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<p>Vaporwave and synthwave are also influenced by cyberpunk. The former has been inspired by one of the messages of cyberpunk and is interpreted as a dystopian [ 119 ] critique of capitalism [ 120 ] in the vein of cyberpunk and the latter is more surface-level, inspired only by the aesthetic of cyberpunk as a nostalgic...	Vaporwave and synthwave are also influenced by cyberpunk. The former has been inspired by one of the messages of cyberpunk and is interpreted as a dystopian [ 119 ] critique of capitalism [ 120 ] in the vein of cyberpunk and the latter is more surface-level, inspired only by the aesthetic of cyberpunk as a nostalgic re...
<p>Writers David Suzuki and Holly Dressel describe the cafes, brand-name stores and video arcades of the Center Potsdamer Platz in the Potsdamer Platz public square of Berlin, Germany, as "a vision of a cyberpunk, corporate urban future". [ 121 ]</p>	Writers David Suzuki and Holly Dressel describe the cafes, brand-name stores and video arcades of the Center Potsdamer Platz in the Potsdamer Platz public square of Berlin, Germany, as "a vision of a cyberpunk, corporate urban future". [ 121 ]
<p>Several subcultures have been inspired by cyberpunk fiction. These include the cyberdelic counter culture of the late 1980s and early 1990s. Cyberdelic, whose adherents referred to themselves as "cyberpunks", attempted to blend the psychedelic art and drug movement with the technology of cyberculture. Early adherent...	Several subcultures have been inspired by cyberpunk fiction. These include the cyberdelic counter culture of the late 1980s and early 1990s. Cyberdelic, whose adherents referred to themselves as "cyberpunks", attempted to blend the psychedelic art and drug movement with the technology of cyberculture. Early adherents i...
<p>Cybergoth is a fashion and dance subculture which draws its inspiration from cyberpunk fiction, as well as rave and Gothic subcultures. In addition, a distinct cyberpunk fashion of its own has emerged in recent years [ when? ] which rejects the raver and goth influences of cybergoth, and draws inspiration from urban...	Cybergoth is a fashion and dance subculture which draws its inspiration from cyberpunk fiction, as well as rave and Gothic subcultures. In addition, a distinct cyberpunk fashion of its own has emerged in recent years [ when? ] which rejects the raver and goth influences of cybergoth, and draws inspiration from urban st...
<p>The Kowloon Walled City in Hong Kong, demolished in 1994, is often referenced as the model cyberpunk/dystopian slum as, given its poor living conditions at the time coupled with the city's political, physical, and economic isolation has caused many in academia to be fascinated by the ingenuity of its spawning. [ 122...	The Kowloon Walled City in Hong Kong, demolished in 1994, is often referenced as the model cyberpunk/dystopian slum as, given its poor living conditions at the time coupled with the city's political, physical, and economic isolation has caused many in academia to be fascinated by the ingenuity of its spawning. [ 122 ]
<p>As a wider variety of writers began to work with cyberpunk concepts, new subgenres of science fiction emerged, some of which could be considered as playing off the cyberpunk label, others which could be considered as legitimate explorations into newer territory. These focused on technology and its social effects in ...	As a wider variety of writers began to work with cyberpunk concepts, new subgenres of science fiction emerged, some of which could be considered as playing off the cyberpunk label, others which could be considered as legitimate explorations into newer territory. These focused on technology and its social effects in dif...
<p>Another subgenre is " biopunk " (cyberpunk themes dominated by biotechnology ) from the early 1990s, a derivative style building on biotechnology rather than informational technology. In these stories, people are changed in some way not by mechanical means, but by genetic manipulation.</p>	Another subgenre is " biopunk " (cyberpunk themes dominated by biotechnology ) from the early 1990s, a derivative style building on biotechnology rather than informational technology. In these stories, people are changed in some way not by mechanical means, but by genetic manipulation.
<p>In the United States, the term "Cyberpunk" is a registered trademark owned by CD Projekt SA who obtained it from the previous owner R. Talsorian Games Inc. who originally registered it for its tabletop role-playing game. [ 124 ] R. Talsorian Games currently used the trademark under license from CD Projekt SA for the...	In the United States, the term "Cyberpunk" is a registered trademark owned by CD Projekt SA who obtained it from the previous owner R. Talsorian Games Inc. who originally registered it for its tabletop role-playing game. [ 124 ] R. Talsorian Games currently used the trademark under license from CD Projekt SA for the ta...
