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= Homarus gammarus = Homarus gammarus , known as the European lobster or common lobster , is a species of clawed lobster from the eastern Atlantic Ocean , Mediterranean Sea and parts of the Black Sea . It is closely related to the American lobster , H. americanus . It may grow to a length of 60 cm ( 24 in ) and a mass ...
= = = Previous designation = = = The first usage of M @-@ 82 was in the Upper Peninsula by July 1 , 1919 . The trunkline started at M @-@ 25 and ran north of Newberry to the vicinity of Eight Mile Corner . It was later replaced by M @-@ 48 in 1926 .
= = = Current designation = = = The current M @-@ 82 dates back to 1926 . It ran from US 31 in Hart to the northern junction of US 131 and M @-@ 46 in Howard City . The highway was routed through Ferry , Hesperia and Fremont , replacing M @-@ 41 . In late 1936 , M @-@ 46 was extended along the section between Newaygo a...
= = = In Naruto = = = Shikamaru first major appearance in the series is during the Chunin Exams , bi @-@ yearly exams for ninja who wish to advance in rank . He is part of Team 10 alongside Choji Akimichi and Ino Yamanaka . He is a highly unenthusiastic person , and he attempts to go through life with minimum effort . ...
= = = Appearances in other media = = = Besides the Naruto anime and manga , Shikamaru is featured in seven of the featured films in the series : in the second film , he aids Naruto Uzumaki and Sakura Haruno in fighting against Haido , a utopian idealist seeking to rule the world with a power called Gelel ; in the fourt...
= = = Hotels = = = Given Meridian 's site as a railroad junction , its travelers have attracted the development of many hotels . Even before Meridian reached its " Golden Age , " several large hotels , including the Great Southern and the Grand Avenue hotels , were built before the start of the 20th century . With the ...
= = = Historic districts = = = Meridian has nine historic districts that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The Meridian Downtown Historic District is a combination of two older districts , the Meridian Urban Center Historic District and the Union Station Historic District . Many architectural sty...
= = = Religion = = = The population of Meridian and its surrounds is fairly observant , with 65 @.@ 2 % of Lauderdale County identifying as affiliated with some type of religious congregation , compared with the national average of 50 @.@ 2 % . Of the affiliated in 2000 , 30 @,@ 068 ( 59 @.@ 0 % ) were in the Southern ...
= = = Arts = = = Known for more than a century of arts , Meridian contains many art and cultural organizations and hosts many cultural events . One of the first art organizations in the city , The Meridian Art League , was established in February 1933 . Art exhibitions were originally held in Lamar Hotel in downtown Me...
= = = Recreation = = = The city contains several recreational parks , including Highland Park , Bonita Lakes , and Okatibbee Lake . Highland Park contains picnic shelters , swimming pools , tennis courts , a baseball field , softball fields , and a playground , all open year round to visitors . Bonita Lakes is a city @...
= = = Railroads and public transit = = = Amtrak 's Crescent line connects Meridian with the cities of New York , New York ; Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ; Baltimore , Maryland ; Washington , D.C. ; Charlotte , North Carolina ; Atlanta , Georgia ; Birmingham , Alabama ; and New Orleans , Louisiana . The Union Station Mul...
= = = Air = = = The city is served by Meridian Regional Airport , located at Key Field , 2811 Airport Boulevard South , 3 mi ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) southwest of the city . At 10 @,@ 004 foot ( 3 @,@ 049 m ) , the airport 's runway is the longest public runway in Mississippi . The airport , which has been in service since 1930 ...
= = = Highways = = = Interstate Highways Interstate 20 Runs west through Jackson , Mississippi , eventually terminating near Kent , Texas , and east through Tuscaloosa , Alabama , eventually terminating in Florence , South Carolina . Interstate 59 Joins with I @-@ 20 in the city and runs north through Tuscaloosa , Alab...
= = = In acting = = = Alvin Childress , who played the lead role in the Amos ' n ' Andy Show , was born in the city in 1907 . Diane Ladd was also born in the city in 1932 @,@ Sela Ward was born in Meridian , in 1956 .
