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medical-qa-inhertiance

qtype stringclasses 16 values	Question stringlengths 16 191	Answer stringlengths 6 29k	text stringlengths 75 29.1k
susceptibility	Who is at risk for Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM)? ?	LCMV infections can occur after exposure to fresh urine, droppings, saliva, or nesting materials from infected rodents. Transmission may also occur when these materials are directly introduced into broken skin, the nose, the eyes, or the mouth, or presumably, via the bite of an infected rodent. Person-to-person transm...	<s>[INST] Who is at risk for Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM)? ? [/INST] LCMV infections can occur after exposure to fresh urine, droppings, saliva, or nesting materials from infected rodents. Transmission may also occur when these materials are directly introduced into broken skin, the nose, the eyes, or the mouth,...
symptoms	What are the symptoms of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM) ?	LCMV is most commonly recognized as causing neurological disease, as its name implies, though infection without symptoms or mild febrile illnesses are more common clinical manifestations. For infected persons who do become ill, onset of symptoms usually occurs 8-13 days after exposure to the virus as ...	<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM) ? [/INST] LCMV is most commonly recognized as causing neurological disease, as its name implies, though infection without symptoms or mild febrile illnesses are more common clinical manifestations. For infected persons who do become...
susceptibility	Who is at risk for Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM)? ?	Individuals of all ages who come into contact with urine, feces, saliva, or blood of wild mice are potentially at risk for infection. Owners of pet mice or hamsters may be at risk for infection if these animals originate from colonies that were contaminated with LCMV, or if their animals are infected from other wild mi...	<s>[INST] Who is at risk for Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM)? ? [/INST] Individuals of all ages who come into contact with urine, feces, saliva, or blood of wild mice are potentially at risk for infection. Owners of pet mice or hamsters may be at risk for infection if these animals originate from colonies that were ...
exams and tests	How to diagnose Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM) ?	During the first phase of the disease, the most common laboratory abnormalities are a low white blood cell count (leukopenia) and a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia). Liver enzymes in the serum may also be mildly elevated. After the onset of neurological disease during the second phase, an increase in protein level...	<s>[INST] How to diagnose Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM) ? [/INST] During the first phase of the disease, the most common laboratory abnormalities are a low white blood cell count (leukopenia) and a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia). Liver enzymes in the serum may also be mildly elevated. After the onset of neu...
treatment	What are the treatments for Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM) ?	Aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, or meningoencephalitis requires hospitalization and supportive treatment based on severity. Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as corticosteroids, may be considered under specific circumstances. Although studies have shown that ribavirin, a drug used to treat several other viral diseases, i...	<s>[INST] What are the treatments for Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM) ? [/INST] Aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, or meningoencephalitis requires hospitalization and supportive treatment based on severity. Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as corticosteroids, may be considered under specific circumstances. Although stud...
prevention	How to prevent Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM) ?	LCMV infection can be prevented by avoiding contact with wild mice and taking precautions when handling pet rodents (i.e. mice, hamsters, or guinea pigs). Rarely, pet rodents may become infected with LCMV from wild rodents. Breeders, pet stores, and pet owners should take measures to prevent infestati...	<s>[INST] How to prevent Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM) ? [/INST] LCMV infection can be prevented by avoiding contact with wild mice and taking precautions when handling pet rodents (i.e. mice, hamsters, or guinea pigs). Rarely, pet rodents may become infected with LCMV from wild rodents. Breeders...
information	What is (are) Parasites - Cysticercosis ?	Cysticercosis is an infection caused by the larvae of the parasite Taenia solium. This infection occurs after a person swallows tapeworm eggs. The larvae get into tissues such as muscle and brain, and form cysts there (these are called cysticerci). When cysts are found in the brain, the condition is called neurocystic...	<s>[INST] What is (are) Parasites - Cysticercosis ? [/INST] Cysticercosis is an infection caused by the larvae of the parasite Taenia solium. This infection occurs after a person swallows tapeworm eggs. The larvae get into tissues such as muscle and brain, and form cysts there (these are called cysticerci). When cysts...
