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40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_2	# THE AFRICA FACTBOOK A BOOK OF AFRICAN RECORDS (BAR) PUBLICATION IN PARTNERSHIP WITH THE AFRICAN UNION COMMISSION	THE AFRICA FACTBOOK A BOOK OF AFRICAN RECORDS (BAR) PUBLICATION IN PARTNERSHIP WITH THE AFRICAN UNION COMMISSION	THE AFRICA FACTBOOK		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	0	113
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_4	# EDITORIAL BOARD ![img-0.jpeg](img_ref_1) Professor Simbi Mubako ![img-1.jpeg](img_ref_2) Pritchard Zhou ![img-2.jpeg](img_ref_3) Ambassador Kwame Muzawazi Front cover and book design by Wisdom H T Tayengwa First published in September 2020 All Rights Reserved ISBN 978-1-77925-413-9 Printed in South ...	EDITORIAL BOARD Professor Simbi Mubako Pritchard Zhou Ambassador Kwame Muzawazi Front cover and book design by Wisdom H T Tayengwa First published in September 2020 All Rights Reserved ISBN 978-1-77925-413-9 Printed in South Africa Published by the Book of African Records (BAR) in partnership with the African Un...	EDITORIAL BOARD		[ "img_ref_1", "img_ref_2", "img_ref_3", "img_ref_4", "img_ref_5" ]	5	true	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	0	814
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_5	# SPECIAL RECOGNITION This Factbook was produced by the Institute of African Knowledge (INSTAK), the sister institute of the Book of African Records which originally signed an MOU with the African Union Commission to publish this Factbook.	SPECIAL RECOGNITION This Factbook was produced by the Institute of African Knowledge (INSTAK), the sister institute of the Book of African Records which originally signed an MOU with the African Union Commission to publish this Factbook.	SPECIAL RECOGNITION		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	0	239
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_6	# THE PARTNERSHIP ## African Union Commission H.E Moussa Faki Mahamat, Chairperson Ambassador Abdoulaye Diop, Chief of Staff Leslie Richer, Director of Information and Communication Wynne Musabayana, Head of Communication Gamal Eldin Ahmed A Karrar, Senior Communication Officer Sehenemariam Hailu, Secretary, Offi...	THE PARTNERSHIP African Union Commission H.E Moussa Faki Mahamat, Chairperson Ambassador Abdoulaye Diop, Chief of Staff Leslie Richer, Director of Information and Communication Wynne Musabayana, Head of Communication Gamal Eldin Ahmed A Karrar, Senior Communication Officer Sehenemariam Hailu, Secretary, Office of th...	THE PARTNERSHIP	African Union Commission	[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	0	335
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_7	# CONTRIBUTORS Prof Ngwabi Bhebhe Prof Charles Finch Hunter Havlin Adams III Marika Sherwood Dr Charles Quist Adade Femi Akomolafe Prof Sheunesu Mpepereki Prof Gilbert Pwiti	CONTRIBUTORS Prof Ngwabi Bhebhe Prof Charles Finch Hunter Havlin Adams III Marika Sherwood Dr Charles Quist Adade Femi Akomolafe Prof Sheunesu Mpepereki Prof Gilbert Pwiti	CONTRIBUTORS		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	0	172
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_9	# RESEARCHERS Alexander Madanha Rusero Dr Lucky Bangidza Dr Sambulo Ndlovu Ellen Maguranyanga Eng Edmund Maputi Juliet Gwenzi Prof Fidelis Duri Prof Mku Ityokumbul Prof Sheunesu Mpepereki Robson Sharuko Tatenda Duncan Kavu Tennyson Mutsambi Vasco Chikwasha	RESEARCHERS Alexander Madanha Rusero Dr Lucky Bangidza Dr Sambulo Ndlovu Ellen Maguranyanga Eng Edmund Maputi Juliet Gwenzi Prof Fidelis Duri Prof Mku Ityokumbul Prof Sheunesu Mpepereki Robson Sharuko Tatenda Duncan Kavu Tennyson Mutsambi Vasco Chikwasha	RESEARCHERS		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	0	255
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_10	# APPRECIATION Our profound gratitude goes to the London-based pan-African magazine, New African, and its parent company IC Publications, for opening their rich archives to us during the preparation of this Factbook. New African has long been the veritable voice of Africa, and we acknowledge the huge debt of gratit...	APPRECIATION Our profound gratitude goes to the London-based pan-African magazine, New African, and its parent company IC Publications, for opening their rich archives to us during the preparation of this Factbook. New African has long been the veritable voice of Africa, and we acknowledge the huge debt of gratitude ...	APPRECIATION		[ "img_ref_6" ]	1	true	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	0	454
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_11	# ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Our special thanks go to the following historians, scholars, writers, Pan-Africanists, and journalists whose works were quoted in extenso in this Factbook. We are greatly indebted to them. Their invaluable works are very highly appreciated. Dr Kwame Nkrumah Ayi Kwei Armah Cheikh Anta Diop Prof Iva...	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Our special thanks go to the following historians, scholars, writers, Pan-Africanists, and journalists whose works were quoted in extenso in this Factbook. We are greatly indebted to them. Their invaluable works are very highly appreciated. Dr Kwame Nkrumah Ayi Kwei Armah Cheikh Anta Diop Prof Ivan Va...	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	0	1,084
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_12	George Pavlu Stephen Williams Lauren Cocking Daniela Vasco Abdias da Nascimento Jonathan Custodio Ifa Kush Stuart Price Tom Mbakwe Dr Runoko Rashidi Barima Adu Asamoah David Hughes Robert Holtzman Prof Kwang-chih Chang Paul Alfred Barton Gaoussou Diawara Prof Leo Weiner Dr David Imhotep Prof Everett Borders Dr Andrze...	George Pavlu Stephen Williams Lauren Cocking Daniela Vasco Abdias da Nascimento Jonathan Custodio Ifa Kush Stuart Price Tom Mbakwe Dr Runoko Rashidi Barima Adu Asamoah David Hughes Robert Holtzman Prof Kwang-chih Chang Paul Alfred Barton Gaoussou Diawara Prof Leo Weiner Dr David Imhotep Prof Everett Borders Dr Andrzej...	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	892	1,094
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_13	Word Health Organisation United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation Guinness Book of World Records Encyclopaedia Britannica Dictionary of African Biography Lisapo ya Kama The New History of the Dictionary of Ideas The New Scientist The Guardian Forbes African Exponent Ventures Africa ![img-6.jpeg]...	Word Health Organisation United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation Guinness Book of World Records Encyclopaedia Britannica Dictionary of African Biography Lisapo ya Kama The New History of the Dictionary of Ideas The New Scientist The Guardian Forbes African Exponent Ventures Africa	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT		[ "img_ref_7" ]	1	true	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	1,814	304
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_14	# EDITOR'S NOTE ## At last, liberation has arrived "For too long, others have spoken for us." These words by Lonnie Bunche, the founding director of the African-American Museum of Culture and History in Washington DC, sums up, in a way, what The Africa Factbook is all about. For six centuries, the people of Europea...	EDITOR'S NOTE At last, liberation has arrived "For too long, others have spoken for us." These words by Lonnie Bunche, the founding director of the African-American Museum of Culture and History in Washington DC, sums up, in a way, what The Africa Factbook is all about. For six centuries, the people of European decen...	EDITOR'S NOTE	At last, liberation has arrived	[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	0	734
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_15	The irony in the above statement may have led Dr John Henrik Clarke, the African-American historian, to explain that "when Africa was colonised, the information about the continent was also subject to colonisation. Hence, much of the history of Africa and its people are still hidden, neglected, and distorted. Twisting ...	The irony in the above statement may have led Dr John Henrik Clarke, the African-American historian, to explain that "when Africa was colonised, the information about the continent was also subject to colonisation. Hence, much of the history of Africa and its people are still hidden, neglected, and distorted. Twisting ...	EDITOR'S NOTE	At last, liberation has arrived	[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	744	649
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_16	Liberating ourselves from the past, a past of lies and twisting of facts, and of confusing terminology, is also what The Africa Factbook is about. The past has been a huge nightmare for Africa and her children. "One problem of course," says Adam Hochschild, the American writer and historian, "is that nearly all of this...	Liberating ourselves from the past, a past of lies and twisting of facts, and of confusing terminology, is also what The Africa Factbook is about. The past has been a huge nightmare for Africa and her children. "One problem of course," says Adam Hochschild, the American writer and historian, "is that nearly all of this...	EDITOR'S NOTE	At last, liberation has arrived	[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	1,396	969