= = = In business and politics = = = Gil Carmichael , Meridian businessman and transportation specialist , was the Republican nominee for the Mississippi Senate in 1966 and 1967 , U.S. Senate in 1972 , governor in 1975 and 1979 , and lieutenant governor in 1983 . Winfield Dunn , former Governor of Tennessee , lived in ...
= = = In broadcasting = = = Emmy award winning meteorologist Bill Evans ( meteorologist ) ( WABC @-@ TV New York ) was born in Meridian , where he held his first broadcasting jobs .
= = = In literature and comics = = = Novelist Edwin Granberry , who won the 1932 O. Henry Award for Best Short Short Story , was born in Meridian . For 30 years , Granberry wrote the Buz Sawyer comic strip . Meridian is the birthplace of novelist and short story writer Barry Hannah .
= = = In music = = = Classical composer John Luther Adams is a Meridian native . The Island Def Jam rapper Big K.R.I.T. was born in Meridian . K.R.I.T is known for his many mixtapes and albums such as K.R.I.T. Wuz Here and Cadillactica . He has gained a large following for his lyricism and self @-@ produced beats as we...
= = = In sports = = = The city has also been home to several athletes , many of whom have competed at professional levels . Among them are : Dennis Ray " Oil Can " Boyd , former Major League Baseball pitcher ; Negro league baseball catcher Paul Hardy ; professional basketball player Derrick McKey ; Jay Powell , another...
= = = Others = = = Other notable natives of the city include : Susan Akin who won the Miss America beauty pageant in 1986 @,@ James Chaney - one of the victims of the Mississippi civil rights workers murders in 1964 @,@ Fred and Al Key , known as " The Flying Keys " - holders of the world flight endurance record - are ...
= = = Fictional characters = = = Cullen Bohannon , the protagonist of the AMC series Hell on Wheels , hails from Meridian , Mississippi , where he was a tobacco farmer and later a Confederate soldier during the American Civil War . Dill Harris , one of the characters of the Pulitzer Prize @-@ winning novel To Kill a Mo...
= = = List of outliers = = = In addition to the larger islets mentioned above there are various other isles and skerries around the coast of Papa Stour . They include : Aesha Stack , Boinna Skerry , Borse Skerry , Fogla Skerry , Forewick Holm , Galti Stacks , Holm of Melby , Koda Skerry , Lyra Skerry , Skerries of Quid...
= = = Norse period = = = Papa Stour is the subject of a 1299 manuscript written in Old Norse , which is the oldest surviving document from Shetland . It deals with a dramatic incident in the house of Duke Hakon Magnusson , who was later to become King Hakon V of Norway . There is a circle of stones near the beach at Ho...
= = = Scots rule and fishing = = = In 1469 Shetland came under nominal Scottish control , although the Norse ' Lairds of Norway ' kept their Papa Stour estates until the 17th century . In the 16th century merchants from Bremen and Hamburg were operating a summer trading booth to buy fish from the local fleet . By the 1...
= = = 20th and 21st centuries = = = In common with many small Scottish islands , Papa Stour 's population peaked in the 19th century and has experienced a significant decline since then ( see e.g. Mingulay ) . By 1970 the island school had closed and the population had declined to sixteen ' fairly elderly ' residents ,...
= = = Shipwrecks = = = The coasts around Papa Stour have claimed numerous wrecks . In Hamnavoe , Tiptans Skerry alone has sunk Dutch , French , German and Norwegian ships . The Aberdeen trawler Ben Doran A178 , foundered on the Ve Skerries 3 miles northwest of Papa Stour , on the evening of 28 March 1930 while on her w...
= = = Airstrip = = = There is an airstrip which caters for regular flights from Tingwall . = = Culture and the arts = = The Papa Stour sword dance may be of Norse origin and bears similarities to the long sword dance of the north east of England . A description of the dance appears in The Pirate by Sir Walter Scott . T...
= = = Other sports = = = McCarty played basketball and baseball during high school as well . He lettered in basketball with the Knights . At the 2001 Big League World Series , McCarty played for Team Canada as a shortstop and center fielder , helping the team to third place in the international competition . Despite be...