susceptibility	Who is at risk for Parasites - Cysticercosis? ?	Cysticercosis is an infection caused by the larvae of the tapeworm, Taenia solium. A person with an adult tapeworm, which lives in the person’s gut, sheds eggs in the stool. The infection with the adult tapeworm is called taeniasis. A pig then eats the eggs in the stool. The eggs develop into larvae inside the pig a...	<s>[INST] Who is at risk for Parasites - Cysticercosis? ? [/INST] Cysticercosis is an infection caused by the larvae of the tapeworm, Taenia solium. A person with an adult tapeworm, which lives in the person’s gut, sheds eggs in the stool. The infection with the adult tapeworm is called taeniasis. A pig then eats the...
exams and tests	How to diagnose Parasites - Cysticercosis ?	If you think that you may have cysticercosis, please see your health care provider. Your health care provider will ask you about your symptoms, where you have travelled, and what kinds of foods you eat. The diagnosis of neurocysticercosis usually requires MRI or CT brain scans. Blood tests may be useful to help diagnos...	<s>[INST] How to diagnose Parasites - Cysticercosis ? [/INST] If you think that you may have cysticercosis, please see your health care provider. Your health care provider will ask you about your symptoms, where you have travelled, and what kinds of foods you eat. The diagnosis of neurocysticercosis usually requires MR...
treatment	What are the treatments for Parasites - Cysticercosis ?	Some people with cysticercosis do not need to be treated. There are medications available to treat cysticercosis for those who do need treatment. Sometimes surgery may be needed. Your doctor will advise you on which treatment is best for you. More on: Resources for Health Professionals: Treatment More on: Tae...	<s>[INST] What are the treatments for Parasites - Cysticercosis ? [/INST] Some people with cysticercosis do not need to be treated. There are medications available to treat cysticercosis for those who do need treatment. Sometimes surgery may be needed. Your doctor will advise you on which treatment is best for you. ...
prevention	How to prevent Parasites - Cysticercosis ?	To prevent cysticercosis, the following precautions should be taken: - Wash your hands with soap and warm water after using the toilet, changing diapers, and before handling food - Teach children the importance of washing hands to prevent infection - Wash and peel all raw vegetables and fruits befor...	<s>[INST] How to prevent Parasites - Cysticercosis ? [/INST] To prevent cysticercosis, the following precautions should be taken: - Wash your hands with soap and warm water after using the toilet, changing diapers, and before handling food - Teach children the importance of washing hands to prevent infec...
information	What is (are) Parasites - Trichuriasis (also known as Whipworm Infection) ?	Whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) is an intestinal parasite of humans. The larvae and adult worms live in the intestine of humans and can cause intestinal disease. The name is derived from the worm’s distinctive whip-like shape.	<s>[INST] What is (are) Parasites - Trichuriasis (also known as Whipworm Infection) ? [/INST] Whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) is an intestinal parasite of humans. The larvae and adult worms live in the intestine of humans and can cause intestinal disease. The name is derived from the worm’s distinctive whip-like shape. ...
susceptibility	Who is at risk for Parasites - Trichuriasis (also known as Whipworm Infection)? ?	Whipworm is a soil-transmitted helminth (STH) and is the third most common roundworm of humans. Whipworm causes an infection called trichuriasis and often occurs in areas where human feces is used as fertilizer or where defecation onto soil happens. The worms are spread from person to person by fecal-oral transmission ...	<s>[INST] Who is at risk for Parasites - Trichuriasis (also known as Whipworm Infection)? ? [/INST] Whipworm is a soil-transmitted helminth (STH) and is the third most common roundworm of humans. Whipworm causes an infection called trichuriasis and often occurs in areas where human feces is used as fertilizer or where ...