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_17	In the words of one African Union official, after reading the first rough draft of The Africa Factbook: "With the right promotion, the Factbook should stop the process of maligning Africa and turn things upside down in the proportion of Darwin's theory of evolution." The Africa Factbook is divided into four section...	In the words of one African Union official, after reading the first rough draft of The Africa Factbook: "With the right promotion, the Factbook should stop the process of maligning Africa and turn things upside down in the proportion of Darwin's theory of evolution." The Africa Factbook is divided into four sections....	EDITOR'S NOTE	At last, liberation has arrived	[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	2,369	850
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_18	The theme for this first edition of The Africa Factbook is "Busting the Myths" - the myths that the Western world has perpetuated about Africa and its Diaspora for the past six centuries. For clarity, we worked with the two main definitions of myth as given by the Oxford English Dictionary: (1) "A widely-held but false...	The theme for this first edition of The Africa Factbook is "Busting the Myths" - the myths that the Western world has perpetuated about Africa and its Diaspora for the past six centuries. For clarity, we worked with the two main definitions of myth as given by the Oxford English Dictionary: (1) "A widely-held but false...	EDITOR'S NOTE	At last, liberation has arrived	[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	3,240	980
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_19	The Africa Factbook has raised the bar! It has set new standards in the world of factbooks. And we hope you will read it as such. For Africans, liberation has finally arrived. In a world where 44 million Yorubas are a tribe and 42 million Igbos are equally so, but 3 million Welsh are a nation and 5 million Scots are eq...	The Africa Factbook has raised the bar! It has set new standards in the world of factbooks. And we hope you will read it as such. For Africans, liberation has finally arrived. In a world where 44 million Yorubas are a tribe and 42 million Igbos are equally so, but 3 million Welsh are a nation and 5 million Scots are eq...	EDITOR'S NOTE	At last, liberation has arrived	[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	4,224	386
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_20	# Baffour Ankomah Editor Harare, September 2020 ![img-7.jpeg](img_ref_8)	Baffour Ankomah Editor Harare, September 2020	Baffour Ankomah		[ "img_ref_8" ]	1	true	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	0	46
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_21	# PUBLISHERS' NOTE For over 600 years, Africa has mostly been silent whilst historians in world capitals have taken it upon themselves to define us. They mostly succeeded because we kept quiet. But no one could have said it better than Martin Luther King Jnr: "There comes a time when silence is betrayal". We kept q...	PUBLISHERS' NOTE For over 600 years, Africa has mostly been silent whilst historians in world capitals have taken it upon themselves to define us. They mostly succeeded because we kept quiet. But no one could have said it better than Martin Luther King Jnr: "There comes a time when silence is betrayal". We kept quiet...	PUBLISHERS' NOTE		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	0	1,076
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_22	It is surely a product of deliberate naivety or pseudo scholarship to say Africa does not have written or readable history. Records of our experiences exist in many more ways than the conventional writing. We were busy experiencing our colourful lives and rich ceremonies, our wildlife, our open skies, our long sunny da...	It is surely a product of deliberate naivety or pseudo scholarship to say Africa does not have written or readable history. Records of our experiences exist in many more ways than the conventional writing. We were busy experiencing our colourful lives and rich ceremonies, our wildlife, our open skies, our long sunny da...	PUBLISHERS' NOTE		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	1,083	595
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_23	Have you heard of the lost or destroyed letter from the revered Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia to Queen Victoria? In 1865 Her Majesty sent a missionary delegation to Ethiopia with a copy of the King James Bible (published 1611 AD ) as a present, with a request for Tewodros II to allow the missionaries to among other t...	Have you heard of the lost or destroyed letter from the revered Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia to Queen Victoria? In 1865 Her Majesty sent a missionary delegation to Ethiopia with a copy of the King James Bible (published 1611 AD ) as a present, with a request for Tewodros II to allow the missionaries to among other t...	PUBLISHERS' NOTE		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	1,681	951
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_24	Today, we need more letters by the Tewodros of Africa to the Victorias of the world. The Africa Factbook is written in this Tewodran spirit. The world is experiencing an ongoing global war of information and staying silent is no longer an option. Africa, through this factbook, is thus standing up to have her voice he...	Today, we need more letters by the Tewodros of Africa to the Victorias of the world. The Africa Factbook is written in this Tewodran spirit. The world is experiencing an ongoing global war of information and staying silent is no longer an option. Africa, through this factbook, is thus standing up to have her voice hea...	PUBLISHERS' NOTE		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	2,493	675
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_25	## Amb. Kwame Tapiwa Muzawazi CEO - Institute of African Knowledge/Book of African Records	Amb. Kwame Tapiwa Muzawazi CEO - Institute of African Knowledge/Book of African Records	PUBLISHERS' NOTE	Amb. Kwame Tapiwa Muzawazi	[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	0	88
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_26	# SPECIAL INTRO Zimbabwe as a country feels privileged to have had the first opportunity to host and support the production of the first edition of The Africa Factbook. The expectations are high but we believe the team responsible for production did a sterling job that for many generations to come will help in the re...	SPECIAL INTRO Zimbabwe as a country feels privileged to have had the first opportunity to host and support the production of the first edition of The Africa Factbook. The expectations are high but we believe the team responsible for production did a sterling job that for many generations to come will help in the reviv...	SPECIAL INTRO		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	0	1,056
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_27	The Africa Factbook illustrates that Africans are a peace-loving people, who have given more to the world than taken from it. In the following pages, we see that since day one of human existence, we as Africans have always been seeking human progress, neighbourly co-existence and the common good. Many of the conflict...	The Africa Factbook illustrates that Africans are a peace-loving people, who have given more to the world than taken from it. In the following pages, we see that since day one of human existence, we as Africans have always been seeking human progress, neighbourly co-existence and the common good. Many of the conflicts...	SPECIAL INTRO		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	1,064	841
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_28	## Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa President of the Republic of Zimbabwe ![img-8.jpeg](img_ref_9) ![img-9.jpeg](img_ref_10)	Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa President of the Republic of Zimbabwe	SPECIAL INTRO	Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa	[ "img_ref_9", "img_ref_10" ]	2	true	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	0	66
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_29	# INTRODUCTION The history of the world and the endeavours of the human race are told through the stories of people and their cultures. Some stories are well known; some are still to be told. For centuries, the story of Africa has largely been told by others, often by those who have occupied our land and subjugated o...	INTRODUCTION The history of the world and the endeavours of the human race are told through the stories of people and their cultures. Some stories are well known; some are still to be told. For centuries, the story of Africa has largely been told by others, often by those who have occupied our land and subjugated our ...	INTRODUCTION		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	0	910
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_30	The Africa Factbook is therefore a corrective effort. It is estimated that by 2050 half of the young people in the world will be living in Africa. There is so much potential and it must be harnessed by both Africans and friends of Africa. This must start by setting the record straight, by presenting the facts about the...	The Africa Factbook is therefore a corrective effort. It is estimated that by 2050 half of the young people in the world will be living in Africa. There is so much potential and it must be harnessed by both Africans and friends of Africa. This must start by setting the record straight, by presenting the facts about the...	INTRODUCTION		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	918	815