= = = Boise State = = = McCarty originally committed to Boise State University and played for the Broncos . In 2003 , he was given redshirt status and did not play . McCarty played a limited role the following year , but capitalized on the opportunities he was given , rushing for 104 yards on only 10 carries . His only...
= = = Reedley = = = McCarty transferred to Reedley College and played for the Tigers in 2005 . He ended the season with 620 rushing yards , 500 receiving yards , and 14 touchdowns , as the Tigers earned a 10 – 1 record along their way to the Central Valley Conference championship title . McCarty also played baseball at...
= = = Western Washington = = = After his single season at Reedley , McCarty transferred to Western Washington University and played football for the Vikings . McCarty was immediately a significant factor in the Vikings ' gameplan . In the season opener , he rushed for 139 yards and three touchdowns on 30 carries agains...
= = = Edmonton Eskimos = = = Following his only season at Western Washington , McCarty declared himself eligible for the 2007 CFL Draft . He was selected in the fourth round of the draft by the Edmonton Eskimos with the 27th overall pick . He was re @-@ signed on December 19 , 2008 to a multiple @-@ year contract , and...
= = = = 2007 season = = = = McCarty made the active roster and played in all 18 regular season games his rookie season . He was used in the passing game and on the special teams , finishing with seven receptions for 99 yards and a touchdown as well as five special @-@ teams tackles . McCarty made his CFL debut on June ...
= = = = 2008 season = = = = McCarty played a larger role in his second season with the Eskimos , especially as a receiver . On September 1 in a match against the Stampeders , starting running back A. J. Harris was injured , and McCarty rushed for 73 yards on 12 carries as a backup . Filling in again for the injured Har...
= = = = 2009 season = = = = McCarty split time with Arkee Whitlock in 2009 . He rushed for two touchdowns in Week 4 , being named the Canadian Player of the Week for the third time . He was also named the Canadian Player of the Month in July after continuing to play a large role in the rushing game . In August , McCart...
= = = = 2010 season = = = = McCarty remained in a multi @-@ purpose role in 2010 and was utilized more frequently in the passing game compared to the previous season . He made a reception for a first down following a fake punt in Week 6 . He missed two games later in the season due to a hand injury . In a September 26 ...
= = = = 2011 season = = = = In 2011 , the Eskimos utilized a committee of running backs , with McCarty , Daniel Porter , and Jerome Messam all receiving significant playing time . McCarty was used mostly in short @-@ yardage situations on the ground , while also being active as a receiver and on special teams . He play...
= = = = 2012 season = = = = McCarty played a limited role in 2012 , both due to injuries and competition from other backs , including Cory Boyd , Hugh Charles , and Jerome Messam . McCarty missed six games due to a high ankle sprain suffered during the Labour Day Rematch . Playing in the other 12 games but starting in ...
= = = = 2013 season = = = = McCarty played a role as a receiver and special teams player in 2013 , but was almost entirely absent from the rushing game . He rushed for 48 yards on 9 carries , but caught 20 passes for 186 yards and two touchdowns . He continued to play on the special teams , and recorded nine special @-...
= = = = 2014 season = = = = McCarty was shifted from playing mostly as a backup tailback to the fullback position , where he started all 18 regular season games . In his new position , McCarty was primarily used for blocking and remained involved on special teams and as a receiver . He continued his extremely limited r...
= = = = 2015 season = = = = McCarty was again used as a fullback and special teams player in 2015 . After sustaining an unspecified injury in week 12 , he missed several games and was placed on the six @-@ game injured list . McCarty finished the season with only one carry and nine catches , his lowest total number of ...
= = = Season statistics = = = = = Personal life = = McCarty grew up in Muskogee , Oklahoma . After his mother , Jackie Conway , was unable to financially support him , McCarty moved to Canada and lived with his father , Orlando McCarty . His mother was a college softball player for the NEO Lady Norse , while his father...
= = = Open wheel racing = = = A friend of Richmond 's father co @-@ owned a sprint car and Richmond joined the team as a crew member for Dave Shoemaker . In 1976 , 21 @-@ year @-@ old Richmond took the car onto Lakeville Speedway at Lakeville , Ohio for some practice laps . " Somebody put a stopwatch on me , " Richmond...
