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= = = Spanish Civil War , 1936 – 39 = = = A small number of Australian volunteers fought on both sides of the Spanish Civil War , although they predominantly supported the Spanish Republic through the International Brigades . The Australians were subsequently allocated to the battalions of other nationalities , such as...
= = = Europe and the Middle East = = = Australia entered the Second World War on 3 September 1939 . At the time of the declaration of war against Germany the Australian military was small and unready for war . Recruiting for a Second Australian Imperial Force ( 2nd AIF ) began in mid @-@ September . While there was no ...
= = = Asia and the Pacific = = = From the 1920s Australia 's defence thinking was dominated by British Imperial defence policy , which was embodied by the " Singapore strategy " . This strategy involved the construction and defence of a major naval base at Singapore from which a large British fleet would respond to Jap...
= = = Demobilisation and peace @-@ time defence arrangements = = = The demobilisation of the Australian military following the end of the Second World War was completed in 1947 . Plans for post @-@ war defence arrangements were predicated on maintaining a relatively strong peacetime force . It was envisioned that the R...
= = = Occupation of Japan , 1946 – 52 = = = In the immediate post @-@ war period Australia contributed significant forces to the Allied occupation of Japan as part of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force ( BCOF ) , which included forces from Australia , Britain , India and New Zealand . At its height in 1946 the A...
= = = Early planning and commitments = = = During the early years of the Cold War , Australian defence planning assumed that in the event of the outbreak of a global war between the Western world and Eastern bloc countries it would need to contribute forces under collective security arrangements as part of the United N...
= = = Korean War , 1950 – 53 = = = On 25 June 1950 , the North Korean Army ( KPA ) crossed the border into South Korea and advanced for the capital Seoul , which fell in less than a week . North Korean forces continued toward the port of Pusan and two days later the United States offered its assistance to South Korea ....
= = = Malayan Emergency , 1950 – 60 = = = The Malayan Emergency was declared on 18 June 1948 , after three estate managers were murdered by members of the Malayan Communist Party ( MCP ) . Australian involvement began in June 1950 , when in response to a British request , six Lincolns from No. 1 Squadron and a flight o...
= = = Military and Naval growth during the 1960s = = = At the start of the 1960s , Prime Minister Robert Menzies greatly expanded the Australian military so that it could carry out the Government 's policy of " Forward Defence " in South East Asia . In 1964 , Menzies announced a large increase in defence spending . The...
= = = Indonesia @-@ Malaysia Confrontation , 1962 – 66 = = = The Indonesia @-@ Malaysia confrontation was fought from 1962 to 1966 between the British Commonwealth and Indonesia over the creation of the Federation of Malaysia , with the Commonwealth attempting to safeguard the security of the new state . The war remain...
= = = Vietnam War , 1962 – 73 = = = Australia 's involvement in the Vietnam War was driven largely by the rise of communism in Southeast Asia after the Second World War , and the fear of its spread which developed in Australia during the 1950s and early 1960s . As a consequence , Australia supported South Vietnam throu...
= = = Creation of the Australian Defence Force , 1976 = = = Although the importance of ' joint ' warfare had been highlighted during Second World War when Australian naval , ground and air units frequently served as part of single commands , the absence of a central authority continued to result in poor co @-@ ordinati...
= = = Defence of Australia , 1980s and 1990s = = = Until the 1970s , Australia 's military strategy centred on the concept of Forward Defence , in which the role of Australian military and naval forces were to co @-@ operate with Allied forces to counter threats in Australia 's region . Following the adoption of the Gu...
= = = Gulf War , 1991 = = = Australia was a member of the international coalition which contributed military forces to the 1991 Gulf War , deploying a naval task group of two warships , a support ship and a clearance diving team ; in total about 750 personnel . The Australian contribution was the first time Australian ...
= = = Global security , late @-@ 1990s = = = Since the late 1980s , the Australian government had increasingly called upon the ADF to contribute forces to peacekeeping missions around the world . While most of these deployments involved only small numbers of specialists , several led to the deployment of hundreds of pe...
