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Who discovered that magnetic and electric could self-generate? | Maxwell |
What was dificult to reconcile the photoelectric effect and the missing ultraviolet catastrophe? | electromagnetic theory |
What was used to create a new electromagnetic theory to reconcile the troubles with electromagnetic theory as it used to stand? | quantum mechanics |
What did electromagnetic theory finally lead to? | quantum electrodynamics |
What are the wave-particles called that mediate all electromagnetic phenomena? | photons |
What is QED short for? | quantum electrodynamics |
What is often misunderstood as the cause of matter rigidity? | repulsion of like charges |
What actually causes rigidity in matter? | the Pauli exclusion principle |
What is needed to pack electrons densely together? | energy |
How is the Pauli exclusion priciple manifested in the macro world? | as a structural force |
What is often misunderstood as the cause of matter rigidity? | repulsion of like charges |
What actually causes rigidity in matter? | the Pauli exclusion principle |
What is needed to pack electrons densely together? | energy |
How is the Pauli exclusion priciple manifested in the macro world? | as a structural force |
What does stong force act upon? | elementary particles |
What can be seen between hadrons? | residual of the force |
What is the force between nucleons? | nuclear |
How are nuclear forces transmitted? | as gluons |
What is the term for the lack of obsevable free quarks? | color confinement |
What does the W and Z boson exchange create? | weak force |
What is the observable effect of W and Z boson exchange? | beta decay |
What is the effect of beta decay? | radioactivity |
How many times less is the strenght of the weak field compared to the strong? | 1013 |
At what temperature do weak and electromagnetic forces appear the same? | approximately 1015 kelvins |
What is the repulsive force of close range atom interaction? | normal force |
What occurs when electron clouds overlap from different atoms? | Pauli repulsion |
What causes Pauli repulsion? | fermionic nature of electrons |
What is the force that causes rigid strength in structures? | normal |
What can be used to model tension forces? | ideal strings |
What do you use to let idea strings switch direction? | ideal pulleys |
In what way do idea strings transmit tesion forces? | action-reaction pairs |
What is the final effect of adding more and more idea strings to a load? | conservation of mechanical energy |
What can increase the tension force on a load? | movable pulleys |
What did Newton's mechanics affect? | idealized point particles |
What didn't Newton's mechanics affext? | three-dimensional objects |
In what kind of fluid are pressure differences caused by direction of forces over gradients? | extended |
What may a force on one part of an object affect? | other parts |
What does matter actually have that Newtonian mechanics doesn't address? | extended structure |
What causes strain in structures? | stress tensor |
What is used to calculate cross section area in the volume of an object? | pressure terms |
What are associated with normal forces? | pressure terms |
What includes pressure terms when calculating area in volume? | formalism |
What is the force equivalent of torque compared to angular momentum? | rotational equivalent for position |
What would change the rotational inertia of a body under Newton's First Law of Motion? | unbalanced torque |
To calculate instant angular acceleration of a rigid body what would you use? | Newton's Second Law of Motion |
Where does centripetal force go? | toward the center of the curving path |
How do centripetal forces act in relation to vectors of velocity? | perpendicular |
What force changes an objects direction of travel? | centripetal |
What is another word for centripetal force? | radial |
What is resposible for speeding up or slowing down an object? | tangential force |
What is the only form potential energy can change into? | kinetic |
What is the only form kinetic energy can change into? | potential |
What is preserved in a closed system of forces when acted upon? | net mechanical energy |
What is the force between two locations related to? | difference in potential energy |
What is the force called rgarding a potential field between two locations? | artifact |
What is sometimes impossible to model? | forces |
Why are some forces due to that are impossible to model? | gradient of potentials |
What do electrostatic gradiient potentials create? | friction |
Tension, compression, and drag are what kind of forces? | Nonconservative |
In what treatment are nonconservative and conservative forces described? | statistical mechanics |
What changes macroscopic closed system energies? | nonconservative forces |
What is the exchange of heat associated with? | nonconservative forces |
What is the law of thermodynamics associated with closed system heat exchange? | Second |
What makes energy changes in a closed system? | nonconservative forces |
What is the metric term less used than the Newton? | kilogram-force |
What is the kilogram-force sometimes reffered to as? | kilopond |
What is a very seldom used unit of mass in the metric system? | slug |
What seldom used term of a unit of force equal to 1000 pound s of force? | kip |
What is the seldom used force unit equal to one thousand newtons? | sthène |
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