exams and tests	How to diagnose Parasites - Trichuriasis (also known as Whipworm Infection) ?	The standard method for diagnosing the presence of whipworm is by microscopically identifying whipworm eggs in a stool sample. Because eggs may be difficult to find in light infections, a concentration procedure is recommended.	<s>[INST] How to diagnose Parasites - Trichuriasis (also known as Whipworm Infection) ? [/INST] The standard method for diagnosing the presence of whipworm is by microscopically identifying whipworm eggs in a stool sample. Because eggs may be difficult to find in light infections, a concentration procedure is recommend...
treatment	What are the treatments for Parasites - Trichuriasis (also known as Whipworm Infection) ?	Anthelminthic medications (drugs that rid the body of parasitic worms), such as albendazole and mebendazole, are the drugs of choice for treatment. Infections are generally treated for 3 days. The recommended medications are effective. Health care providers may decide to repeat a stool exam after treatment. Iron supple...	<s>[INST] What are the treatments for Parasites - Trichuriasis (also known as Whipworm Infection) ? [/INST] Anthelminthic medications (drugs that rid the body of parasitic worms), such as albendazole and mebendazole, are the drugs of choice for treatment. Infections are generally treated for 3 days. The recommended med...
prevention	How to prevent Parasites - Trichuriasis (also known as Whipworm Infection) ?	The best way to prevent whipworm infection is to always: - Avoid ingesting soil that may be contaminated with human feces, including where human fecal matter ("night soil") or wastewater is used to fertilize crops. - Wash your hands with soap and warm water before handling food. - Teach children the...	<s>[INST] How to prevent Parasites - Trichuriasis (also known as Whipworm Infection) ? [/INST] The best way to prevent whipworm infection is to always: - Avoid ingesting soil that may be contaminated with human feces, including where human fecal matter ("night soil") or wastewater is used to fertilize crops. ...
information	what are marine toxins?	Marine toxins are naturally occurring chemicals that can contaminate certain seafood. The seafood contaminated with these chemicals frequently looks, smells, and tastes normal. When humans eat such seafood, disease can result.	<s>[INST] what are marine toxins? [/INST] Marine toxins are naturally occurring chemicals that can contaminate certain seafood. The seafood contaminated with these chemicals frequently looks, smells, and tastes normal. When humans eat such seafood, disease can result. </s>
exams and tests	how can these diseases be diagnosed for Marine Toxins ?	Diagnosis of marine toxin poisoning is generally based on symptoms and a history of recently eating a particular kind of seafood. Laboratory testing for the specific toxin in patient samples is generally not necessary because this requires special techniques and equipment available in only specialized laboratories. If ...	<s>[INST] how can these diseases be diagnosed for Marine Toxins ? [/INST] Diagnosis of marine toxin poisoning is generally based on symptoms and a history of recently eating a particular kind of seafood. Laboratory testing for the specific toxin in patient samples is generally not necessary because this requires specia...
treatment	how can these diseases be treated for Marine Toxins ?	Other than supportive care there are few specific treatments for ciguatera poisoning, paralytic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, or amnesic shellfish poisoning. Antihistamines and epinephrine, however, may sometimes be useful in treating the symptoms of scombrotoxic fish poisoning. Intravenous manni...	<s>[INST] how can these diseases be treated for Marine Toxins ? [/INST] Other than supportive care there are few specific treatments for ciguatera poisoning, paralytic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, or amnesic shellfish poisoning. Antihistamines and epinephrine, however, may sometimes be useful in...
frequency	how common are these diseases for Marine Toxins ?	Every year, approximately 30 cases of poisoning by marine toxins are reported in the United States. Because healthcare providers are not required to report these illnesses and because many milder cases are not diagnosed or reported, the actual number of poisonings may be much greater. Toxic seafood poisonings are more ...	<s>[INST] how common are these diseases for Marine Toxins ? [/INST] Every year, approximately 30 cases of poisoning by marine toxins are reported in the United States. Because healthcare providers are not required to report these illnesses and because many milder cases are not diagnosed or reported, the actual number o...