= = = NASCAR = = = Pocono Raceway President Joseph Mattioli III convinced Richmond to make the change to stock car racing on the NASCAR circuit . Richmond made his first NASCAR start two months after winning the Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year award . He debuted at the Coca @-@ Cola 500 at Pocono on July 27 , 1980 ...
= = = NASCAR = = = ( key ) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time . Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time . * – Most laps led . )
= = = = Winston Cup Series = = = =
= = = = = Daytona 500 = = = = =
= = = = Busch Series = = = = = Trout Creek Mountains = The Trout Creek Mountains are a remote , semi @-@ arid Great Basin mountain range mostly in southeastern Oregon and partially in northern Nevada in the United States . The range 's highest point is Orevada View Benchmark , 8 @,@ 506 feet ( 2 @,@ 593 m ) above sea l...
= = = Flora = = = Vegetation in the Trout Creek Mountains is dominated by big sagebrush and desert grasses . Other common shrubs include bitterbrush , snowberry , and Ceanothus . There are also patches of mountain mahogany in some areas . Common grass species include Idaho fescue , bluebunch wheatgrass , cheatgrass , w...
= = = Fauna = = = Animals in the Trout Creek Mountains are adapted to the environment of the High Desert . Pronghorn are common in the open , sagebrush @-@ covered basins , while mule deer live in the cottonwood and willow groves . There are also bighorn sheep , cougars , and bobcats in the high country . Jackrabbits a...
= = = Microscopic characteristics = = = The spores are 7 – 9 by 5 – 6 @.@ 5 μm , broadly ellipsoid , smooth , and strongly amyloid ( it turns black when treated with Melzer 's reagent ) . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are four @-@ spored . The pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill face ) are not differentiate...
= = = Varieties = = = E.J.H. Corner defined the varieties M. inclinata var. kinabaluensis and var. subglobospora in his 1994 publication on Agaric mushrooms of Malesia , a biogeographical region straddling the boundary of the Indomalaya and Australasia ecozones . The variety kinabaluensis ( named after its type localit...
= = = Similar species = = = Mycena maculata bears some resemblance to M. inclinata , but is only associated with decaying hardwood logs and stumps , and is found in eastern North America , and sometimes on oak on the West Coast . In age , it develops reddish spots on the gills that are not seen in M. inclinata . M. inc...
= = = 2011 – 12 incoming team members = = = Before the season began , point guard Darius Morris , the Big Ten assists leader in the 2010 @-@ 11 season , left the team after being drafted by the Los Angeles Lakers . The incoming class included Carlton Brundidge and 2011 Ohio Mr. Basketball point guard Trey Burke . Both ...
= = = 2011 – 12 team recruits = = = = = Roster = = Former team captains Travis Conlan ( 1996 – 97 and 1997 – 98 ) and C.J. Lee ( 2008 – 09 ) served as director of basketball operations and administrative specialist , respectively . Peter Kahler was the team 's video coordinator . = = Schedule and results = = Michigan a...
= = = Preseason = = = Five of the 30 nominees for the men 's basketball Lowe 's Senior CLASS Award were from the Big Ten , including Michigan 's Zack Novak .
= = = In @-@ season = = = Trey Burke was one of nearly 60 Bob Cousy Award candidates named in December 2011 . On January 4 , Burke was one of 20 finalists . On January 25 , Novak was named one of ten finalists for the Lowe 's Senior CLASS Award along with three other Big Ten athletes . He was also one of four Big Ten m...
= = = Accolades and honors = = = Trey Burke CBSSports.com Second Team All @-@ American Big Ten Freshman of the Year ( Big Ten media ) Co @-@ Big Ten Freshman of the Year ( Sporting News ) All @-@ Big Ten ( second team , coaches and media ) All @-@ Freshman ( unanimous ) USBWA All @-@ District V Team Tim Hardaway All @-...
= = = 2012 – 13 team recruits = = = The team announced in September 2010 that Glenn Robinson III , son of former first overall NBA Draft pick Glenn Robinson , verbally agreed to attend Michigan , making him the first commitment in the school 's class of 2012 . Canadian wing guard Nik Stauskas gave Michigan its second v...