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_31	I thank the African Union Commission and their implementing partner, the Book of African Records, and its sister-organisation, the Institute of African Knowledge, for the great work that has produced this valuable publication. On behalf of the African people, I also thank the Government of Zimbabwe for hosting and supp...	I thank the African Union Commission and their implementing partner, the Book of African Records, and its sister-organisation, the Institute of African Knowledge, for the great work that has produced this valuable publication. On behalf of the African people, I also thank the Government of Zimbabwe for hosting and supp...	INTRODUCTION		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	1,737	460
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_32	## Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa President of the Republic of South Africa Chairperson of the African Union (2020) "Until the story of the hunt is told by the lion, the tale of the hunt will always glorify the hunter" - African proverb	Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa President of the Republic of South Africa Chairperson of the African Union (2020) "Until the story of the hunt is told by the lion, the tale of the hunt will always glorify the hunter" - African proverb	INTRODUCTION	Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa	[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	0	229
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_33	# Contents ## Section A 1. Ancient Egypt, our roots! 1 2. Who were the Ancient Egyptians? 27 3. Africa has a history! 43 4. The gods are not crazy $\mid 59$ 5. The Later Stone Age Cultures of Southern Africa 69 6. Race: To be black is to be different, not inferior $\mid \mathbf{8 9}$ 7. African foundations of world...	Contents Section A 1. Ancient Egypt, our roots! 1 2. Who were the Ancient Egyptians? 27 3. Africa has a history! 43 4. The gods are not crazy \mid 59 5. The Later Stone Age Cultures of Southern Africa 69 6. Race: To be black is to be different, not inferior \mid \mathbf8 9 7. African foundations of world religions \m...	Contents	Section A	[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	0	967
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_34	## Section B 1. Algeria $\mid \mathbf{2 8 1}$ 2. Angola $\mid \mathbf{2 8 4}$ 3. Benin $\mid \mathbf{2 9 7}$ 4. Botswana $\mid \mathbf{3 0 5}$ 5. Burkina Faso $\mid \mathbf{3 1 3}$ 6. Burundi $\mid \mathbf{3 2 1}$ 7. Cape Verde $\mid \mathbf{3 2 9}$ 8. Cameroon $\mid \mathbf{3 3 7}$ 9. Central African Republic $\mid ...	Section B 1. Algeria \mid \mathbf2 8 1 2. Angola \mid \mathbf2 8 4 3. Benin \mid \mathbf2 9 7 4. Botswana \mid \mathbf3 0 5 5. Burkina Faso \mid \mathbf3 1 3 6. Burundi \mid \mathbf3 2 1 7. Cape Verde \mid \mathbf3 2 9 8. Cameroon \mid \mathbf3 3 7 9. Central African Republic \mid \mathbf3 4 5 10. Chad \mid \mathbf3 5...	Contents	Section B	[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	0	975
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_35	27. Lesotho $\mid 483$ 28. Liberia $\mid 489$ 29. Libya $\mid 497$ 30. Madagascar $\mid 505$ 31. Malawi $\mid 513$ 32. Mali $\mid 521$ 33. Mauritania $\mid 529$ 34. Mauritius $\mid 537$ 35. Morocco $\mid 545$ 36. Mozambique $\mid 553$ 37. Namibia $\mid 561$ 38. Niger $\mid 569$ 39. Nigeria $\mid 577$ 40. Rwanda $\mid 5...	27. Lesotho \mid 483 28. Liberia \mid 489 29. Libya \mid 497 30. Madagascar \mid 505 31. Malawi \mid 513 32. Mali \mid 521 33. Mauritania \mid 529 34. Mauritius \mid 537 35. Morocco \mid 545 36. Mozambique \mid 553 37. Namibia \mid 561 38. Niger \mid 569 39. Nigeria \mid 577 40. Rwanda \mid 587 41. Sahrawi \mid 595 42....	Contents	Section B	[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	909	634
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_36	# Section C 1. Has a black person ever invented anything? $\mid 713$ 2. The Acts of the Africans $\mid 719$	Section C 1. Has a black person ever invented anything? \mid 713 2. The Acts of the Africans \mid 719	Section C		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	0	102
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_37	## Section D 1. Time for Africa to unite all her children $\mid 738$ 2. Black America: Where Black lives have not mattered $\mid 741$ Epilogue $\mid 779$	Section D 1. Time for Africa to unite all her children \mid 738 2. Black America: Where Black lives have not mattered \mid 741 Epilogue \mid 779	Section C	Section D	[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	0	146
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_39	For almost a millennium, Euro-American historians, writers and journalists have told the world that Africa has contributed almost nothing to world civilisation, even though Africans created the world's first real civilisation in Ancient Egypt, which taught the world almost all the things we take for granted today. In f...	For almost a millennium, Euro-American historians, writers and journalists have told the world that Africa has contributed almost nothing to world civilisation, even though Africans created the world's first real civilisation in Ancient Egypt, which taught the world almost all the things we take for granted today. In f...	Section A		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	14	1,052
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_40	, and the no small matter of visual representation on the world map - how Africa, the second largest continent in the world, is represented on the world map smaller than Canada, Russia, Western Europe even, and yet the opposite is the reality.	, and the no small matter of visual representation on the world map - how Africa, the second largest continent in the world, is represented on the world map smaller than Canada, Russia, Western Europe even, and yet the opposite is the reality.	Section A		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	1,066	243
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_42	# Ancient Egypt, our roots! ![img-11.jpeg](img_ref_12)	Ancient Egypt, our roots!	Ancient Egypt, our roots!		[ "img_ref_12" ]	1	true	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	0	25
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_43	Few controversies have hit Africa, since the death of Christ, greater than the denial of the ownership of Ancient Egypt, one of the world's greatest empires that developed in the Nile Valley of northeast Africa, along the contours of the Nile River, the world's longest and only great river that defies the laws of gravi...	Few controversies have hit Africa, since the death of Christ, greater than the denial of the ownership of Ancient Egypt, one of the world's greatest empires that developed in the Nile Valley of northeast Africa, along the contours of the Nile River, the world's longest and only great river that defies the laws of gravi...	Ancient Egypt, our roots!		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	59	1,079
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_44	In October 1998, one reader of the London-based pan-African magazine, New African, took grave issue with the magazine's Editor, Baffour Ankomah, for daring to assert in his personal column (published in May 1998) that: "On 22 March this year [1998], the world was astounded to 'discover' that on the day of the Equinox, ...	In October 1998, one reader of the London-based pan-African magazine, New African, took grave issue with the magazine's Editor, Baffour Ankomah, for daring to assert in his personal column (published in May 1998) that: "On 22 March this year [1998], the world was astounded to 'discover' that on the day of the Equinox, ...	Ancient Egypt, our roots!		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	1,141	716
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_45	The reader, ironically an African from Sierra Leone living in London, was hugely irritated by what he called the "extravagant claim" that "our great black ancestors built those pyramids", and wrote back to New African, saying: "To assert without proof that the Great Sphinx was built by black people is an extravagant cl...	The reader, ironically an African from Sierra Leone living in London, was hugely irritated by what he called the "extravagant claim" that "our great black ancestors built those pyramids", and wrote back to New African, saying: "To assert without proof that the Great Sphinx was built by black people is an extravagant cl...	Ancient Egypt, our roots!		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	1,860	576
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_46	On 8 January 2020, when Zimbabwe's leading newspaper The Herald published a story about the first draft of The Africa Factbook having been presented to President Emmerson Mnangagwa by the Institute of African Knowledge (INSTAK), a reader - a full-blooded Zimbabwean - wrote to The Herald saying: "History of Africa? How ...	On 8 January 2020, when Zimbabwe's leading newspaper The Herald published a story about the first draft of The Africa Factbook having been presented to President Emmerson Mnangagwa by the Institute of African Knowledge (INSTAK), a reader - a full-blooded Zimbabwean - wrote to The Herald saying: "History of Africa? How ...	Ancient Egypt, our roots!		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	2,439	730
