were presumed to be viral ( 1 ). Additional research establis... | Core funding for this project was obtained from the European Union under the 5th framework program, contract no QLK1-1999-C - 00594.
Dr. Koopmans is a veterinarian with a Ph.D. in virology. Since 2001, she has chaired the Virology of the Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases of the National Institute of Public ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-31 23:46:23 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1136-1142 | oa_package/83/43/PMC3016772.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016773 | 14519255 | Results
Growth of the isolate on PFA produced a buff-colored to slightly lavender, somewhat granular colony after 7 days’ incubation at 25°C. Repeat subcultures with extended incubation (up to 2 weeks) yielded colonies which were more definitely mauve-colored, consistent with those typically seen with P. lilacinus ( ... | Conclusions
P. lilicanus rarely causes human infection. A MedLine review of English-language literature from 1966 to 2003 yielded approximately 60 reports of P. lilacinus infections in patients who were immunocompromised, had undergone ophthalmologic surgery, or had indwelling foreign devices ( 2 , 3 ). A Medline re... | Paecilomyces lilacinus, an environmental mold found in soil and vegetation, rarely causes human infection. We report the first case of P. lilacinus isolated from a vaginal culture in a patient with vaginitis.
Keywords: | Paecilomyces lilacinus , a saprobic filamentous fungus, found in soil, decaying vegetation, saunas, and laboratories (as an airborne contaminant), is an infrequent cause of human disease ( 1 , 2 ). Most cases of disease caused by the genus Paecilomyces occur in patients who have compromised immune systems, indwelling... | Acknowledgments
The authors thank David C. Perlman for his helpful comments and critical review of the manuscript and Carmen Yampierre for performing the initial microbiologic processing of the Paecilomyces lilacinus isolate.
Dr. Carey is an attending physician in the Division of Infectious Diseases at Beth Israel Me... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-31 23:38:47 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1155-1158 | oa_package/cf/5f/PMC3016773.tar.gz | |||
PMC3016774 | 14519250 | Methods
Selection of Patients
Participants were selected among HIV-positive patients who receive their medical care at the Comprehensive Care Center, an adult HIV-oriented primary care clinic located in Nashville that serves middle Tennessee and surrounding regions. Center records were retrospectively analyzed to ident... | Results
We initially identified a total of 176 patients from the center’s records; 43 were excluded because specimens for testing were unavailable, leaving 133 in our study cohort. Thirty-six (27.1%) had symptoms compatible with HME (29 found by screening of ICD-9 codes and for doxycycline use, 7 found after chart revi... | Discussion
Researchers have conducted various serologic studies to ascertain the epidemiology of E. chaffeensis infection in specific populations. Carpenter et al. ( 10 ) found a seroincidence of 25.7% in febrile patients in North Carolina with a history of a recent tick bite. In a prospective seroepidemiologic study... | Manifestations of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), a tick-borne infection caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis , range from asymptomatic disease to fulminant infection and may be particularly severe in persons infected with HIV. We conducted a serologic study to determine the epidemiology of HME in HIV-positive patients... | During the last 25 years, the discovery of a number of newly identified infectious agents, such as Borrelia burgdorferi, Legionella pneumophila, and HIV, has raised concern in both the medical and lay communities about novel infectious threats to human populations. Among these emerging pathogens are several species o... | Acknowledgments
We are indebted to Ashgar Kheshi for his assistance with the database analysis, the attending physicians and care providers at the Comprehensive Care Center, John O’Connor and Richard D’Aquila for their careful review of the manuscript, and Steve Standaert and Christopher Paddock for their assistance wi... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-25 23:40:19 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1123-1127 | oa_package/f6/be/PMC3016774.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016775 | 14519257 | Conclusions
Serologic study indicated that the antibody to SARS-CoV appeared as early as 9 days after disease onset and that a high level of antibody could last for 1–2 months after disease onset. Previous reports indicated that the mean time for IgG seroconversion was 20 days and may start as early as 9–10 days. Our f... | The genome of one Taiwanese severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) strain (TW1) was 29,729 nt in length. Viral RNA may persist for some time in patients who seroconvert, and some patients may lack an antibody response (immunoglobulin G) to SARS-CoV >21 days after illness onset. An upsurge o... | In November 2002, cases of a life-threatening and highly contagious febrile respiratory illness of unknown cause were reported from Guangdong Province in southern China, followed by reports from Vietnam, Hong Kong, Singapore, Canada, the United States, and other countries ( 1 – 4 ). This illness was identified as a new... | Acknowledgments
We are indebted to many members of the frontline medical and nursing staff and laboratory personnel of the National Taiwan University Hospital for their management of these patients. We thank Professor Ding-Shinn Chen for his critical review and constructive comments on this manuscript.