<p>Within the European Union, the "Cyberpunk" trademark is owned by two parties: CD Projekt SA for "games and online gaming services" [ 126 ] (particularly for the video game adaptation of the former ) and by Sony Music for use outside games. [ 127 ]</p>	Within the European Union, the "Cyberpunk" trademark is owned by two parties: CD Projekt SA for "games and online gaming services" [ 126 ] (particularly for the video game adaptation of the former ) and by Sony Music for use outside games. [ 127 ]
<p>De-extinction (also known as resurrection biology, or species revivalism ) is the process of human intervention to generate an organism that either resembles or is an extinct organism. [ 1 ] There are several ways to carry out the process of de-extinction. Cloning is the most widely proposed method, although genome ...	De-extinction (also known as resurrection biology, or species revivalism ) is the process of human intervention to generate an organism that either resembles or is an extinct organism. [ 1 ] There are several ways to carry out the process of de-extinction. Cloning is the most widely proposed method, although genome edi...
<p>De-extinction as concept involving genetics traces back to the Nazi-era eco-fascist efforts "integral to recreating the mythical German landscape of ancient times, when the Aryan race was pure and unthreatened", [ 3 ] [ 4 ] but the term itself arose in the twentieth century "in response to a series of breakthroughs ...	De-extinction as concept involving genetics traces back to the Nazi-era eco-fascist efforts "integral to recreating the mythical German landscape of ancient times, when the Aryan race was pure and unthreatened", [ 3 ] [ 4 ] but the term itself arose in the twentieth century "in response to a series of breakthroughs in ...
<p>Cloning is a commonly suggested method for the potential restoration of an extinct species. It can be done by extracting the nucleus from a preserved cell from the extinct species and swapping it into an egg, without a nucleus, of that species' nearest living relative. [ 6 ] The egg can then be inserted into a host ...	Cloning is a commonly suggested method for the potential restoration of an extinct species. It can be done by extracting the nucleus from a preserved cell from the extinct species and swapping it into an egg, without a nucleus, of that species' nearest living relative. [ 6 ] The egg can then be inserted into a host fro...
<p>Genome editing has been rapidly advancing with the help of the CRISPR/Cas systems, particularly CRISPR/Cas9. The CRISPR/Cas9 system was originally discovered as part of the bacterial immune system. [ 9 ] Viral DNA that was injected into the bacterium became incorporated into the bacterial chromosome at specific regi...	Genome editing has been rapidly advancing with the help of the CRISPR/Cas systems, particularly CRISPR/Cas9. The CRISPR/Cas9 system was originally discovered as part of the bacterial immune system. [ 9 ] Viral DNA that was injected into the bacterium became incorporated into the bacterial chromosome at specific regions...
<p>By using cells from a closely related species to the extinct species, genome editing can play a role in the de-extinction process. Germ cells may be edited directly, so that the egg and sperm produced by the extant parent species will produce offspring of the extinct species, or somatic cells may be edited and trans...	By using cells from a closely related species to the extinct species, genome editing can play a role in the de-extinction process. Germ cells may be edited directly, so that the egg and sperm produced by the extant parent species will produce offspring of the extinct species, or somatic cells may be edited and transfer...
<p>Back breeding is a form of selective breeding. As opposed to breeding animals for a trait to advance the species in selective breeding, back breeding involves breeding animals for an ancestral characteristic that may not be seen throughout the species as frequently. [ 10 ] This method can recreate the traits of an e...	Back breeding is a form of selective breeding. As opposed to breeding animals for a trait to advance the species in selective breeding, back breeding involves breeding animals for an ancestral characteristic that may not be seen throughout the species as frequently. [ 10 ] This method can recreate the traits of an exti...
<p>A natural process of de-extinction is iterative evolution. This occurs when a species becomes extinct, but then after some time a different species evolves into an almost identical creature. For example, the Aldabra rail was a flightless bird that lived on the island of Aldabra. It had evolved some time in the past ...	A natural process of de-extinction is iterative evolution. This occurs when a species becomes extinct, but then after some time a different species evolves into an almost identical creature. For example, the Aldabra rail was a flightless bird that lived on the island of Aldabra. It had evolved some time in the past fro...
<h3>Herbarium specimens for de-extincting plants</h3>	Herbarium specimens for de-extincting plants
<p>Not all extinct plants have herbarium specimens that contain seeds. Of those that do, there is ongoing discussion on how to coax barely alive embryos back to life. [ 13 ] Generally, plant material is better conserved than animal tissue. This means that if seeds are preserved, germination can produce living offspring...	Not all extinct plants have herbarium specimens that contain seeds. Of those that do, there is ongoing discussion on how to coax barely alive embryos back to life. [ 13 ] Generally, plant material is better conserved than animal tissue. This means that if seeds are preserved, germination can produce living offspring th...
<h3>In-vitro fertilisation and artificial insemination</h3>	In-vitro fertilisation and artificial insemination
<p>In-vitro fertilisation and artificial insemination are assisted reproduction technology commonly used to treat infertility in humans. However, it has usage as a viable option for de-extinction in cases of functional extinction where all remaining individuals are of the same sex, incapable of naturally reproducing, o...	In-vitro fertilisation and artificial insemination are assisted reproduction technology commonly used to treat infertility in humans. However, it has usage as a viable option for de-extinction in cases of functional extinction where all remaining individuals are of the same sex, incapable of naturally reproducing, or s...