= = = East Timor , 1999 – 2013 = = = The former @-@ Portuguese colony of East Timor was invaded by Indonesia in 1975 , however , following years of violent struggle the new Indonesian government of President B.J. Habibie subsequently agreed to allow the East Timorese to vote on autonomy in 1999 . The United Nations Mis...
= = = Afghanistan , 2001 – present = = = Shortly after the Islamist inspired terrorist attacks in New York and Washington on 11 September 2001 , Australian forces were committed to the American @-@ led international coalition against terrorism . The ADF 's most visible contribution β€” codenamed Operation Slipper β€” has b...
= = = Iraq , 2003 – 11 = = = Australian forces later joined British and American forces during the 2003 invasion of Iraq . The initial contribution was also a modest one , consisting of just 2 @,@ 058 personnel β€” codenamed Operation Falconer . Major force elements included special forces , rotary and fixed wing aviatio...
= = = Military intervention against ISIL , 2014 – present = = = In June 2014 a small number of SASR personnel were deployed to Iraq to protect the Australian embassy when the security of Baghdad was threatened by the 2014 Northern Iraq offensive . Later , in August and September a number of RAAF C @-@ 17 and C @-@ 130J...
= = = Blood quantum = = = Churchill has responded to requests for verification of his claimed Indian heritage in various ways , including attacking the blood quantum upon which some Native American tribes establish their membership requirements . Churchill argues that the United States instituted blood quantum laws bas...
= = = Army days = = = The Cherokee of Indian Territory ( now Oklahoma ) were upset to have Fort Wayne in their proximity . After some delay , the US Army decided to abandon Fort Wayne and move its soldiers to a new fort to be built between Fort Leavenworth and the site . The Army both wanted to placate the Cherokee ( w...
= = = Bleeding Kansas = = = Two years after the army abandoned the fort , the buildings were sold by auction to civilians , with two being converted to hotels . In 1854 the Kansas @-@ Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 , which had kept slavery out of Kansas . Missourians in favor of slavery soon move...
= = = Army returns = = = During the American Civil War , the fort was renewed as a US military post . In August 1861 , the Union Army took command of Fort Scott , and readied it for the war times . The United States Army also took over several blocks within the town for commissary and quartermaster functions . The Unio...
= = = Background = = = The fourth installment in the Slammiversary name was announced in January 2008 to take place on June 8 . In March 2008 , it was reported that Slammiversary would be held outside the TNA Impact ! Zone in Orlando , Florida . In late @-@ March 2008 , Slammiversary was expected to be held in Tennesse...
= = = Storylines = = = Slammiversary featured seven professional wrestling matches and one pre @-@ show match that involved different wrestlers from pre @-@ existing scripted feuds and storylines . Wrestlers portrayed villains , heroes , or less distinguishable characters in the scripted events that built tension and c...
= = = Miscellaneous = = = Slammiversary featured employees other than the wrestlers involved in the matches . Mike Tenay and Don West were the commentators for the telecast , with Frank Trigg providing for the A.J. Styles versus Kurt Angle bout only . Jeremy Borash and David Penzer were ring announcers for the event . ...
= = = Preliminary matches = = = The TNA X Division Championship was defended by then @-@ champion Petey Williams against Kaz in the opening contest of the telecast . Williams was accompanied by Rhaka Khan and Scott Steiner . The duration of the bout was 15 minutes and 19 seconds . Williams wore a protective face mask d...
= = = Main event matches = = = A.J. Styles fought Kurt Angle in the sixth encounter of the show next . The match lasted 22 minutes and 44 seconds . Angle was accompanied by Tomko to the ring . The referee forced Tomko to head to the backstage area due to the referee believing he would interfere . Styles attempted to pe...
= = = " Blindman " = = = For the single 's B @-@ side , Starr had already written and recorded " Blindman " , the theme song for the Ferdinando Baldi @-@ directed Spaghetti Western of the same name , filming for which Starr had interrupted in order to perform at the Concert for Bangladesh . Starr produced the track wit...
= = = Music video = = = The video begins with an aerial shot of a block in Los Angeles , and clips of radio broadcasts are heard with disc jockeys stating that U2 is planning on performing a concert downtown and expecting crowds of 30 @,@ 000 people . Police show up to the set and inform the band 's crew of the securit...