Dr. Hsueh is an ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-24 23:39:45 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1163-1167 | oa_package/bb/b1/PMC3016775.tar.gz | ||||
PMC3016776 | 14519258 | Conclusions
Our study shows that 92% of nosocomial MRSA strains were sensitive to co-trimoxazole in 1997 as compared with 31% in 1988. Several factors may have influenced the emergence of co-trimoxazole–sensitive MRSA, including the reduced usage of this drug in our institution. According to the pharmacy records, usage... | Among bloodstream methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from adult patients in a single hospital, susceptibility to co-trimoxazole increased progressively from 31% in 1988 to 92% in 1997 (p<0.0001). If also observed in other institutions, these findings should encourage the performance of a clin... | Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a growing medical concern. During the last 2 decades, the rates of infections caused by MRSA increased among hospitalized patients in most developed countries ( 1 ). The aim of this study was to examine trends in antibiotic resistance of hospital-acquired bloodstr... | Dr. Bishara is a specialist in internal medicine and infectious diseases, and he serves as a senior physician and infectious disease consultant at the Rabin Medical Center, Israel. His major research interests are infective endocarditis and cardiovascular and nosocomial infections. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-31 23:44:34 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1168-1169 | oa_package/71/d1/PMC3016776.tar.gz | ||||
PMC3016777 | 14531384 | Keywords: | To the Editor: Coxiella burnetii, a strict intracellular bacterium, is the etiologic agent of Q fever, a worldwide zoonosis. Humans are infected by inhaling contaminated aerosols from amniotic fluid or placenta or handling contaminated wool ( 1 ). The bacterium is highly infectious by the aerosol route. Two forms of... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-31 23:46:21 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1186-1188 | oa_package/c6/9c/PMC3016777.tar.gz | ||||||
PMC3016778 | 14519261 | Discussion
Before 2000, no cases of P. falciparum had occurred in Chinese immigrants living in northern and central Italy, despite a large immigrant population. An initial cluster of 22 cases was described during summer 2000 in the Lombardy Region ( 3 ). A cluster of six cases was detected in Tuscany during the same ... | Between November 2002 and March 2003, 17 cases of malaria (1 fatal) were observed in illegal Chinese immigrants who traveled to Italy through Africa. A further cluster of 12 was reported in August, 2002. Several immigrants traveled by air, making the risk of introducing sudden acute respiratory syndrome a possibility s... | From November 2002 to March 2003, 17 cases of malaria were noted among illegal Chinese immigrants in seven hospitals across central and northern Italy (15 cases of Plasmodium falciparum , 1 case of P. malariae , and 1 mixed infection of P. falciparum and P. malariae ). One patient died. Until recently, imported ma... | Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Loredana Vellucci, Stefania D’Amato, and Fabrice Legros for providing information on malaria in Chinese immigrants in Italy and France, respectively.
Dr. Bisoffi is the head of the Center for Tropical Diseases at the Sacro Cuore Hospital of Negrar, Verona, Italy, a referral center for... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-26 23:35:44 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1177-1178 | oa_package/4e/35/PMC3016778.tar.gz | ||||
PMC3016779 | 14519240 | Methods
Study Population
In early March 2003, an outbreak of SARS occurred in the Prince of Wales Hospital (the teaching hospital of The Chinese University of Hong Kong). Our study participants were patients admitted to our hospital for suspected SARS during the first week of the outbreak ( 12 ). These patients fulfill... | Results
Of the 48 NPAs studied, we observed no cytopathic effect on HEp-2, MDCK, human embryonic lung fibroblast, and BGM monolayers. Eleven (22.9%) specimens showed cytopathic effect of diffuse refractile rounding of cells on Vero cell monolayers 2–4 days after incubation, progressed rapidly, and involved the whole mo... | Discussion
On the basis of a combination of conventional virus isolation system and molecular techniques, we found that 52.1% (25/48) of patients with SARS admitted to our hospital had HMPV infection. Isolation of HMPV is known to be difficult, which is why the virus could not be detected until recently. The first repo... | We used a combination approach of conventional virus isolation and molecular techniques to detect human metapneumovirus (HMPV) in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Of the 48 study patients, 25 (52.1%) were infected with HMPV; 6 of these 25 patients were also infected with coronavirus, and another ... | Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) was first identified in 2001 in samples from children with respiratory tract diseases ( 1 ). Subsequent studies showed that the virus is responsible worldwide for a proportion of community-acquired acute respiratory tract infections in children ( 2 – 4 ), as well as other age groups ( 5 – 9... | Acknowledgments
We thank all healthcare workers in Hong Kong SAR who have bravely taken care of severe acute respiratory syndrome patients.
Dr. Chan is a clinical virologist and associate professor at the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong. His research interests includ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-24 23:35:47 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1058-1063 | oa_package/24/5b/PMC3016779.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016780 | 14519259 | Conclusions
In our patients, EAEC serotype O126:H27 appears to be a pathogenic agent of young children who require hospitalization and dehydration treatment. This same serotype has been reported as a common cause of diarrhea in children from England ( 16 ), Japan ( 17 ), and Bangladesh ( 9 ). However, we were not able ... | Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is a newly diarrheagenic agent wherein several predominant serotypes are reported. We studied the association between those serotypes, as clonal indicators, and the trait of enteroaggregative adherence to host cells, tested by polymerase chain reaction. We also evaluated the ... | Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is an emerging pathogen that causes diarrhea in many parts of the world, including children from Israel ( 1 ) and Jordan ( 2 ). This group of E. coli was preliminarily defined by its aggregative pattern of adherence (AA) to HEp-2 cells ( 3 ). Their identification was facili... | Acknowledgment s
The monoclonal antibodies and the CTB-ST (heat-stable toxin conjugated to cholera toxin subunit B) conjugate for these tests were kindly supplied by Ann-Mari Svennerholm.
Dr. Shazberg is a senior physician in a pediatric department. Her research interest is pediatric infectious diseases. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-27 23:38:29 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1170-1173 | oa_package/d2/15/PMC3016780.tar.gz | ||||
PMC3016782 | 0 | Henry M. Stanley, in his second trans-Africa expedition of 1874–1877, lost 68% of his 356 men. Among the casualties, 58 died in battle or were murdered (several were cannibalized), 45 died of smallpox, 21 from dysentery, 14 drowned, and 1 was killed by a crocodile; several others died of starvation (all of this from th... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-24 23:41:44 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1189 | oa_package/4a/70/PMC3016782.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016783 | 0 | In “Emerging Pathogen of Wild Amphibians in Frogs ( Rana catesbeiana ) Farmed for International Trade,” by Rolando Mazzoni et al., errors occurred in the figure legend on page 996.