= = = Harry Potter = = = In 2000 , producer David Heyman asked Radcliffe to audition for the role of Harry Potter for the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , the best @-@ selling book by British author J. K. Rowling . Rowling had been searching for an unknown British actor to personify the ch...
= = = 2001 – 09 = = = Radcliffe made his film debut in The Tailor of Panama , an American 2001 film based on John le Carré 's 1996 spy novel , and a moderate commercial success . In 2002 he made his stage debut as a celebrity guest in a West End theatre production of The Play What I Wrote , directed by Kenneth Branagh ...
= = = 2010 – present = = = After voicing a character in an episode of the animated television series The Simpsons in late 2010 , Radcliffe debuted as J. Pierrepont Finch in the 2011 Broadway revival How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying , a role previously held by Broadway veterans Robert Morse and Matthew B...
= = = Views and activism = = = Radcliffe is an atheist . He has been quoted as saying : " I 'm an atheist , and a militant atheist when religion starts impacting on legislation " , and in a separate interview , he stated ; " I 'm very relaxed about it [ being an atheist ] . I don 't preach my atheism , but I have a hug...
= = = Mercer County = = = Route 29 begins at a modified cloverleaf interchange with Interstate 195 and Interstate 295 in Hamilton Township , and it serves as the western continuation of Interstate 195 , heading to the northwest as a six @-@ lane freeway . The route interchanges with Route 129 , a spur of Route 29 which...
= = = Hunterdon County = = = Route 29 crosses into West Amwell Township in Hunterdon County . It enters Lambertville , where Route 29 becomes a four @-@ lane divided highway . At the intersection of South Main Street , Route 29 becomes concurrent with Route 165 . The route becomes an undivided highway again and meets t...
= = = Pagan and Dali = = = In the 13th century , the Pagan Empire , along with the Khmer Empire , was one of the two main empires in mainland Southeast Asia . For much of its history , Pagan 's neighbor to the northeast was not China but the independent Dali Kingdom and its predecessor Nanzhao , both with Dali as their...
= = = Mongol conquest of Dali = = = The Mongol Empire first arrived at the doorstep of the Pagan Empire in 1252 by invading the Dali Kingdom in its attempt to outflank Song China . The Mongol armies captured the capital , Dali , on 7 January 1253 , and went on to pacify much of the kingdom by 1257 . The arrival of the ...
= = = Decline of Pagan = = = By then , the Pagan Empire , despite outward appearances of calm , had been in long and slow decline since the early 13th century . The continuous growth of tax @-@ free religious wealth had greatly reduced the tax base of the kingdom . The crown had lost resources needed to retain the loya...
= = = First Mongol mission ( 1271 – 72 ) = = = The period of calm for Pagan ended in the early 1270s . By then , the Song were on the ropes , and Emperor Kublai Khan , who officially founded the Yuan dynasty on 18 December 1271 , sought to cut off the retreat of Song refugees in all directions . In Pagan 's case , he h...
= = = Second Mongol mission ( 1273 ) = = = At Beijing , Kublai Khan , who was preparing an invasion of Japan , decided against a war with Pagan — for the time being . On 3 March 1273 , he sent a 4 @-@ member delegation led by an imperial ambassador , the First Secretary to the Board Rites , to Pagan . The delegation ca...
= = = Mongol consolidation of borderlands ( 1275 – 76 ) = = = Meanwhile , in 1274 , the former Dali Kingdom was officially reorganized as the Province of Yunnan , with Sayyid Ajjal Shams al @-@ Din Omar as governor . In May 1275 , the governor sent a report to the emperor stating that the embassy had not returned ; tha...
= = = Battle of Ngasaunggyan = = = According to the Yuan dynasty chronicle and Marco Polo 's accounts , a Burmese army " invaded " the Mongol territory of Gold Teeth , and was defeated by the Mongol army in April 1277 . The battle took place either at the Vochang valley ( in present @-@ day Baoshan Prefecture ) or 110 ...
= = = Raid of Kaungsin = = = The Mongol army pressed on after the monsoon season . In the following dry season of 1277 – 78 , c . December 1277 , a Mongol army of 3800 led by Nasr al @-@ Din , son of Gov. Sayyid Ajjal , advanced to Kaungsin , which defended the Bhamo Pass . They occupied the fort and destroyed a large ...