= = = B @-@ sides = = = " Race Against Time " was released on the 12 @-@ inch , cassette , and CD versions of the single . The song developed from the band 's interest in urban funk , and was described by The Edge as " a kind of Afro @-@ rhythmic piece " and " a study in rhythm . " The bass riff in the song , inspired ...
= = = Shortcomings = = = The classical version of the Nazarov cyclization suffers from several drawbacks which modern variants attempt to circumvent . The first two are not evident from the mechanism alone , but are indicative of the barriers to cyclization ; the last three stem from selectivity issues relating to elim...
= = = Silicon @-@ directed cyclization = = = The earliest efforts to improve the selectivity of the Nazarov cyclization took advantage of the Ξ² @-@ silicon effect in order to direct the regioselectivity of the elimination step . This chemistry was developed most extensively by Professor Scott Denmark of the University ...
= = = Polarization = = = Drawing on the substituent effects compiled over various trials of the reaction , Professor Alison Frontier of the University of Rochester developed a paradigm for " polarized " Nazarov cyclizations in which electron donating and electron withdrawing groups are used to improve the overall selec...
= = = Alternative cation generation = = = By extension , any pentadienyl cation regardless of its origin is capable of undergoing a Nazarov cyclization . There have been a large number of examples published where the requisite cation is arrived at by a variety of rearrangements . One such example involves the silver ca...
= = = Interrupted cyclization = = = Once the cyclization has occurred , an oxyallyl cation is formed . As discussed extensively above , the typical course for this intermediate is elimination followed by enolate tautomerization . However , these two steps can be interrupted by various nucleophiles and electrophiles , r...
= = = Enantioselective variants = = = The development of an enantioselective Nazarov cyclization is a desirable addition to the repertoire of Nazarov cyclization reactions . To that end , several variations have been developed utilizing chiral auxiliaries and chiral catalysts . Diastereoselective cyclizations are also ...
= = = Retro @-@ Nazarov reaction = = = Because they overstabilize the pentadienyl cation , Ξ² @-@ electron donating substiuents often severely impede Nazarov cyclization . Building from this , several electrocyclic ring openings of Ξ² @-@ alkoxy cyclopentanes have been reported . These are typically referred to as retro ...
= = = Imino @-@ Nazarov reaction = = = Nitrogen analogues of the Nazarov cyclization reaction ( known as imino @-@ Nazarov cyclization reactions ) have few instances ; there is one example of a generalized imino @-@ Nazarov cyclization reported ( shown below ) , and several iso @-@ imino @-@ Nazarov reactions in the li...
= = = Development = = = Markowitz 's script for Horrible Bosses was sold at auction to New Line Cinema by Ratner 's production company Rat Entertainment in 2005 for a six @-@ figure amount . Ratner initially was interested in directing , but became occupied with directing the comedy Tower Heist . Frank Oz and David Dob...
= = = Design = = = Production designer Shepherd Frankel specifically set out to create distinctly different environments for the three employees and their respective bosses ' homes and offices . Nick and Harken 's workplace is the " Comnidyne " bullpen , which was designed to " enhance the discomfort and anxiety of low...
= = = Filming = = = Filming of Horrible Bosses took place in and around Los Angeles . The production team attempted to find locations " that people haven 't already seen a hundred times in movies and on TV " , aiming for the film to appear as if it could be taking place anywhere in America " where people are trying to ...
= = = Music = = = The soundtrack was composed by award @-@ winning composer Christopher Lennertz , with music contributed by Mike McCready of Pearl Jam , Stefan Lessard of Dave Matthews Band and Money Mark β€” a collaborator with the Beastie Boys . McCready , Lessard , and Mark worked with musicians Matt Chamberlain , Da...
= = = Box office = = = Horrible Bosses grossed $ 117 @.@ 5 million ( 56 @.@ 1 % ) in the North America and $ 92 @.@ 2 million ( 43 @.@ 9 % ) in other territories for a worldwide gross of $ 209 @.@ 6 million , against its budget of $ 35 million . North America Horrible Bosses was released on July 8 , 2011 in the United ...