prevention	what can i do to prevent poisoning by marine toxins?	General guidelines for safe seafood consumption:	<s>[INST] what can i do to prevent poisoning by marine toxins? [/INST] General guidelines for safe seafood consumption: </s>
information	what is the government doing about these diseases for Marine Toxins ?	Some health departments test shellfish harvested within their jurisdiction to monitor the level of dinoflagellate toxins and asses the risk for contamination. Based on the results of such testing, recreational and commercial seafood harvesting may be prohibited locally during periods of risk. State and federal regulato...	<s>[INST] what is the government doing about these diseases for Marine Toxins ? [/INST] Some health departments test shellfish harvested within their jurisdiction to monitor the level of dinoflagellate toxins and asses the risk for contamination. Based on the results of such testing, recreational and commercial seafood...
prevention	what else can be done to prevent these diseases for Marine Toxins ?	It is important to notify public health departments about even one person with marine toxin poisoning. Public health departments can then investigate to determine if a restaurant, oyster bed, or fishing area has a problem. This prevents other illnesses. In any food poisoning occurrence, consumers should note foods eate...	<s>[INST] what else can be done to prevent these diseases for Marine Toxins ? [/INST] It is important to notify public health departments about even one person with marine toxin poisoning. Public health departments can then investigate to determine if a restaurant, oyster bed, or fishing area has a problem. This preven...
information	What is (are) Yellow Fever Vaccination ?	If you continue to live or travel in yellow fever-endemic areas, you should receive a booster dose of yellow fever vaccine after 10 years. After receiving the vaccine, you should receive an International Certificate of Vaccination (yellow card) that has been validated by the vaccination center. This Ce...	<s>[INST] What is (are) Yellow Fever Vaccination ? [/INST] If you continue to live or travel in yellow fever-endemic areas, you should receive a booster dose of yellow fever vaccine after 10 years. After receiving the vaccine, you should receive an International Certificate of Vaccination (yellow card)...
information	What is (are) Parasites - Schistosomiasis ?	Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is a disease caused by parasitic worms. Infection with Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. japonicum causes illness in humans; less commonly, S. mekongi and S. intercalatum can cause disease. Although the worms that cause schistosomiasis are not found in the United Stat...	<s>[INST] What is (are) Parasites - Schistosomiasis ? [/INST] Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is a disease caused by parasitic worms. Infection with Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. japonicum causes illness in humans; less commonly, S. mekongi and S. intercalatum can cause disease. Although the wor...
susceptibility	Who is at risk for Parasites - Schistosomiasis? ?	Schistosomiasis is an important cause of disease in many parts of the world, most commonly in places with poor sanitation. School-age children who live in these areas are often most at risk because they tend to spend time swimming or bathing in water containing infectious cercariae. If you live in, or travel to, areas ...	<s>[INST] Who is at risk for Parasites - Schistosomiasis? ? [/INST] Schistosomiasis is an important cause of disease in many parts of the world, most commonly in places with poor sanitation. School-age children who live in these areas are often most at risk because they tend to spend time swimming or bathing in water c...
exams and tests	How to diagnose Parasites - Schistosomiasis ?	Stool or urine samples can be examined microscopically for parasite eggs (stool for S. mansoni or S. japonicum eggs and urine for S. haematobium eggs). The eggs tend to be passed intermittently and in small amounts and may not be detected, so it may be necessary to perform a blood (serologic) test. More on: Resour...	<s>[INST] How to diagnose Parasites - Schistosomiasis ? [/INST] Stool or urine samples can be examined microscopically for parasite eggs (stool for S. mansoni or S. japonicum eggs and urine for S. haematobium eggs). The eggs tend to be passed intermittently and in small amounts and may not be detected, so it may be nec...