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_47	It is astounding that such Africans exist - and unfortunately there are millions and millions of them. It is for their sake, and the sake of Africa and all its vast diaspora living everywhere in the world, and for the sake of Africans yet unborn - in short, it is for the sake of Global Africa that the important subject...	It is astounding that such Africans exist - and unfortunately there are millions and millions of them. It is for their sake, and the sake of Africa and all its vast diaspora living everywhere in the world, and for the sake of Africans yet unborn - in short, it is for the sake of Global Africa that the important subject...	Ancient Egypt, our roots!		[ "img_ref_13" ]	1	true	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	3,172	793
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_48	Dr Chancellor Williams, African-American historian of repute, who spent his entire life teaching black people about their ancestors' glorious past. SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK The Great Pyramid of Giza remained the tallest building in the world for over 4,000 years. This was built by Africans, in fact it was built f...	Dr Chancellor Williams, African-American historian of repute, who spent his entire life teaching black people about their ancestors' glorious past. SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK The Great Pyramid of Giza remained the tallest building in the world for over 4,000 years. This was built by Africans, in fact it was built for...	Ancient Egypt, our roots!		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	3,820	513
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_49	So here we go. We start by first connecting with Chancellor Williams, one of the greatest historians and scholars to walk the land of Global Africa. In his lifechanging book published in 1974, The Destruction of Black Civilisation: Great Issues Of A Race, From 4500 BC To 2000 AD, Chancellor Williams (an African-America...	So here we go. We start by first connecting with Chancellor Williams, one of the greatest historians and scholars to walk the land of Global Africa. In his lifechanging book published in 1974, The Destruction of Black Civilisation: Great Issues Of A Race, From 4500 BC To 2000 AD, Chancellor Williams (an African-America...	Ancient Egypt, our roots!		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	4,338	931
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_50	The answer lay in what Chancellor Williams revealed next. "In the sixth grade one of our teachers, Miss Alice Crossland, helped me to become a sales agent for the Crisis and the Norfolk Journal and Guide. This was like turning on the floodlights of heaven; for the books on our race, listed on the back pages of the Cris...	The answer lay in what Chancellor Williams revealed next. "In the sixth grade one of our teachers, Miss Alice Crossland, helped me to become a sales agent for the Crisis and the Norfolk Journal and Guide. This was like turning on the floodlights of heaven; for the books on our race, listed on the back pages of the Cris...	Ancient Egypt, our roots!		[ "img_ref_14" ]	1	true	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	5,272	968
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_51	"The big unanswered question, then, was what had happened? How was this highly advanced Black Civilisation so completely destroyed that its people, in our times and for some centuries past, have found themselves not only behind the other peoples of the world, but as well, the colour of their skin a sign of inferiority,...	"The big unanswered question, then, was what had happened? How was this highly advanced Black Civilisation so completely destroyed that its people, in our times and for some centuries past, have found themselves not only behind the other peoples of the world, but as well, the colour of their skin a sign of inferiority,...	Ancient Egypt, our roots!		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	6,270	1,067
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_52	"I was convinced that what troubled me and what I wanted to know was what troubled the black masses and what they wanted to know. We wanted to know the whole truth, good and bad. For it would be a continuing degradation of the African people if we simply destroyed the present system of racial lies embedded in world lit...	"I was convinced that what troubled me and what I wanted to know was what troubled the black masses and what they wanted to know. We wanted to know the whole truth, good and bad. For it would be a continuing degradation of the African people if we simply destroyed the present system of racial lies embedded in world lit...	Ancient Egypt, our roots!		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	7,339	1,074
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_53	"In this way, and in no other, we can determine what our heritage really was and, instead of just talking about 'identity', we shall know at last precisely what purely African body of principles, value systems or philosophy of life gradually evolved from our own forefathers over countless ages, and we will be able to d...	"In this way, and in no other, we can determine what our heritage really was and, instead of just talking about 'identity', we shall know at last precisely what purely African body of principles, value systems or philosophy of life gradually evolved from our own forefathers over countless ages, and we will be able to d...	Ancient Egypt, our roots!		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	8,415	632
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_54	Chancellor Williams therefore made his research a quest for specific answers to specific questions, some of which were: "(a) How did all-black Egypt become all-white Egypt? (b) What were some of the specific details in the process that so completely blotted out the achievements of the African race from the annals of hi...	Chancellor Williams therefore made his research a quest for specific answers to specific questions, some of which were: "(a) How did all-black Egypt become all-white Egypt? (b) What were some of the specific details in the process that so completely blotted out the achievements of the African race from the annals of hi...	Ancient Egypt, our roots!		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	9,050	999
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_55	These were, and still are, deep-rooted questions that need deep-rooted answers that speak to the allegations of "pseudo-science" and "extravagant claims" levelled against Africans who tell, from deep-rooted research, the story of their glorious ancestors who built great civilisations thousands and thousands of years be...	These were, and still are, deep-rooted questions that need deep-rooted answers that speak to the allegations of "pseudo-science" and "extravagant claims" levelled against Africans who tell, from deep-rooted research, the story of their glorious ancestors who built great civilisations thousands and thousands of years be...	Ancient Egypt, our roots!		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	10,052	786
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_56	# In the beginning "The reliable facts" about Ancient Egypt say that the subjugation of Africa and its peoples began in earnest with the control of their minds which to date has reaped surplus dividends to outsiders, especially the European colonisers. Therefore, the basis of African emancipation or the much-talked a...	In the beginning "The reliable facts" about Ancient Egypt say that the subjugation of Africa and its peoples began in earnest with the control of their minds which to date has reaped surplus dividends to outsiders, especially the European colonisers. Therefore, the basis of African emancipation or the much-talked abou...	In the beginning		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	0	909
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_57	As Cyril Lionel Robert James (popularly known as C.L.R. James), the Trinidadian-born historian, journalist and author of Black Jacobins, once thundered: "Think, think, think, my son. Do not lose hold of what you as an African has achieved by the unstinting sacrifices and struggles of those whose shoulders you stand tod...	As Cyril Lionel Robert James (popularly known as C.L.R. James), the Trinidadian-born historian, journalist and author of Black Jacobins, once thundered: "Think, think, think, my son. Do not lose hold of what you as an African has achieved by the unstinting sacrifices and struggles of those whose shoulders you stand tod...	In the beginning		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	915	448
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_58	The Kenyan writer, Ngugi wa Thiong'o, another great African, puts it another way: "Colonialism tried to control the memory of the colonised, or rather, to borrow from the Caribbean thinker, Sylvia Wynter, it tried to subject the colonised to its memory, to make the colonised see themselves through the hegemonic memory ...	The Kenyan writer, Ngugi wa Thiong'o, another great African, puts it another way: "Colonialism tried to control the memory of the colonised, or rather, to borrow from the Caribbean thinker, Sylvia Wynter, it tried to subject the colonised to its memory, to make the colonised see themselves through the hegemonic memory ...	In the beginning		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	1,366	959