<p>The technologies being developed for de-extinction could lead to large advances in various fields:</p>	The technologies being developed for de-extinction could lead to large advances in various fields:
<p>Prioritising de-extinction could lead to the improvement of current conservation strategies. Conservation measures would initially be necessary in order to reintroduce a species into the ecosystem, until the revived population can sustain itself in the wild. [ 19 ] Reintroduction of an extinct species could also hel...	Prioritising de-extinction could lead to the improvement of current conservation strategies. Conservation measures would initially be necessary in order to reintroduce a species into the ecosystem, until the revived population can sustain itself in the wild. [ 19 ] Reintroduction of an extinct species could also help i...
<p>The reintroduction of extinct species could have a negative impact on existing species and their ecosystem. The extinct species' ecological niche may have been filled in its former habitat, thus making them an invasive species. This could lead to the extinction of other species due to competition for food or other c...	The reintroduction of extinct species could have a negative impact on existing species and their ecosystem. The extinct species' ecological niche may have been filled in its former habitat, thus making them an invasive species. This could lead to the extinction of other species due to competition for food or other comp...
<p>Or, if a species is reintroduced into an environment with disease for which it has no immunity, the reintroduced species could be wiped out by a disease that current species can survive.</p>	Or, if a species is reintroduced into an environment with disease for which it has no immunity, the reintroduced species could be wiped out by a disease that current species can survive.
<p>De-extinction is also a very expensive process. Bringing back one species can cost millions of dollars. The money for de-extinction would most likely come from current conservation efforts. These efforts could be weakened if funding is taken from conservation and put into de-extinction. This would mean that critical...	De-extinction is also a very expensive process. Bringing back one species can cost millions of dollars. The money for de-extinction would most likely come from current conservation efforts. These efforts could be weakened if funding is taken from conservation and put into de-extinction. This would mean that critically ...
<p>De-extinction also presents serious ethical challenges, particularly if applied to species with high cognitive abilities such as Neanderthals. If such beings were recreated, they might possess capacities for suffering and self-awareness, raising difficult questions about their rights and moral status. Without clear ...	De-extinction also presents serious ethical challenges, particularly if applied to species with high cognitive abilities such as Neanderthals. If such beings were recreated, they might possess capacities for suffering and self-awareness, raising difficult questions about their rights and moral status. Without clear leg...
<h2>Current candidate species for de-extinction</h2>	Current candidate species for de-extinction
<p>The aurochs ( Bos primigenius ) was widespread across Eurasia, North Africa, and the Indian subcontinent during the Pleistocene, but only the European aurochs ( B. p. primigenius ) survived into historical times. [ 26 ] This species is heavily featured in European cave paintings, such as Lascaux and Chauvet Cave in ...	The aurochs ( Bos primigenius ) was widespread across Eurasia, North Africa, and the Indian subcontinent during the Pleistocene, but only the European aurochs ( B. p. primigenius ) survived into historical times. [ 26 ] This species is heavily featured in European cave paintings, such as Lascaux and Chauvet Cave in Fra...
<p>However, because the aurochs is ancestral to most modern cattle breeds, it is possible for it to be brought back through selective or back breeding. The first attempt at this was by Heinz and Lutz Heck using modern cattle breeds, which resulted in the creation of Heck cattle. This breed has been introduced to nature...	However, because the aurochs is ancestral to most modern cattle breeds, it is possible for it to be brought back through selective or back breeding. The first attempt at this was by Heinz and Lutz Heck using modern cattle breeds, which resulted in the creation of Heck cattle. This breed has been introduced to nature pr...
<p>A competing project to recreate the aurochs is the Uruz Project by the True Nature Foundation, which aims to recreate the aurochs by a more efficient breeding strategy using genome editing, in order to decrease the number of generations of breeding needed and the ability to quickly eliminate undesired traits from th...	A competing project to recreate the aurochs is the Uruz Project by the True Nature Foundation, which aims to recreate the aurochs by a more efficient breeding strategy using genome editing, in order to decrease the number of generations of breeding needed and the ability to quickly eliminate undesired traits from the p...
<p>In 2026, these animals will be reintroduced to parts of the Scottish Highlands. [ 34 ]</p>	In 2026, these animals will be reintroduced to parts of the Scottish Highlands. [ 34 ]
<p>Moa ( Dinornithiformes ) were an order of flightless birds native to New Zealand. Following the arrival of the Māori people to New Zealand, all nine species were hunted to extinction by the 1400s. [ 35 ] There are two active projects for species within this order; the bush moa (Anomalopteryx didiformis) and the Sout...	Moa ( Dinornithiformes ) were an order of flightless birds native to New Zealand. Following the arrival of the Māori people to New Zealand, all nine species were hunted to extinction by the 1400s. [ 35 ] There are two active projects for species within this order; the bush moa (Anomalopteryx didiformis) and the South I...