= = = Critical reception = = = Horrible Bosses received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds a rating of 68 % , based on 208 reviews , with an average rating of 6 @.@ 2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , " It 's nasty , uneven , and far from original , but thanks to a...
= = = Accolades = = = The film received several award nominations , including a Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor for Colin Farrell , and three nominations from the 2012 Comedy Awards , including Comedy Actor for Bateman , Comedy Actress for Aniston , and best Comedy Film . Farrell and Aniston were both nominat...
= = = Home media = = = On July 26 , 2011 , FX obtained the rights to the network premiere of the film . Horrible Bosses was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray Disc in the United States on October 11 , 2011 . The DVD version sold an estimated 400 @,@ 682 units in the United States during its first week , earning approximat...
= = = Hit list = = = Seven followers ( called Rajneeshees ) of charismatic leader Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh ( now known as Osho ) , were convicted of a 1985 conspiracy to assassinate Charles Turner , and an additional unindicted eighth member of the Rajneesh commune pleaded guilty to murder conspiracy . The perpetrators w...
= = = Weapons = = = Catherine Jane Stork volunteered to be the follower who would actually murder Turner , and bought guns and silencers . Stork was known to fellow followers as Ma Shanti Bhadra , and was also one of the three " Big Mammas " in Rajneeshpuram . Sally @-@ Anne Croft ( known by followers as Ma Prem Savita...
= = = Surveillance = = = After obtaining guns the conspirators returned to Portland , Oregon . They rented out an apartment in Portland to serve as their base of operations for the assassination of Turner . Rajneesh follower Carol Matthews ( Ma Prem Samadhi ) used a fake name during the planning of the assassination pl...
= = = Investigation = = = On February 28 , 1985 , Congressman James H. Weaver gave a speech in the United States House of Representatives in which he asserted that the Rajneeshees were involved in the bioterror attack in Oregon . At a series of press conferences in September 1985 , Rajneesh accused several of his recen...
= = = Arrests and convictions = = = Chief criminal assistant U.S. attorney Baron C. Sheldahl was assigned to prosecute the charges of federal wiretapping , and a special team from the United States Department of Justice Criminal Division was tasked with prosecuting the murder conspiracy charges . Four of the perpetrato...
= = = Sentences = = = Conspiracy to assassinate a United States Attorney Wiretapping , and other charges , testified in assassination case = Die Another Day = Die Another Day ( 2002 ) is the twentieth spy film in the James Bond series , and the fourth and final film to star Pierce Brosnan as the fictional MI6 agent Jam...
= = = Filming = = = Principal photography of Die Another Day began on 11 January 2002 at Pinewood studios . The film was shot primarily in the United Kingdom , Iceland , and CΓ‘diz , Spain . Other locations included Pinewood Studios ' 007 Stage and Maui , Hawaii , in December 2001 . Laird Hamilton , Dave Kalama , and Da...
= = = Music = = = The soundtrack was composed by David Arnold and released on Warner Bros. Records . He again made use of electronic rhythm elements in his score , and included two of the new themes created for The World Is Not Enough . The first , originally used as Renard 's theme , is heard during the mammoth " Anto...
= = = Holby City = = = From 7 February 2006 to 9 December 2008 , Ayola starred in BBC medical drama Holby City as nurse Kyla Tyson . She had previously appeared in Holby City 's sister show Casualty , and had made an appearance in Holby City 's fifth series as patient Marianne Lawson . She was approached about returnin...
= = = Race and charity work = = = Throughout her career , Ayola has been outspoken on the subject of racial discrimination in the entertainment industry . Describing her motivation , she states : " I am not an overtly political person . I just want fairness " . Ayola believes that black actors receive less recognition ...
= = = Awards = = = Ayola was nominated and shortlisted for the ' Female Performance in TV ' award in the 2006 Screen Nation Awards , for her role as Kyla Tyson in Holby City . She received Honourable Mention for the same role the following year , and was shortlisted again in 2008 . In 2005 , WalesOnline voted Ayola the...
= = = Film roles = = =
= = = Television roles = = =