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_59	Ngugi then asks: "Is the task in front of us - that of the recovery of the African historical memory and dreams - too difficult a task? There is no way out of this." Such a restoration of African history or "African memory" will be a service to humanity itself, because the historical consciousness of humanity has suffe...	Ngugi then asks: "Is the task in front of us - that of the recovery of the African historical memory and dreams - too difficult a task? There is no way out of this." Such a restoration of African history or "African memory" will be a service to humanity itself, because the historical consciousness of humanity has suffe...	In the beginning		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	2,328	751
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_60	But the "Hamitic myth" was invented in the 1920s by Charles G. Seligman, an English anthropologist and author of Races of Africa. According to him: "Negroes were too primitive to be capable of any advanced thought". He claimed that Kemet was created by Hamites whom he regarded as "Caucasians [belonging] to the same bra...	But the "Hamitic myth" was invented in the 1920s by Charles G. Seligman, an English anthropologist and author of Races of Africa. According to him: "Negroes were too primitive to be capable of any advanced thought". He claimed that Kemet was created by Hamites whom he regarded as "Caucasians [belonging] to the same bra...	In the beginning		[ "img_ref_15" ]	1	true	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	3,082	773
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_61	![img-14.jpeg](img_ref_15) But the Ancient Egyptians called themselves Kemmui, which meant black, written in their language Medu-Neter or hieroglyphics as a block of wood charred at the ends. For the early Greeks, to whom Europe gives credit for having been the founders of European civilisation, the idea of distortin...	But the Ancient Egyptians called themselves Kemmui, which meant black, written in their language Medu-Neter or hieroglyphics as a block of wood charred at the ends. For the early Greeks, to whom Europe gives credit for having been the founders of European civilisation, the idea of distorting the history of Kemet was im...	In the beginning		[ "img_ref_15" ]	1	true	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	3,858	510
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_62	This is evident in the entire Greek account of Ancient Egypt, which glorifies the Black civilisation of Kemet. It was, after all, in Kemet that the Greeks got their education in practically every conceivable field of knowledge. In fact, many Greek philosophers came to Kemet to study. In effect, there was never a "Greek...	This is evident in the entire Greek account of Ancient Egypt, which glorifies the Black civilisation of Kemet. It was, after all, in Kemet that the Greeks got their education in practically every conceivable field of knowledge. In fact, many Greek philosophers came to Kemet to study. In effect, there was never a "Greek...	In the beginning		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	4,400	753
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_63	Crucially, the concealment saturated 18th century European consciousness. For, Europe is aware that almost half of the recorded history of humanity had passed before anyone in Europe could read or write. Greek civilisation and its entire intellectual output, which are accepted today as the source of European civilisati...	Crucially, the concealment saturated 18th century European consciousness. For, Europe is aware that almost half of the recorded history of humanity had passed before anyone in Europe could read or write. Greek civilisation and its entire intellectual output, which are accepted today as the source of European civilisati...	In the beginning		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	5,156	894
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_64	Europe's awareness of this fact was to fabricate the history of Africa and erect a false edifice, which has to be maintained at all cost. Today, based on this edifice, there is a school of thought that says since Africans have no history of any real significance to the rest of the world, they are a non-essential factor...	Europe's awareness of this fact was to fabricate the history of Africa and erect a false edifice, which has to be maintained at all cost. Today, based on this edifice, there is a school of thought that says since Africans have no history of any real significance to the rest of the world, they are a non-essential factor...	In the beginning		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	6,053	777
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_65	## Kemet (also known as Ancient Egypt) The origins of Ancient Egypt lay in several kingdoms in Upper Egypt, at Abydos and Hierakonpolis, which then spread northwards towards Memphis and the Mediterranean. In ancient times, Egypt was called by indigenous names - Ta Meri (beloved land), Tawi (two lands), and more often...	Kemet (also known as Ancient Egypt) The origins of Ancient Egypt lay in several kingdoms in Upper Egypt, at Abydos and Hierakonpolis, which then spread northwards towards Memphis and the Mediterranean. In ancient times, Egypt was called by indigenous names - Ta Meri (beloved land), Tawi (two lands), and more often Kem...	In the beginning	Kemet (also known as Ancient Egypt)	[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	0	923
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_66	Map (left): Ancient Egypt consisted of two main geographical parts (or kingdoms): Upper Egypt, which is where the River came from or everywhere south of Cairo (or 30th parallel N) all the way to the Sudan border, and Lower Egypt, everywhere from Cairo northwards where the River flows into the Mediterranean Sea through ...	Map (left): Ancient Egypt consisted of two main geographical parts (or kingdoms): Upper Egypt, which is where the River came from or everywhere south of Cairo (or 30th parallel N) all the way to the Sudan border, and Lower Egypt, everywhere from Cairo northwards where the River flows into the Mediterranean Sea through ...	In the beginning	Kemet (also known as Ancient Egypt)	[ "img_ref_16" ]	1	true	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	930	1,058
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_67	"From the Greek 'Aigyptos', Memphis became Egypt, and Egypt became the name of the 'Two Lands', extending from the Mediterranean to the [Nile's] First Cataract. There was no 'Egypt' before the black king [Pharoah Narmer, also called Aha Mena or Menes] from whose name it was indirectly derived. Before that, the country ...	"From the Greek 'Aigyptos', Memphis became Egypt, and Egypt became the name of the 'Two Lands', extending from the Mediterranean to the [Nile's] First Cataract. There was no 'Egypt' before the black king [Pharoah Narmer, also called Aha Mena or Menes] from whose name it was indirectly derived. Before that, the country ...	In the beginning	Kemet (also known as Ancient Egypt)	[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	2,020	533
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_68	The name Nile is also Greek. The black, indigenous people of Kemet called the Nile "Hapi" or "Ar". The Greeks changed the name to Nile after they invaded Kemet and occupied it in 332 BC. At certain points in time, the empire of Kemet spread all the way to the Euphrates River in Iraq, then called Assyria and later Babyl...	The name Nile is also Greek. The black, indigenous people of Kemet called the Nile "Hapi" or "Ar". The Greeks changed the name to Nile after they invaded Kemet and occupied it in 332 BC. At certain points in time, the empire of Kemet spread all the way to the Euphrates River in Iraq, then called Assyria and later Babyl...	In the beginning	Kemet (also known as Ancient Egypt)	[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	2,556	703
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_69	To the east of Kush was Seba (or Sheba) located in modern-day Ethiopia. To the west of Kemet was Put (which occupied modern-day Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco). Much later, Put came to be known as Cyrene where the Simon who was pressed into carrying Jesus' cross at the crucifixion came from (Matthew 27:3;. Mark 15:21...	To the east of Kush was Seba (or Sheba) located in modern-day Ethiopia. To the west of Kemet was Put (which occupied modern-day Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco). Much later, Put came to be known as Cyrene where the Simon who was pressed into carrying Jesus' cross at the crucifixion came from (Matthew 27:3;. Mark 15:21...	In the beginning	Kemet (also known as Ancient Egypt)	[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	3,262	504