The correct caption to the Figure appears below:
Figure. a and b, histopathologic findings from infected frogs. Characteristic sporangia (s... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-25 23:35:55 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1188 | oa_package/c0/67/PMC3016783.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016784 | 14519244 | Methods
Discharge Diagnoses Code Review
To confirm an increase in aseptic meningitis cases by a method independent of case reporting to DHMH, a discharge diagnosis code review was conducted at the six investigation hospitals. Included were patients with aseptic meningitis (including International Classification of Dise... | Results
Confirmation of an Epidemic by Discharge Diagnosis Review
Each summer season (June 1–September 30) of 1998–2000, an average of 67 Baltimore residents were evaluated at the six investigation hospitals and assigned an aseptic meningitis ICD-9-CM code; in the 2001 season, 133 persons were evaluated, a 99% increase... | Discussion
Although enhanced WNV surveillance among persons with aseptic meningitis could have been partially responsible for the tripling of Baltimore case-reports of aseptic meningitis during the summer of 2001, trends in discharge diagnosis codes suggest that a true increase in aseptic meningitis cases occurred. Des... | While enteroviruses have been the most commonly identified cause of aseptic meningitis in the United States, the role of the emerging, neurotropic West Nile virus (WNV) is not clear. In summer 2001, an aseptic meningitis epidemic occurring in an area of a WNV epizootic in Baltimore, Maryland, was investigated to determ... | When national surveillance for aseptic meningitis was conducted in the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) received reports of 7,000 to 14,000 cases of aseptic meningitis per year from 1984 to 1994 ( 1 ). Enteroviruses are the leading identifiable cause of aseptic meningitis in children ... | Acknowledgments
The authors thank the many persons at hospitals, laboratories, Baltimore City and County health departments, and Maryland’s Department of Health and Mental Hygiene who contributed time and effort to this investigation, especially Kathleen Arias, Ruth Bertuzzi, Colleen Clay, Jeanine Brown, Diane Lagasse,... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-31 23:44:41 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1082-1088 | oa_package/7b/0e/PMC3016784.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016785 | 14531380 | Keywords: | To the Editor: September 2003 marks the anniversary of the deaths of Jonathan M. Mann and his wife Mary Lou Clements aboard Swiss Air flight 111, which crashed off the shore of Peggy’s Cove, Nova Scotia, 5 years ago. Although Jonathan and I were both members of the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists in t... | Acknowledgment
The author thanks Richard E. Hoffman, former state epidemiologist, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, for his help in preparing this article. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-31 23:46:18 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1181-1182 | oa_package/47/cd/PMC3016785.tar.gz | |||||
PMC3016786 | 14531379 | To the Editor : Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging infectious disease worldwide, and relapsing SARS is a major concern. We encountered a 60-year-old woman who was admitted to the Princess Margaret Hospital in Hong Kong on March 29, 2003, with a fever of 39°C, chills, cough, malaise, and sore thro... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-26 23:38:41 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1180-1181 | oa_package/b1/0d/PMC3016786.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016787 | 14519239 | Discussion
Responding to and anticipating the difficulties encountered by existing automated reporting systems could be used to improve current systems and guide development of future infectious disease surveillance. Addressing limitations of automated reporting systems by continuing conventional notification methods d... | While newly available electronic transmission methods can increase timeliness and completeness of infectious disease reports, limitations of this technology may unintentionally compromise detection of, and response to, bioterrorism and other outbreaks. We reviewed implementation experiences for five electronic laborato... | The primary purpose of reporting diseases is to trigger an appropriate public health response so that further illness can be prevented and public fears allayed. The threat of emerging infections and bioterrorist attacks has heightened the need to make disease surveillance more sensitive, specific, and timely ( 1 , 2 ).... | Acknowledgments
We thank Lee Harrison, Kathleen G. Julian, Elliot Churchill, and David Welliver for their insightful comments.
Dr. M’ikanatha is a surveillance epidemiologist in Pennsylvania. He is interested in the use of new technology to promote notification of reportable diseases and other conditions of public heal... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-24 23:43:25 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1053-1057 | oa_package/3b/7d/PMC3016787.tar.gz | ||||
PMC3016788 | 14519249 | Materials and Methods
Clinical Surveillance
ICDDR,B maintains a 2% surveillance system at its Dhaka Hospital, in which data from every 50th patient treated at the hospital is collected; these data include clinical information and biologic specimens. We used these data to extrapolate the overall numbers of patients with... | Results
Clinical Surveillance
We noted a marked increase in cholera cases associated with V. cholerae O139 from March to May 2002 ( Figure 1 ). The highest number of cholera patients admitted to the hospital was in March; 69.8% of these cases were attributed to V. cholerae O139, compared to 30.2% of cases caused by... | Discussion
Generally, a seasonality exists in the cholera cases seen at the ICDDR,B hospital, with increased numbers expected before and after the rainy season. Thus, the increase in total number of cases seen during March and April was not unusual ( Figure 1 ). However, the increase in patient numbers during these mon... | During March and April 2002, a resurgence of Vibrio cholerae O139 occurred in Dhaka and adjoining areas of Bangladesh with an estimated 30,000 cases of cholera. Patients infected with O139 strains were much older than those infected with O1 strains (p<0.001). The reemerged O139 strains belong to a single ribotype cor... | Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal first emerged during 1992 and 1993 and caused large epidemics of cholera in Bangladesh, India, and neighboring countries ( 1 – 3 ). This new strain initially displaced the existing V. cholerae O1 strains. During 1994 to the middle of 1995, in most northern and central areas of Bangladesh,... | Acknowledgments
We thank Matthew Waldor for the SXT and rstR gene probes and Afjal Hossain for secretarial assistance.