= = = Battle of Ngasaunggyan ( 1283 ) = = = The invasion began on 22 September 1283 . Prince Sangqudar was the commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the invasion force ; his deputies were Vice Governor Taipn , and commander Yagan Tegin . The Mongol armies marched to the border in two columns . One column advanced along the Tap...
= = = Invasion of northern Burma = = = The defeat at Ngasaunggyan broke the back of Burmese defenses . The Burmese army lost several thousand men as well as senior commanders . Kaungsin , the next fort inline , fell just six days later on 9 December 1283 . The Mongol sources say that the Burmese lost 10 @,@ 000 men at ...
= = = Ceasefire = = = Given his precarious position , Narathihapate decided to buy time , and sue for peace with the Mongols . In November / December 1285 , the king ordered his generals Ananda Pyissi and Maha Bo to enter into ceasefire negotiations . The Mongol commanders at Hanlin , who had organized northern Burma a...
= = = Treaty of Beijing = = = In January 1287 , the embassy arrived at Beijing , and was received by the Yuan emperor . The Burmese delegation formally acknowledged Mongol suzerainty of their kingdom , and agreed to pay annual tribute tied to the agricultural output of the country . ( Indeed , the tribute was no longer...
= = = Breakdown = = = But the agreement broke down a month later . In late June , the defeated king and his small retinue left their temporary capital for Pagan . But on 1 July 1287 , the king was captured en route and assassinated by his second son Thihathu , the Viceroy of Prome . Anarchy ensued . Each region in the ...
= = = Age of political fragmentation = = = The immediate result of the war was the collapse of the Pagan Empire . However , the war merely accelerated the collapse but did not cause it . Pagan 's disintegration was " in fact more prolonged and agonized . " The kingdom had been in long gradual decline since the early 13...
= = = Rise of Tai @-@ Shan states = = = Perhaps the most enduring legacy of the Mongol invasions was the emergence of Tai @-@ Shan states in mainland Southeast Asia . The Tai @-@ Shan people who came down with the Mongol invasions stayed . By the early 14th century , several Tai @-@ Shan states had come to dominate a v...
= = = Arrival of China on the Burmese border = = = The war also marked the arrival of China at the doorstep of Burma . The old Dali Kingdom , known to the Burmese as Gandalarit ( ဂန ္ တလရာဇ ် , after Gandhara Raj ) was now a Mongol Chinese province . ( The Burmese now called the new powers at Yunnan " Taruk " after the...
= = = Guadalcanal campaign = = = On 7 August 1942 , Allied forces ( primarily U.S. ) landed on Guadalcanal , Tulagi , and Florida Islands in the Solomon Islands . The landings on the islands were meant to deny their use by the Japanese as bases for threatening the supply routes between the U.S. and Australia . They wer...
= = = Troop movement = = = On 28 August , 600 of Kawaguchi 's troops were loaded onto the destroyers Asagiri , Amagiri , Yugiri , and Shirakumo , designated Destroyer Division 20 ( DD20 ) . Because of a shortage of fuel , DD20 could not make the entire round trip to Guadalcanal at high speed in one night , but had to s...
= = = Prelude = = = Kawaguchi set the date for his attack on the Lunga perimeter for 12 September and began marching his forces west from Taivu towards Lunga Point on 5 September . He radioed 17th Army and requested that it carry out air strikes on Henderson Field beginning on 9 September , and that naval warships be s...
= = = First night 's action = = = The Americans knew of the approach of the Japanese forces from reports from native scouts and their own patrols , but did not know exactly where or when they would attack . The ridge around which Edson deployed his men consisted of three distinct hillocks . At the southern tip and surr...
= = = Second night 's action on the ridge = = = Expecting the Japanese to attack again that night , Edson directed his troops to improve their defenses on and around the ridge . After a failed attempt by two companies to retake the ground on the Marine right flank lost to Kokusho the night before , Edson repositioned h...