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_70	It was Pharoah Narmer (also called Menes), a Black man, who built Memphis, the capital city named after him that became so famous and the pride of the Black world. Memphis was located at where modern Cairo now stands. Memphis later became the border between Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt, the two main divisions of Ancient...	It was Pharoah Narmer (also called Menes), a Black man, who built Memphis, the capital city named after him that became so famous and the pride of the Black world. Memphis was located at where modern Cairo now stands. Memphis later became the border between Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt, the two main divisions of Ancient...	In the beginning	Kemet (also known as Ancient Egypt)	[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	3,769	760
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_71	Geographically, Upper Egypt was made up of all the land between the $30^{\text {th }}$ parallel north and the Aswan Dam in the south. Lower Egypt thus referred to the triangular Nile Delta region, from Memphis or the $30^{\text {th }}$ parallel north up to the Mediterranean Sea. King Menes united the "Two Lands" under ...	Geographically, Upper Egypt was made up of all the land between the 30^th parallel north and the Aswan Dam in the south. Lower Egypt thus referred to the triangular Nile Delta region, from Memphis or the 30^th parallel north up to the Mediterranean Sea. King Menes united the "Two Lands" under African rule and began the...	In the beginning	Kemet (also known as Ancient Egypt)	[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	4,532	878
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_72	To Chancellor Williams, "the strong predilection of both Europeans and white Asians to replace the names of other peoples and places with their own Photo montage (left page): The source of the great River Nile as it comes out of Lake Victoria near Jinja, Uganda, and makes its way up north via 4,000 miles $(6,400 \mat...	To Chancellor Williams, "the strong predilection of both Europeans and white Asians to replace the names of other peoples and places with their own Photo montage (left page): The source of the great River Nile as it comes out of Lake Victoria near Jinja, Uganda, and makes its way up north via 4,000 miles (6,400 ~km) o...	In the beginning	Kemet (also known as Ancient Egypt)	[ "img_ref_17" ]	1	true	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	5,290	681
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_73	# SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK terminologies was at once a blessing and a curse in the history of the Blacks. Not knowing the racist twist that modern history was to take, these early historians, geographers and travellers reported what they found and described peoples in their own terms of speech. In doing so, they es...	SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK terminologies was at once a blessing and a curse in the history of the Blacks. Not knowing the racist twist that modern history was to take, these early historians, geographers and travellers reported what they found and described peoples in their own terms of speech. In doing so, they estab...	SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	0	994
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_74	"The early whites, again, not the Blacks - not only defined all Upper Egypt as black to distinguish it from predominantly white Lower Egypt, but they settled the matter for posterity by calling Egypt the Thebald and the Blacks Thebans because Thebes (Nowe) was the oldest and greatest centre of black civilisation. The '...	"The early whites, again, not the Blacks - not only defined all Upper Egypt as black to distinguish it from predominantly white Lower Egypt, but they settled the matter for posterity by calling Egypt the Thebald and the Blacks Thebans because Thebes (Nowe) was the oldest and greatest centre of black civilisation. The '...	SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	1,024	1,040
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_75	The "great deception" nothwithstanding, the fact still remains that for generations, Memphis was almost entirely an all-black city, with white Asian villages slowly growing up around the outskirts. Chancellor Williams explains that the Asians who had come to settle in Lower Egypt as travellers and refugees were a very ...	The "great deception" nothwithstanding, the fact still remains that for generations, Memphis was almost entirely an all-black city, with white Asian villages slowly growing up around the outskirts. Chancellor Williams explains that the Asians who had come to settle in Lower Egypt as travellers and refugees were a very ...	SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	2,067	780
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_76	"That all this was the direct route to repeated Asian ascendency on the continent few Africans seemed to see. For they were, as a race, too ready to forgive and forget the past evils committed by foreigners; whereas, on the other hand, a fellow African tribe could easily become a 'traditional enemy' and continue as suc...	"That all this was the direct route to repeated Asian ascendency on the continent few Africans seemed to see. For they were, as a race, too ready to forgive and forget the past evils committed by foreigners; whereas, on the other hand, a fellow African tribe could easily become a 'traditional enemy' and continue as suc...	SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	2,848	414
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_77	Chancellor Williams goes on: "The Blacks, then, were apparently unconcerned about the Asian villages springing up just outside Memphis, the largest one rapidly developing across the river on the right bank. This community was to become the Asian city of Fostat that would challenge the supremacy of the capital city and ...	Chancellor Williams goes on: "The Blacks, then, were apparently unconcerned about the Asian villages springing up just outside Memphis, the largest one rapidly developing across the river on the right bank. This community was to become the Asian city of Fostat that would challenge the supremacy of the capital city and ...	SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	3,265	847
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_78	Chancellor Williams urges Africans to consider the time continuum in the history of the Blacks in reference to the state of civilisation in the lands from which the Asians and the other invading groups came during the first 1,000 years of Black ascendancy in Egypt and ancient Sudan. "The record is quite clear," says Ch...	Chancellor Williams urges Africans to consider the time continuum in the history of the Blacks in reference to the state of civilisation in the lands from which the Asians and the other invading groups came during the first 1,000 years of Black ascendancy in Egypt and ancient Sudan. "The record is quite clear," says Ch...	SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	4,128	922
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_79	"By the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt, the Blacks, who were the first brick and stone masons on earth, had begun to build at Giza the same style of pyramid building that had been characteristic of Southern Ethiopia [now Sudan] from the earliest times. The Great Pyramid remained the tallest building in the world for over 4,00...	"By the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt, the Blacks, who were the first brick and stone masons on earth, had begun to build at Giza the same style of pyramid building that had been characteristic of Southern Ethiopia [now Sudan] from the earliest times. The Great Pyramid remained the tallest building in the world for over 4,00...	SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	5,051	1,003
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_80	"That the Fourth Dynasty [of Egypt] was indigenous is equally clear. These were the chief pyramid builders, the Great Pyramid being the largest and tallest building on earth until modern times. It was built during the reign of Khufu (259067 BC). Khufu's nephew, Khafre, whose African identity is generally disguised by h...	"That the Fourth Dynasty [of Egypt] was indigenous is equally clear. These were the chief pyramid builders, the Great Pyramid being the largest and tallest building on earth until modern times. It was built during the reign of Khufu (259067 BC). Khufu's nephew, Khafre, whose African identity is generally disguised by h...	SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	6,055	947
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_81	Chancellor Williams underscores the fact that: "Having determined what periods Africans were referred to as 'Thinites', 'Memphites', 'Thebans', 'Cushites', 'Libyans', 'Ethiopians', 'Nubians', etc, a major problem in African history was near solution. Some of the disguising masks were thus removed. But much still remain...	Chancellor Williams underscores the fact that: "Having determined what periods Africans were referred to as 'Thinites', 'Memphites', 'Thebans', 'Cushites', 'Libyans', 'Ethiopians', 'Nubians', etc, a major problem in African history was near solution. Some of the disguising masks were thus removed. But much still remain...	SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK		[ "img_ref_18" ]	1	true	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	7,005	1,030