This research was funded by the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) under an agreement with the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B) and USAID-Washin... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-25 23:40:20 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1116-1122 | oa_package/6a/10/PMC3016788.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016789 | 14519242 | Material and Methods
Study Area
Yuto is located in the Ledesma Department, in the northeastern portion of Jujuy Province (23° 38′ S, 64° 28′ W). General topography is determined by the outlying spurs of the Andes range, and the area is covered by dense subtropical vegetation. The easternmost part of the study area is f... | Results
Serologic Survey in the General Population
Hantavirus IgG was found in 22 (6.5%) of 341 serum samples tested. For males, hantavirus antibody prevalence was 10%; females had a prevalence of 3.7%. Among the 341 participants, 56 were <10 years of age, 239 were 11–50 years of age, and 45 were >51 years of age (1 wa... | Discussion
The differences observed in the South American hantavirus infections relative to the classical SNV-related syndrome in North America have been suggested to reflect approaches to surveillance and differences in the pathogenicity of the viruses, host-reservoirs, and ecologic factors. The particular pattern of ... | We initiated a study to elucidate the ecology and epidemiology of hantavirus infections in northern Argentina. The northwestern hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)–endemic area of Argentina comprises Salta and Jujuy Provinces. Between 1997 and 2000, 30 HPS cases were diagnosed in Jujuy Province (population 512,329). Mo... | Hantaviruses (family Bunyaviridae, genus Hantavirus ) are zoonotic viruses of rodents that produce two major clinical syndromes in humans: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Asia and Europe and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in the Americas. Since HPS was initially characterized in the United State... | Acknowledgments
We thank Horacio López, Germán O’Duyer, Cesar Polidoro, Enrique Serrrano, Miguel Canchi, Alberto Segobia, Julio Gil, Bernardino Perez, Monica Diaz, and David Flores for field work and John Boone for reviewing the manuscript.
This work was supported by the Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Ins... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-27 23:35:41 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1070-1076 | oa_package/3f/90/PMC3016789.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016790 | 14519254 | Discussion
Tick-borne relapsing fever caused by B. hermsii is acquired only within the geographic range of its specific tick vector, O. hermsi . This tick has been found in southern British Columbia, Washington, Idaho, Oregon, California, Nevada, Colorado, and the northern regions of Arizona and New Mexico ( 2 , 4 ,... | Five persons contracted tick-borne relapsing fever after staying in a cabin in western Montana. Borrelia hermsii was isolated from the blood of two patients, and Ornithodoros hermsi ticks were collected from the cabin, the first demonstration of this bacterium and tick in Montana. Relapsing fever should be consider... | Tick-borne relapsing fever, caused by Borrelia hermsii , is endemic in the higher elevations and coniferous forests of the western United States and southern British Columbia, Canada ( 1 ). Although many multicase outbreaks of relapsing fever associated with B. hermsii and its tick vector, Ornithodoros hermsi , hav... | Acknowledgments
We thank those involved with this outbreak for their interest, patience, information, and logistic support; Merry Schrumpf, Sandra Raffel, Ted Hackstadt and Gary Hettrick for technical assistance; Carol Schwan for help in the field; staff of the Infectious Disease Department of Children’s Hospital, St. ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-24 23:45:25 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1151-1154 | oa_package/10/39/PMC3016790.tar.gz | ||||
PMC3016791 | 14519256 | Conclusions
Since the introduction of antimicrobial drugs in therapy, S. pneumoniae has shown a strong ability to acquire resistance to the progressive introduction of new antibiotics to treat it.
Surveillance studies suggest that the levels of resistance to macrolide antibiotics in S. pneumoniae are high and are s... | Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3, isolated from a penicillin-allergic patient and initially susceptible to fluoroquinolones, macrolides, lincosamides, quinupristin-dalfopristin, and telithromycin, became resistant to all these drugs during treatment. Mutations in the parC and gyrA and in the 23S rRNA and the ri... | Macrolide antimicrobial drugs and new fluoroquinolones have become good therapeutic choices in the treatment of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae infections and in penicillin-allergic patients with pneumococcal pneumonia. Until now, clinical failures of fluoroquinolones during treatment of pneumococcal in... | Dr. Perez-Trallero is a clinical microbiologist and infectious disease consultant. He is head of the Microbiology Department at Donostia Hospital and assistant professor of Preventive Medicine and Public Health at the Facultad de Medicina at the Basque Country University. His research focuses on antimicrobial resistanc... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-24 23:39:57 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1159-1162 | oa_package/b1/63/PMC3016791.tar.gz | ||||
PMC3016792 | 14519253 | Materials and Methods
Surveillance Data
Rabies case data for raccoons and skunks for each county by month from 11 states (Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Virginia, and West Virginia) were used for analysis. Only counts of rabid animals pe... | Results
Descriptive Analysis
Of 495 total counties, 344 (69.5%) reported at least one rabid skunk, and 421 (85.1%) reported at least one rabid raccoon ( Table 1 ). The median number of reported rabid raccoons was greater than that for skunks (p<0.0001). Three hundred thirty-nine counties (68.5%) reported rabies in both... | Discussion
This study examined the relationship between the occurrence of rabies in skunks and raccoons in the eastern United States. The present analysis indicated epizootic cycles of 4–5 years for raccoons and skunks, consistent with previous studies of rabies in raccoons ( 16 , 17 ) in this region. In comparison, st... | Since 1981, an epizootic of raccoon rabies has spread throughout the eastern United States. A concomitant increase in reported rabies cases in skunks has raised concerns that an independent maintenance cycle of rabies virus in skunks could become established, affecting current strategies of wildlife rabies control prog... | In North America, variants of rabies virus are maintained in the wild by several terrestrial carnivore species, including raccoons, skunks, and a number of bat species. Each antigenically and genetically distinct variant of the virus in mammalian species occurs in geographically discrete areas and is strongly associate... | Acknowledgments
The authors thank Kim Burkhardt and Wade Ivy, III for their assistance in data management and William Thompson and John O’Connor for reviewing the manuscript.