<p>The biggest problems with the project are that an "artificial egg" would be the only way to conceive a living animal, as even the smaller moa eggs are sufficiently larger than the those of the common ostrich. Additionally, moa diverged from the two proposed living relatives 60 million years ago respectively, meaning...	The biggest problems with the project are that an "artificial egg" would be the only way to conceive a living animal, as even the smaller moa eggs are sufficiently larger than the those of the common ostrich. Additionally, moa diverged from the two proposed living relatives 60 million years ago respectively, meaning th...
<p>There have been attempts to recreate the dire wolf ( Aenocyon dirus ) in modern times. The first is a project called the Dire Wolf Project, a project begun in 1988 that aims to revive the species through backbreeding of domestic dogs, similar to the Quagga project. However, this project is not based in scientific me...	There have been attempts to recreate the dire wolf ( Aenocyon dirus ) in modern times. The first is a project called the Dire Wolf Project, a project begun in 1988 that aims to revive the species through backbreeding of domestic dogs, similar to the Quagga project. However, this project is not based in scientific metho...
<p>In April 2025, Colossal Biosciences showcased three genetically modified wolf pups with the characteristics of the dire wolf: six-month-old males Romulus and Remus and two-month-old female Khaleesi. In-house scientists at Colossal analyzed the dire wolf genome, extracted from two ancient samples – a 13,000-year-old ...	In April 2025, Colossal Biosciences showcased three genetically modified wolf pups with the characteristics of the dire wolf: six-month-old males Romulus and Remus and two-month-old female Khaleesi. In-house scientists at Colossal analyzed the dire wolf genome, extracted from two ancient samples – a 13,000-year-old too...
<p>The dodo ( Raphus cucullatus ) was a flightless pigeon endemic to the island of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean. Due to various factors such as the inability to feel fear caused by isolation from significant predators, predation invasive species such as pigs, dogs, cats, rats, and crab-eating macaques, competition for...	The dodo ( Raphus cucullatus ) was a flightless pigeon endemic to the island of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean. Due to various factors such as the inability to feel fear caused by isolation from significant predators, predation invasive species such as pigs, dogs, cats, rats, and crab-eating macaques, competition for fo...
<p>In September 2025, Colossal announced that they had successfully cultivated primordial germ cells of the rock dove; a feat previously only achieved in chickens and geese [ 49 ], as a proof-of-concept in cultivating and genetically modifying the PGCs of the dodo's closest living relative: the Nicobar pigeon. [ 50 ]</...	In September 2025, Colossal announced that they had successfully cultivated primordial germ cells of the rock dove; a feat previously only achieved in chickens and geese [ 49 ], as a proof-of-concept in cultivating and genetically modifying the PGCs of the dodo's closest living relative: the Nicobar pigeon. [ 50 ]
<p>The heath hen (Tympanuchus cupido cupido) was a subspecies of greater prairie chicken endemic to the heathland barrens of coastal North America. It is even speculated that the pilgrims ' first Thanksgiving featured this bird as the main course instead of wild turkey. [ 51 ] Due to overhunting caused by its perceived...	The heath hen (Tympanuchus cupido cupido) was a subspecies of greater prairie chicken endemic to the heathland barrens of coastal North America. It is even speculated that the pilgrims ' first Thanksgiving featured this bird as the main course instead of wild turkey. [ 51 ] Due to overhunting caused by its perceived ab...
<p>The ivory-billed woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) is the largest woodpecker native to the United States, with an endemic subspecies in Cuba. The species numbers have declined since the late 1800s due to logging and hunting. [ 56 ] Similarly to the northern white rhinoceros, the ivory-billed woodpecker may not be...	The ivory-billed woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) is the largest woodpecker native to the United States, with an endemic subspecies in Cuba. The species numbers have declined since the late 1800s due to logging and hunting. [ 56 ] Similarly to the northern white rhinoceros, the ivory-billed woodpecker may not be co...
<p>The Maclear's rat ( Rattus macleari ), also known as the Christmas Island rat, was a large rat endemic to Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean. It is believed Maclear's rat might have been responsible for keeping the population of Christmas Island red crab in check. It is thought that the accidental introduction of ...	The Maclear's rat ( Rattus macleari ), also known as the Christmas Island rat, was a large rat endemic to Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean. It is believed Maclear's rat might have been responsible for keeping the population of Christmas Island red crab in check. It is thought that the accidental introduction of bla...