= = = Kuma and Oka attacks = = = As the battle on the ridge took place , Kawaguchi 's Kuma and Oka units also attacked the Marine defenses on the east and west sides of the Lunga perimeter . The Kuma battalion — led by Major Takeshi Mizuno — attacked the southeastern sector of the Lunga perimeter , defended by Marines ...
= = = Prior threats to Rhodesian air traffic = = = Rhodesian air traffic was not seriously threatened until about 1977 , in the latter stages of the war ; before this time , neither revolutionary force had the weapons to launch a viable attack against an aerial target . The weapon that made such attacks feasible for ZI...
= = = Flight = = = Air Rhodesia was the country 's national airline , established by the government on 1 September 1967 to succeed Central African Airways , which was dissolved at the end of that year . Based at Salisbury Airport , Air Rhodesia 's flight network during the late 1970s comprised a domestic programme of p...
= = = Shootdown = = = A group of ZIPRA guerrillas , armed with a Strela @-@ 2 launcher , waited in the bush beneath Flight 825 's flightpath , and fired on the Hunyani about five minutes after it took off , while the aircraft was still in the climb phase of its flight . The heat @-@ seeking missile hit the plane 's sta...
= = = Massacre on the ground = = = Of the 56 people on board , 38 , including Hood and Beaumont , died in the crash . Eighteen survived , albeit with injuries , and climbed out of the wreckage . After briefly settling the others , one of the passengers , Dr Cecil MacLaren , led four others — young newlyweds Robert and ...
= = = Nkomo claims responsibility , but denies killing survivors = = = Nkomo claimed responsibility for the attack in an interview with the BBC 's Today radio programme the next day , laughing as he did so , to the horror of most Rhodesian observers , both black and white . He said that he had received intelligence tha...
= = = White Rhodesians turn against blacks = = = A report published in the American magazine Time a fortnight later described the incident as " a genuine horror story , calculated to make the most alarming of Rhodesian doomsday prophecies seem true . " Indeed , the white community in Rhodesia heard the news with fury ,...
= = = Memorial service , 8 September 1978 = = = At a memorial service held on 8 September 1978 for Flight 825 's passengers and crew at Salisbury 's Anglican Cathedral , about 2 @,@ 000 people crowded inside , with another 500 standing outside on the steps and pavement , many listening to the service inside on portable...
= = = Smith – Nkomo talks halted = = = The talks between Smith and the ZAPU leader that had been progressing so promisingly were immediately halted by Salisbury . Smith himself called Nkomo a " monster " . Cilliers comments that the ending of the Smith – Nkomo talks at this time was " potentially the most serious resul...
= = = Operation Snoopy ; Rhodesia hits New Chimoio = = = Because ZAPU and ZIPRA were based in Zambia , many Rhodesians clamoured for a massive retaliatory strike against terrorist targets in that country , but the first external target hit by the security forces following the Viscount shootdown was the prominent cluste...
= = = Operation Gatling ; the " Green Leader " raid = = = Rhodesia then attacked ZIPRA 's bases in Zambia , in what Group Captain Peter Petter @-@ Bowyer later described as " payback time " for Flight 825 . Operation Gatling , launched on 19 October 1978 , was another joint @-@ force operation between the Air Force and...
= = = Newspaper and journal articles = = = = Tikal = Tikal ( / tiˈkäl / ) ( Tik ’ al in modern Mayan orthography ) is the ruins of an ancient city found in a rainforest in Guatemala . Ambrosio Tut , a gum @-@ sapper , reported the ruins to La Gaceta , a Guatemalan newspaper , which named the site Tikal . After the Berl...
= = = Preclassic = = = There are traces of early agriculture at the site dating as far back as 1000 BC , in the Middle Preclassic . A cache of Mamon ceramics dating from about 700 @-@ 400 BC were found in a sealed chultun , a subterranean bottle @-@ shaped chamber . Major construction at Tikal was already taking place ...
= = = Early Classic = = = Dynastic rulership among the lowland Maya is most deeply rooted at Tikal . According to later hieroglyphic records , the dynasty was founded by Yax @-@ Moch @-@ Xoc , perhaps in the 3rd century AD . At the beginning of the Early Classic , power in the Maya region was concentrated at Tikal and ...