Dr. Guerra was an Epidemic Intelligence Service officer in the Viral and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases,... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-24 23:41:34 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1143-1150 | oa_package/60/37/PMC3016792.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016793 | 14519238 | Conclusion
We describe an automated outbreak detection system that uses laboratory data electronically collected in the Netherlands by ISIS. The system assesses data as soon as they are made available and disseminates the information by means of the Internet to all involved health professionals to help in the rapid int... | Rapid detection of outbreaks is recognized as crucial for effective control measures and has particular relevance with the recently increased concern about bioterrorism. Automated analysis of electronically collected laboratory data can result in rapid detection of widespread outbreaks or outbreaks of pathogens with co... | Rapid detection of outbreaks on a time scale compatible with disease incubation periods is recognized as crucial to maximize the effect of control measures. Most outbreaks are rapidly detected and controlled locally. However, outbreaks involving cases over a wider area or in several local health jurisdictions may have ... | Acknowledgments
We thank the laboratories participating in the Infectious Disease Surveillance Information System and the Ministry of Health for their support of this project and T. Grein for critical review of the manuscript.
Marc-Alain Widdowson was funded by European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology and Direc... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-24 23:50:19 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1046-1052 | oa_package/ec/fd/PMC3016793.tar.gz | ||||
PMC3016794 | 0 | Brower and Chalk, authors of The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases: Reconciling U.S. National Security and Public Health Policy, describe their book’s purpose as examining “the changing nature of security” and focusing on “the threat of infectious diseases.” There are many examples in today’s worl... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-31 23:42:44 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1189-1190 | oa_package/67/56/PMC3016794.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016795 | 14519241 | Methods
We performed a retrospective case series study. All reported SARS patients who stayed in the medical wards or intensive care unit of Princess Margaret Hospital and Wong Tai Sin Hospital on April 16, 2003, were screened. Patients were excluded if subsequent follow-up serologic tests showed no rise in antibody ti... | Results
The study population consisted of 127 male and 196 female patients, ranging in age from 18 to 83 (41±14). Forty-seven (15%) patients were healthcare workers. One hundred thirty-three (41%) were Amoy Gardens residents. Two hundred seventy-three (85%) patients were in good health. The coexisting conditions are li... | Discussion
The virus attacked persons of both sexes and all ages. Many were previously in good health and the wage earners in their families. Not infrequently, several members of a family were admitted to the hospital. The need for isolation discouraged close social contact. Unfortunately, some of the patients were als... | Conclusion
One third of the SARS patients in our study had a limited disease course. In the remaining two thirds, pneumonitis progressed rapidly after the early use of ribavirin and steroid combination therapy. Apparently, approximately one third responded to pulsed doses of steroids, while the other third depended on ... | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) poses a major threat to the health of people worldwide. We performed a retrospective case series analysis to assess clinical outcome and identify pretreatment prognostic correlates of SARS, managed under a standardized treatment protocol. We studied 127 male and 196 female patie... | The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Hong Kong was caused by a novel virus belonging to the family Coronaviridae ( 1 , 2 ). The virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets, direct contact with fomites, and aerosolized respiratory secretions ( 3 , 4 ). The first outbreak was linked to an i... | Acknowledgments
We thank all medical staff of the Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Princess Margaret Hospital, Tom Buckley, W.W. Yan, Winnie Chan, Y.C. Chan, H.P. So, and Eva Y.W. Ng for their dedication in combating the SARS outbreak in Hong Kong. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-31 23:36:33 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1064-1069 | oa_package/4b/eb/PMC3016795.tar.gz | |
PMC3016796 | 14528882 | To the Editor : Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungus that causes meningoencephalitis, primarily in immunocompromised patients. However, C. neoformans can also cause illness in apparently normal hosts. The yeast is a heterothallic basidiomycete with two mating types, MAT a and MATα identified in al... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-27 23:40:11 | Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep; 9(9):1179-1180 | oa_package/8d/3c/PMC3016796.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016815 | 20874388 | Introduction
In West Africa (Niger, Burkina Faso, Benin), the solitary ectoparasitoid, Dinarmus basalis Rondani (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), and its sympatric species Eupelmus vuilleti Crawford and E. orientalis Crawford (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) parasitize the larvae and pupae of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) ... | Materials and Methods
Insect stocks
Bruchid and parasitoid stocks were derived from C. maculatus and D. basalis adults emerging from cowpea cultures ( V. unguiculata ) at the end of the rainy season in the Niamey region. C. maculatus is a common pest that develops inside cowpea seeds, concealed from the parasitoi... | Results
Choice between D. basalis L5 and pupae hosts
In each data set studied, some D. basalis L5 hosts presented at the beginning of the test reached the pupal stage, and the egg-laying distribution indicated that the D. basalis pupae were not hyperparasitized ( Table 1 ).