treatment	What are the treatments for Parasites - Schistosomiasis ?	Safe and effective medication is available for treatment of both urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis. Praziquantel, a prescription medication, is taken for 1-2 days to treat infections caused by all Schistosoma species. More on: Resources for Health Professionals: Treatment	<s>[INST] What are the treatments for Parasites - Schistosomiasis ? [/INST] Safe and effective medication is available for treatment of both urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis. Praziquantel, a prescription medication, is taken for 1-2 days to treat infections caused by all Schistosoma species. More on: Resourc...
prevention	How to prevent Parasites - Schistosomiasis ?	Prevention No vaccine is available. The best way to prevent schistosomiasis is to take the following steps if you are visiting or live in an area where schistosomiasis is transmitted: - Avoid swimming or wading in freshwater when you are in countries in which schistosomiasis occurs. Swimming in the ...	<s>[INST] How to prevent Parasites - Schistosomiasis ? [/INST] Prevention No vaccine is available. The best way to prevent schistosomiasis is to take the following steps if you are visiting or live in an area where schistosomiasis is transmitted: - Avoid swimming or wading in freshwater when you are...
information	What is (are) Parasites - Lice - Head Lice ?	The head louse, or Pediculus humanus capitis, is a parasitic insect that can be found on the head, eyebrows, and eyelashes of people. Head lice feed on human blood several times a day and live close to the human scalp. Head lice are not known to spread disease.	<s>[INST] What is (are) Parasites - Lice - Head Lice ? [/INST] The head louse, or Pediculus humanus capitis, is a parasitic insect that can be found on the head, eyebrows, and eyelashes of people. Head lice feed on human blood several times a day and live close to the human scalp. Head lice are not known to spread dise...
susceptibility	Who is at risk for Parasites - Lice - Head Lice? ?	In the United States, infestation with head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) is most common among preschool- and elementary school-age children and their household members and caretakers. Head lice are not known to transmit disease; however, secondary bacterial infection of the skin resulting from scratching can occur ...	<s>[INST] Who is at risk for Parasites - Lice - Head Lice? ? [/INST] In the United States, infestation with head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) is most common among preschool- and elementary school-age children and their household members and caretakers. Head lice are not known to transmit disease; however, secondary...
exams and tests	How to diagnose Parasites - Lice - Head Lice ?	Misdiagnosis of head lice infestation is common. The diagnosis of head lice infestation is best made by finding a live nymph or adult louse on the scalp or hair of a person. Because adult and nymph lice are very small, move quickly, and avoid light, they may be difficult to find. Use of a fine-toothed louse comb m...	<s>[INST] How to diagnose Parasites - Lice - Head Lice ? [/INST] Misdiagnosis of head lice infestation is common. The diagnosis of head lice infestation is best made by finding a live nymph or adult louse on the scalp or hair of a person. Because adult and nymph lice are very small, move quickly, and avoid light, ...
treatment	What are the treatments for Parasites - Lice - Head Lice ?	General Guidelines Treatment for head lice is recommended for persons diagnosed with an active infestation. All household members and other close contacts should be checked; those persons with evidence of an active infestation should be treated. Some experts believe prophylactic treatment is prudent for persons wh...	<s>[INST] What are the treatments for Parasites - Lice - Head Lice ? [/INST] General Guidelines Treatment for head lice is recommended for persons diagnosed with an active infestation. All household members and other close contacts should be checked; those persons with evidence of an active infestation should be t...
prevention	How to prevent Parasites - Lice - Head Lice ?	Head lice are spread most commonly by direct head-to-head (hair-to-hair) contact. However, much less frequently they are spread by sharing clothing or belongings onto which lice have crawled or nits attached to shed hairs may have fallen. The risk of getting infested by a louse that has fallen onto a carpet or furnitur...	<s>[INST] How to prevent Parasites - Lice - Head Lice ? [/INST] Head lice are spread most commonly by direct head-to-head (hair-to-hair) contact. However, much less frequently they are spread by sharing clothing or belongings onto which lice have crawled or nits attached to shed hairs may have fallen. The risk of getti...