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_82	![img-17.jpeg](img_ref_18) President Anwar Sadat, an indigenous Egyptian "It was a society of scientists, scholars, organised religions with organised priesthoods, mathematicians, scribes, architects, engineers, standing armies and generals, stone and brick masons, carpenters, artists, sculptors, cloth makers, slaves...	President Anwar Sadat, an indigenous Egyptian "It was a society of scientists, scholars, organised religions with organised priesthoods, mathematicians, scribes, architects, engineers, standing armies and generals, stone and brick masons, carpenters, artists, sculptors, cloth makers, slaves, farmers, teachers, gold and...	SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK		[ "img_ref_18" ]	1	true	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	8,039	778
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_84	It is important to underscore the fact that the ancestors of Ancient Egypt (or Kemet) were of indigenous African Negroid stock. This was during the native period which some historians now call the Archaic and Old Kingdoms (3100-2100BC). In the New Kingdom (1500-1087BC) the kings were called Per aa (meaning Great House)...	It is important to underscore the fact that the ancestors of Ancient Egypt (or Kemet) were of indigenous African Negroid stock. This was during the native period which some historians now call the Archaic and Old Kingdoms (3100-2100BC). In the New Kingdom (1500-1087BC) the kings were called Per aa (meaning Great House)...	SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK	The native people	[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	23	520
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_85	, Western historians have found it necessary to blatantly ignore the many stupendous primeval monuments in both modern Sudan and Ethiopia that so clearly proclaim a civilisation earlier than that of Ancient Egypt. These historians have misled the world into believing that the Ancient Egyptian civilisation emerged from ...	, Western historians have found it necessary to blatantly ignore the many stupendous primeval monuments in both modern Sudan and Ethiopia that so clearly proclaim a civilisation earlier than that of Ancient Egypt. These historians have misled the world into believing that the Ancient Egyptian civilisation emerged from ...	SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK	The native people	[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	543	608
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_86	These facts have been well documented and attested to by Persian and Byzantine historians of the 5th century, who wrote that the people of North Africa were black, until the first invasion of North Africa in 647 AD by the Arabs, ordered by Abdallah ibn Saî, that culminated in the Umayyad victory in 705 AD in North Afri...	These facts have been well documented and attested to by Persian and Byzantine historians of the 5th century, who wrote that the people of North Africa were black, until the first invasion of North Africa in 647 AD by the Arabs, ordered by Abdallah ibn Saî, that culminated in the Umayyad victory in 705 AD in North Afri...	SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK	The native people	[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	1,154	950
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_87	It is, in fact, easier to prove that Ancient Egypt was a Negroid civilisation than Europe's claim to Greek civilisation. For, there was no recorded history of Europe in ancient times. The Europe we know today was divided by the frontier formed by the two rivers, Rhine and Danube. South and west of the frontier lay the ...	It is, in fact, easier to prove that Ancient Egypt was a Negroid civilisation than Europe's claim to Greek civilisation. For, there was no recorded history of Europe in ancient times. The Europe we know today was divided by the frontier formed by the two rivers, Rhine and Danube. South and west of the frontier lay the ...	SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK	The native people	[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	2,107	899
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_88	[^0] [^0]: An elephant does not die of one broken rib. The French writer, Count Constantin de Volney in his book, The Ruins of Empires, clearly states that the black people of Kemet were the first to "attain the physical and moral sciences necessary to civilised life", adding: "It was, then, on the borders of the ...	[^0] [^0]: An elephant does not die of one broken rib. The French writer, Count Constantin de Volney in his book, The Ruins of Empires, clearly states that the black people of Kemet were the first to "attain the physical and moral sciences necessary to civilised life", adding: "It was, then, on the borders of the Uppe...	SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK	The native people	[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	2,953	656
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_89	When a few nomadic communities banded to settle in Rome around 1000 BC, the African civilisation was more than 2,000 years old - its religion, philosophers, scientists, etc, were already ancient. When the Greek pantheon was in rudimentary stage - the Olympiad yet to be held; Hinduism yet to appear, Gautama Buddha yet t...	When a few nomadic communities banded to settle in Rome around 1000 BC, the African civilisation was more than 2,000 years old - its religion, philosophers, scientists, etc, were already ancient. When the Greek pantheon was in rudimentary stage - the Olympiad yet to be held; Hinduism yet to appear, Gautama Buddha yet t...	SECTION A: AFRICA FACTBOOK	The native people	[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	3,616	693
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_90	# Land of the Blacks The Greeks themselves confirmed - right from Herodotus, Isocrates to Plutarch - that the Egyptians "were very black" and had "woolly hair". These eyewitness accounts were made when Egyptian civilisation had already been in existence for at least 2,000 years. The Egyptians themselves stated in var...	Land of the Blacks The Greeks themselves confirmed - right from Herodotus, Isocrates to Plutarch - that the Egyptians "were very black" and had "woolly hair". These eyewitness accounts were made when Egyptian civilisation had already been in existence for at least 2,000 years. The Egyptians themselves stated in variou...	Land of the Blacks		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	0	924
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_91	Queen Maatkare Hatshepsut (1778 - 1458 BC, 18th Dynasty), the daughter of King Tutmoses II, wrote in her tomb: "I have restored what was cast down. I have built up what was uncompleted. Since the Asiatics arrived in this land, and the barbarians were among them, destroying buildings, while they governed, not knowing Ra...	Queen Maatkare Hatshepsut (1778 - 1458 BC, 18th Dynasty), the daughter of King Tutmoses II, wrote in her tomb: "I have restored what was cast down. I have built up what was uncompleted. Since the Asiatics arrived in this land, and the barbarians were among them, destroying buildings, while they governed, not knowing Ra...	Land of the Blacks		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	930	747
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_92	This time-honoured journeys were in practice as far back as the 5th Dynasty (2510-2460 BC), from the days of King Asakaf to King Pepi II, when the journeys were made inland, affirming an earlier African civilisation that preceded Ancient Egypt. The Nubians who occupied that land are today accepted as the ancestors of b...	This time-honoured journeys were in practice as far back as the 5th Dynasty (2510-2460 BC), from the days of King Asakaf to King Pepi II, when the journeys were made inland, affirming an earlier African civilisation that preceded Ancient Egypt. The Nubians who occupied that land are today accepted as the ancestors of b...	Land of the Blacks		[ "img_ref_19" ]	1	true	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	1,680	1,020
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_94	During the 18th century, there was a renewed interest by Europe in Egyptian gold and artefacts. This made possible the decipherment of the Rosetta Stone (which is currently in the British Museum). It was found in 1799 at the mouth of the River Nile by members of Napoleon's expedition. On the Stone was a decree issued b...	During the 18th century, there was a renewed interest by Europe in Egyptian gold and artefacts. This made possible the decipherment of the Rosetta Stone (which is currently in the British Museum). It was found in 1799 at the mouth of the River Nile by members of Napoleon's expedition. On the Stone was a decree issued b...	Land of the Blacks	The Rosetta Stone	[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	23	1,047
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_95	, Europe could not admit to a Negro Egypt, the source of ancient Greek civilisation, even if the Ancient Egyptians themselves had affirmed this.	, Europe could not admit to a Negro Egypt, the source of ancient Greek civilisation, even if the Ancient Egyptians themselves had affirmed this.	Land of the Blacks	The Rosetta Stone	[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	987	144