Some of the D. basalis L5 hosts were ... | Discussion
Parasitoids use a large number of physical and chemical cues when they forage for hosts, and many of them mark the host patch, the host substrate, and/or the host itself ( Godfray 1994 ; Quicke 1997 ). These marks may enable females to discriminate between unexploited and previously exploited resources, and... | Associate Editor: Robert Jeanne was editor of this paper.
This study investigated the egg-laying behaviour of ectoparsitoid, Dinarmus basalis Rondani (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), females when faced with a prolonged deprivation of suitable hosts leading to extreme ‘oviposition pressure’. The egg-laying behaviour of v... | Acknowledgements
I would like to pay my last respects to Professor Vincent Labeyrie, who died 8 th September 2008. With the support of the CNRS, he created the first Experimental Ecology laboratory in Tours (France) and taught me about the ecological problems arising from the population dynamics of phytophagous and en... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 16:13:43 | J Insect Sci. 2010 Jul 9; 10:101 | oa_package/4c/14/PMC3016815.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016842 | 20673188 | Introduction
Heat shock proteins (Hsp) are a family of proteins that help organisms to modulate stress response and protect organisms from environmentally induced cellular damage. They usually act as molecular chaperones, promoting correct refolding and preventing aggregation of denatured proteins ( Johnston et al. 199... | Materials and Methods
Insect rearing and Isolation of haemocytes
The larvae of C. suppressalis were initially collected from the paddy fields in suburbs of Yangzhou City, China. The rice stem borers were reared using a method described by Shang et al. ( 1979 ) at 28 ± 1°C, 16:8 L:D and RH >80%. Hatched larvae were fe... | Results
Sequence analysis
Degenerative primers based on a conserved region of hsp60 were used to amplify the cDNAs derived from the haemocytes of C. suppressalis . A PCR product of 596 bp was obtained. The 596 bp amplified fragment was highly homologous to hsp60 , and used to obtain 5′- and 3′ flanking sequences us... | Discussion
Using a combination of RT-PCR and RACE techniques, the full-length hsp6°C DNA was cloned from haemocyts of C. suppressalis . The C-terminal repeats (GGM) n , which are a characteritic of mitochondrial Hsp60 ( Tsugekils et al. 1992 ), are present in C. suppressalis Hsp60, indicating that the isolated gene... | Associate Editor : Megha Parajulee was editor of this paper.
Heat shock protein 60 is an important chaperonin. In this paper, hsp60 of the stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), was cloned by RT-PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA end (RACE) reactions. The full length cDNA of hsp6°C onsi... | Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Basic Research and Development Program of China (2006CB102002).
Abbreviatons
heat shock protein | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 16:13:43 | J Insect Sci. 2010 Jul 9; 10:100 | oa_package/64/f9/PMC3016842.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016857 | 21073345 | Introduction
In recent years, the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) has become the most destructive insect of cruciferous plants throughout the world, and the annual cost for its management is estimated to be US $1 billion ( Talekar 1993 ). In order to find the solution, differentially ... | Materials and Methods
Insects
P. xylostella pupae were collected from an insecticide-free cabbage field and taken to the laboratory for rearing. Larvae were allowed to feed on cabbage leaves in the insect growth room with conditions set at 25 ± 1° C, 16:8 L:D, and 70–85% RH until pupation.
RNA preparation and synthesi... | Results
Gene cloning of Pxyl-CSP3 and Pxyl-CSP4
A 526 bp cDNA of Pxyl-CSP3 ( Figure 1B ) was obtained by RACE-PCR using the degenerate primers. The cDNA included a 62 bp 5′ untranslated region (UTR), a 108 bp 3′ UTR, with an AATAAA box and 25 bp poly (A) tail, and a 381 bp open reading frame (ORF) that encodes 1... | Discussion
Insect chemosensory proteins (CSPs) have been supposed to transport chemical stimuli from air to olfactory receptors. However, CSPs are expressed in various insect tissues including non-sensory tissues, suggesting that these proteins are also vital for other physiological processes. In this study, two full-l... | Associate Editor: Zhijian Jake Tu was editor of this paper.
Chemosensory proteins play an important role in transporting chemical compounds to their receptors on dendrite membranes. In this study, two full-length cDNA codings for chemosensory proteins of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) were obtained b... | Acknowledgments
The work was supported by grants from the China National Nature Science Foundation (No. 30671387 and 30770291) and Foundation for the Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of P R China (FANEDD, No.200461).
Abbreviations
Broad-Complex Z4;
Chemosensory protein;
Zinc finger domain;
Deformed;
... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 16:13:44 | J Insect Sci. 2010 Sep 10; 10:143 | oa_package/e8/06/PMC3016857.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016858 | 21067415 | Introduction
Lectins are proteins or glycoproteins with the ability to bind, selectively, free or conjugated saccharides in a reversible way by two or more binding sites ( Sharon 1993 ) and are ubiquitous in all forms of living matters, including bacteria, plants, and animals ( Rhodes 1999 ). They recognize sequences o... | Materials and Methods
Isolation and Purification
Musca domestica was obtained from the Tianjin Sanitation and Epidemic Prevention Station, Tianjin, P.R.China. Approximately 100 g larvae were ground with a mortar at 4° C by adding 50 ml buffered insect saline (10 mM Tris/HCl, 130 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, pH 7.4) and 1g phe... | Results
Purification results
After affinity chromatography using Sepharose-4B and further separation on a TSK gel Super SW3000 HPLC column, three peaks were observed with molecular weights of 59 kDa (M), 46 kDa (MLL-1) and 38 kDa (MLL-2) ( Figure 1 ). The 59 kDa (M) peak did not exhibit haemagglutinating activity. Howe... | Discussion
Although some studies have tested lectin for potential anti-tumor effects ( Franz 1986 ; Kuttan et al. 1990 ; Kiss et al. 1997 ; Pryme et al. 1996 ; Ryder et al. 1998 ), no specific result was reported of the effect of lectin purified from M. domestica larva. In recent years, studies of the antitumor a... | Associate Editor: Susan Paskewitz was editor of this paper.