information	What is (are) Parasites - Lice - Body Lice ?	Body lice are parasitic insects that live on clothing and bedding used by infested persons. Body lice frequently lay their eggs on or near the seams of clothing. Body lice must feed on blood and usually only move to the skin to feed. Body lice exist worldwide and infest people of all races. Body lice infestations can s...	<s>[INST] What is (are) Parasites - Lice - Body Lice ? [/INST] Body lice are parasitic insects that live on clothing and bedding used by infested persons. Body lice frequently lay their eggs on or near the seams of clothing. Body lice must feed on blood and usually only move to the skin to feed. Body lice exist worldwi...
susceptibility	Who is at risk for Parasites - Lice - Body Lice? ?	Body lice infestation is found worldwide but generally is limited to persons who live under conditions of crowding and poor hygiene who do not have access to regular bathing and changes of clean clothes, such as: - the homeless, - refugees, - survivors of war or natural disasters. Infestat...	<s>[INST] Who is at risk for Parasites - Lice - Body Lice? ? [/INST] Body lice infestation is found worldwide but generally is limited to persons who live under conditions of crowding and poor hygiene who do not have access to regular bathing and changes of clean clothes, such as: - the homeless, - refug...
exams and tests	How to diagnose Parasites - Lice - Body Lice ?	Body lice infestation is diagnosed by finding eggs and crawling lice in the seams of clothing. Sometimes a body louse can be seen crawling or feeding on the skin. Although body lice and nits can be large enough to be seen with the naked eye, a magnifying lens may be necessary to find crawling lice or eggs.	<s>[INST] How to diagnose Parasites - Lice - Body Lice ? [/INST] Body lice infestation is diagnosed by finding eggs and crawling lice in the seams of clothing. Sometimes a body louse can be seen crawling or feeding on the skin. Although body lice and nits can be large enough to be seen with the naked eye, a magnif...
treatment	What are the treatments for Parasites - Lice - Body Lice ?	A body lice infestation is treated by improving the personal hygiene of the infested person, including assuring a regular (at least weekly) change of clean clothes. Clothing, bedding, and towels used by the infested person should be laundered using hot water (at least 130°F) and machine dried using the hot cycle. ...	<s>[INST] What are the treatments for Parasites - Lice - Body Lice ? [/INST] A body lice infestation is treated by improving the personal hygiene of the infested person, including assuring a regular (at least weekly) change of clean clothes. Clothing, bedding, and towels used by the infested person should be laundered ...
prevention	How to prevent Parasites - Lice - Body Lice ?	Body lice are spread most commonly by direct contact with an infested person or an infested person’s clothing or bedding. Body lice usually infest persons who do not launder and change their clothes regularly. The following are steps that can be taken to help prevent and control the spread of body lice: ...	<s>[INST] How to prevent Parasites - Lice - Body Lice ? [/INST] Body lice are spread most commonly by direct contact with an infested person or an infested person’s clothing or bedding. Body lice usually infest persons who do not launder and change their clothes regularly. The following are steps that can be taken...
prevention	How to prevent La Crosse Encephalitis ?	There is no vaccine against La Crosse encephalitis virus (LACV). Reducing exposure to mosquito bites is the best defense against getting infected with LACV or other mosquito-borne viruses. There are several approaches you and your family can use to prevent and control mosquito-borne diseases. - Use repellent: When ...	<s>[INST] How to prevent La Crosse Encephalitis ? [/INST] There is no vaccine against La Crosse encephalitis virus (LACV). Reducing exposure to mosquito bites is the best defense against getting infected with LACV or other mosquito-borne viruses. There are several approaches you and your family can use to prevent and c...