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_96	Figeac's publication of Jean-Francois' correspondence established a major piece of evidence from a European which should render all suppositions unnecessary regarding Negro Egypt. As early as 233 BC (18th Dynasty), the Egyptians continuously represented the two groups of their own race in a manner that could not possib...	Figeac's publication of Jean-Francois' correspondence established a major piece of evidence from a European which should render all suppositions unnecessary regarding Negro Egypt. As early as 233 BC (18th Dynasty), the Egyptians continuously represented the two groups of their own race in a manner that could not possib...	Land of the Blacks	The Rosetta Stone	[ "img_ref_20" ]	1	true	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	1,134	561
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_97	Jean-Francois affirmed this in his letter to his brother, Champollion-Figeac: "Right in the valley of Bibanel Moluk," Jean-Francois wrote, "we admired like all previous visitors the astonishing freshness of the painting and the fine sculpture of tombs. I had a copy of the peoples represented on the bas-relief. Accordin...	Jean-Francois affirmed this in his letter to his brother, Champollion-Figeac: "Right in the valley of Bibanel Moluk," Jean-Francois wrote, "we admired like all previous visitors the astonishing freshness of the painting and the fine sculpture of tombs. I had a copy of the peoples represented on the bas-relief. Accordin...	Land of the Blacks	The Rosetta Stone	[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	1,727	1,097
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_98	, thick, black pointed beard and wears a short garment of varied colours; these called Namou. Finally, the last one, what we call the fleshcoloured, a white skin of the most delicate shade, a nose straight or slightly arched, blue eyes, blond or red bearded, tall stature, very slender and clad in hairy ox-skin, a verit...	, thick, black pointed beard and wears a short garment of varied colours; these called Namou. Finally, the last one, what we call the fleshcoloured, a white skin of the most delicate shade, a nose straight or slightly arched, blue eyes, blond or red bearded, tall stature, very slender and clad in hairy ox-skin, a verit...	Land of the Blacks	The Rosetta Stone	[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	2,723	391
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_99	"I hasten to seek the tableau corresponding to this one in the other royal tombs and, as a matter of fact I found several, convincing me of the fact that the Egyptians were representing namely: (1) Egyptian, (2) Black Africans, (3) Asians, (4) finally - and I am ashamed to say so, since our race is the last and most sa...	"I hasten to seek the tableau corresponding to this one in the other royal tombs and, as a matter of fact I found several, convincing me of the fact that the Egyptians were representing namely: (1) Egyptian, (2) Black Africans, (3) Asians, (4) finally - and I am ashamed to say so, since our race is the last and most sa...	Land of the Blacks	The Rosetta Stone	[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	3,115	1,074
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_100	How the Ancient Egyptians represented themselves and those of foreign lands in relation to the god, Horus: To the Ancient Egyptians, human beings belonged to four races: The first and closet to Horus was the Ancient Egyptian, followed by other black people (ie, other Africans), then IndoAsians, and lastly the Semite (o...	How the Ancient Egyptians represented themselves and those of foreign lands in relation to the god, Horus: To the Ancient Egyptians, human beings belonged to four races: The first and closet to Horus was the Ancient Egyptian, followed by other black people (ie, other Africans), then IndoAsians, and lastly the Semite (o...	Land of the Blacks	The Rosetta Stone	[ "img_ref_21" ]	1	true	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	4,192	333
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_101	# Even the gods were painted black The Ancient Egyptians went as far as painting the images of their gods in coaltar black. There are records showing that early Christendom worshipped and converted the Kemetic "divine mother" Aset (Isis) and Horus, her son, as blacks until the era of the European Renaissance. Jocely ...	Even the gods were painted black The Ancient Egyptians went as far as painting the images of their gods in coaltar black. There are records showing that early Christendom worshipped and converted the Kemetic "divine mother" Aset (Isis) and Horus, her son, as blacks until the era of the European Renaissance. Jocely Rhy...	Even the gods were painted black		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	0	744
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_102	For artistic and ceremonial purposes, the Ancient Egyptians painted themselves in dark red for men and yellow for women. There are numerous existing paintings in the Temple of Ramses III, and the famous Abu Simbel paintings where the Ancient Egyptians and Nubians are painted solid black. Scientifically speaking, there ...	For artistic and ceremonial purposes, the Ancient Egyptians painted themselves in dark red for men and yellow for women. There are numerous existing paintings in the Temple of Ramses III, and the famous Abu Simbel paintings where the Ancient Egyptians and Nubians are painted solid black. Scientifically speaking, there ...	Even the gods were painted black		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	750	757
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_103	It was also an "unwritten law" since inheritance was matrilineal in Kemet to the extent that all foreign usurpers to the throne sought to marry into the royal household to legitimatise their claim by having "golden blood", not "blue blood", and having the "golden Horus name" - an ancestral name legitimising the royal s...	It was also an "unwritten law" since inheritance was matrilineal in Kemet to the extent that all foreign usurpers to the throne sought to marry into the royal household to legitimatise their claim by having "golden blood", not "blue blood", and having the "golden Horus name" - an ancestral name legitimising the royal s...	Even the gods were painted black		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	1,510	569
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_104	The essential core of the Ancient Egyptian civilisation is spirituality, which permeated every aspect of life including science; hence Aton, the appellation of Ra the Almighty, corresponds to the atom in physics of today. Modern Western science has confirmed beyond doubt that atom particles contain elements of light wh...	The essential core of the Ancient Egyptian civilisation is spirituality, which permeated every aspect of life including science; hence Aton, the appellation of Ra the Almighty, corresponds to the atom in physics of today. Modern Western science has confirmed beyond doubt that atom particles contain elements of light wh...	Even the gods were painted black		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	2,082	718
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_105	The capability to ascribe the universe to one supreme being (monotheism), and to embrace the gods (polythesism, which the Europeans called idol worshipping) and divine kingship, had all been in practice by black Africans across the continent, long before the Europeans arrived on their alleged civilising mission in the ...	The capability to ascribe the universe to one supreme being (monotheism), and to embrace the gods (polythesism, which the Europeans called idol worshipping) and divine kingship, had all been in practice by black Africans across the continent, long before the Europeans arrived on their alleged civilising mission in the ...	Even the gods were painted black		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	2,803	916
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_106	by European scientists. Imhotep (2980 BC), mystic, poet and scientist, who lived in the court of King Djoser, is the father of medicine, not Hippocrates as the world has been led to believe. Imhotep diagnosed and treated diseases, and wrote a number of books on the bladder, liver, skin colour, eyes, abdomen, and tracke...	by European scientists. Imhotep (2980 BC), mystic, poet and scientist, who lived in the court of King Djoser, is the father of medicine, not Hippocrates as the world has been led to believe. Imhotep diagnosed and treated diseases, and wrote a number of books on the bladder, liver, skin colour, eyes, abdomen, and tracke...	Even the gods were painted black		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	3,723	389
40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf_chunk_107	# Other testimonies TimeMap, a website devoted to history, asserts boldly that: "The Ancient Egyptian civilisation produced the first government to rule an entire nation. The Sumerians, who were the only other people to have a literate and urban civilisation by 3000 BC, lived in small city-states, each numbering no m...	Other testimonies TimeMap, a website devoted to history, asserts boldly that: "The Ancient Egyptian civilisation produced the first government to rule an entire nation. The Sumerians, who were the only other people to have a literate and urban civilisation by 3000 BC, lived in small city-states, each numbering no more...	Other testimonies		[]	0	false	40334-doc-africa_factbook-version-digital.pdf	0	722

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