A new lectin was purified from larvae of the fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) (MLL-2, 38 kDa) using affinity chromatography and HPLC. Anti-tumor activity of MLL-2 was demonstrated by its inhibition of proliferation of human breast cancer (MCF-7... | Acknowledgements
We gratefully acknowledge the financial support by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program, No.2007AA10Z319), the Chinese National Natural Science Foundation (31000768) and Tianjin Natural Science Foundation (07JCZDJC02900).
Abbreviations
acridine orange stai... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 16:13:44 | J Insect Sci. 2010 Sep 29; 10:164 | oa_package/28/68/PMC3016858.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016859 | 21062139 | Introduction
In tropical and sub-tropical regions of Mexico, where cattle are raised, the main ectoparasite of economic importance is Rhipicephalus ( Boophilus ) microplus (Canestrini) (Acari: Ixodidae) ( Murrell and Barker 2003 ), as it causes direct damage by blood feeding and transmitting babesiosis and anaplasm... | Materials and Methods
The B. thuringiensis strains used in this study belong to the collection of the Vegetal Parasitology Laboratory at the Center of Biological Research at the University of Morelos, Mexico. The GP123, GP138, GP139, GP140 B. thuringiensis strains were grown at the University of Morelos's facilitie... | Results
A R. microplus strain that is resistant to organophosphates, pyrethroids, and amidines has been used for the assays. As an alternative for the control of this pest, the effectivity of some B. thuringiensis strains that were isolated from different insect and arthropod bodies collected from different regions... | Discussion
B. thuringiensis are Gram-positive bacteria that are able to produce proteins such as Cry, Cyt, Vip, and S-layer, which have insecticidal properties with different modes of action. These proteins are toxic to insect species belonging to the orders Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, as well as fo... | Associate Editor: Fernando Vega was editor of this paper
The pathogenicity of four native strains of Bacillus thuringiensis against Rhipicephalus ( Boophilus ) microplus (Canestrine) (Acari: Ixodidae) was evaluated. A R. microplus strain that is resistant to organophosphates, pyrethroids, and amidines, was use... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 16:13:45 | J Insect Sci. 2010 Oct 22; 10:186 | oa_package/01/f4/PMC3016859.tar.gz | |||
PMC3016860 | 20874389 | Introduction
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) catalyses the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, thereby stopping transmission of nerve impulses at synapses of cholinergic neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems in both vertebrates and invertebrates ( Taylor 1991 ). Consequently, inhibition of AC... | Materials and Methods
Experimental insects
The clone of the susceptible N. lugens was mass reared on plants of Taichung Native 1 at 25 ± 2° C, 80% relative humidity, under the photoperiod of 16:8 L:D. Adult insects were collected for genomic DNA isolation. Fourth instar larvae and adults were used for RNA isolation.
... | Results
Cloning and characterization of AChE cDNA from N. Lugens
From the PCR on N. lugens cDNA using degenerate primers, a 278-bp cDNA fragment with deduced amino acid sequences that matched AChEs in GenBank was generated. A 2467-bp full-length cDNA sequence was obtained by RACE reactions based on the 278-bp cDNA... | Discussion
In this study, a full cDNA encoding AChE was isolated from N. lugens and characterized in detail. The N. lugens AChE has the highest amino acid identity (83%) with that from N. cincticeps. Phylogenetic analysis also revealed that N. lugens AChE was most closely related to N. cincticeps, and it belo... | Associate Editor: Mariana Wolfner was editor of this paper
A full cDNA encoding an acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) was cloned and characterized from the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). The complete cDNA (2467 bp) contains a 1938-bp open reading frame encoding 646 amino a... | Acknowledgements
This research was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30500328).
Abbreviations
acetylcholinesterase;
gene specific primer | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 16:13:43 | J Insect Sci. 2010 Jul 11; 10:102 | oa_package/5f/7a/PMC3016860.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016861 | 20879913 | Introduction
The family Drosophilidae (Diptera) is composed of more than 3,500 described species that occur in a number of ecosystems all over the world ( Bachli 1998 ). Most genera are found in tropical regions. The Drosophila genus is the most abundant and comprises around 53% of the total species. Many of them a... | Materials and Methods
The altitudinal and seasonal fluctuation in Drosophila fauna was studied in four different wild localities of Chamundi hill, Mysore. For this purpose monthly collection of flies were made at the altitudes of 680 m, 780 m, 880 m, and 980 m between February 2005 to January 2006. Both bottle trappi... | Results
The distribution pattern of Drosophila species at four different altitudes of Chamundi hill is shown in Table 1 . A total of twenty species were encountered in the hill that belonged to 4 subgenera namely Sophophora, Drosophila, Dorsilopha, Scaptodrosophila . Most of the species belonged to the D. melanoga... | Discussion
In the present studies the density of Drosophila at different altitudes of Chamundi hill decreased with increasing altitude ( Table 1 ). At 680 m the density was highest and lowest at 980 m ( Figure 1 ). The results indicate that Drosophila community is affected by elevation. Wakahama ( 1962 ) has report... | Associate Editor: Megha Parajulee was editor of this paper.
A year long study was conducted to analyze the altitudinal and seasonal variation in a population of Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) on Chamundi hill of Mysore, Karnataka State, India. A total of 16,671 Drosophila flies belonging to 20 species of 4 su... | Acknowledgments
We thank the Chairman, Department of Studies in Zoology, Manasagangotri, Mysore, India, for facilities and University Grants Commission, New Delhi for Financial support under Departmental Special Assistance Programme. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 16:13:44 | J Insect Sci. 2010 Aug 3; 10:123 | oa_package/f6/82/PMC3016861.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016862 | 21073344 | Introduction
The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), was first discovered in the United States in 2000 and has spread throughout the soybean, Glycine max L. (Fabales: Fabaceae), growing regions of the North Central United States ( Venette and Ragsdale 2004 ). By 2004, soybean aphid was p... | Materials and Methods
Experimental Design
The study was conducted at the University of Missouri, South Farms, in the summer of 2004. South Farms (92° 17′ W, 92° 12′ N; elevation ≈ 272 m) is located approximately 5.8 km southeast of University of Missouri campus. Cages were 1.5 m apart and replications were 6 m apart wi... | Results
The rate of increase for soybean aphid populations differed significantly with treatment and infestation date ( Table 2 ). Among cages infested at V5, aphid populations in cages with small mesh (excluding all predators) had a significantly higher ( P ≤ 0.05) rate of increase than aphid populations in cages wit... | Discussion
Thrips were the primary food source of O. insidiosus before the arrival of soybean aphid in the United States ( Isenhour and Marston 1981a ; Isenhour and Yeargan 1981 ). Research by Yoo and O'Neil ( 2009 ) suggests that thrips may serve as a food source for O. insidiosus early in the season, before the ... | Associate Editor: J.P. Michaud was editor of this paper.
Although soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), has caused economic damage in several Midwestern states, growers in Missouri have experienced relatively minor damage. To evaluate whether existing predatory insect populations are capa... | Acknowledgements
Many thanks to B. Hibbard for providing comments on the manuscript. Thanks to E. Lindroth, F. Lloyd, and C. Meinhardt for assistance in sampling.
Abbreviations
beginning bloom;
beginning pod set;
vegetative;
weeks after infestation | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 16:13:44 | J Insect Sci. 2010 Sep 10; 10:144 | oa_package/02/d7/PMC3016862.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016864 | 21067414 | Introduction
The beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an important pest of numerous crops, and it causes economic damage in China. Historically, S. exigua has been managed as part of the control of pests of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. (Malvales: Malvaceae), and initially receiv... | Materials and Methods
Cotton variety and growth condition
The three cotton cultivars used in the study included ZMS13, HZ401, and M9101 with gossypol contents of 0.06%, 0.44%, and 1.12%, respectively ( Du et al. 2004 ; Gao et al. 2008 ). The three cotton cultivars were planted in plastic pots (15 cm diameter, 13 cm he... | Results
Foliar chemical composition assays of cotton plants
Significantly lower foliar nitrogen content (p < 0.001), protein content (p < 0.05), and free fatty acid content (p < 0.001) were observed in the high gossypol cultivar, M9101, compared with the two low gossypol cultivars, ZMS13 and HZ401. However, foliar wate... | Discussion
Secondary metabolic compounds of plants are an important biochemical basis for plant resistance to insects. Using plant resistance to insects is a major method for controlling insect pests in modern integrated pest management ( Cai et al. 2004 ; Wu et al. 2007b ). Gossypol produced by cotton is one of the m... | Associate Editor: Megha Parajulee was editor of this paper.
The beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is an important pest of numerous crops, and it causes economic damage in China. Use of secondary metabolic compounds in plants is an important method used to control this insect as a p... | Acknowledgments
This project was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (No. 2006CB102004), the National Nature Science Fund of China (No. 30800724, 31071691) and the International Foundation for Sciences (C/4559-1).
Abbreviations
approximate digestibility;
efficiency of conversion of ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 16:13:44 | J Insect Sci. 2010 Sep 29; 10:165 | oa_package/18/f5/PMC3016864.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016865 | 20879918 | Introduction
In augmentative biological control programmes, detailed information concerning thermal requirements and thresholds is useful for selecting natural enemies that are best adapted to conditions favoring target pests ( Jervis and Copland 1996 ; Obrycki and Kring 1998 ). During the last decades, numerous linea... | Materials and methods
Predator Culture
Insects were taken from a laboratory colony that was started in August 2002 with eggs purchased from Biobest NV ( www.biobest.be ); after that, the colony was repeatedly infused with new individuals from the same commercial source. At this commercial facility, the ladybirds had or... | Results
Development time
On both diets, the developmental time decreased with increasing temperature from 15 to 30°C ( Table 1 ). The developmental time of the egg stage of the ladybird was more affected by parental food compared to the other developmental stages. A significant difference was observed between the devel... | Discussion
On both diets, the developmental rate of A. bipunctata showed a linear increase with temperature in the range of 15–30°C. Although the average optimum temperature for the different developmental stages was estimated to be in the range of 29.40 to 33.02° C, the mortality data suggested an optimum temperatur... | Associate Editor: J. P. Michaud was editor of this paper.
The ability of a natural enemy to tolerate a wide temperature range is a critical factor in the evaluation of its suitability as a biological control agent. In the current study, temperature-dependent development of the two-spotted ladybeetle A. bipunctata L.... | Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology of Iran for financial support to M.A. Jalali (Ph.D. grant no. 810086). The helpful comments from Associate Editor J.P. Michaud and two anonymous reviewers are gratefully acknowledged.
Abbreviations
degree day;
thermal constant o... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 16:13:44 | J Insect Sci. 2010 Aug 3; 10:124 | oa_package/14/37/PMC3016865.tar.gz |
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