Datasets:

R2MED
/

PMC-Treatment

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PMC11826323_7	RP treatment aims to control inflammation, preserve organ function, and prevent irreversible damage. Glucocorticoids remain the mainstay for acute flares; immunosuppressants (cyclosporine, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide) or biologic agents (TNF inhibitors, tocilizumab, IL‐1 inhibitors, IL‐6 receptor antagonist) may be ...
PMC11631605_4	Biologics have been reported as a treatment option for patients with anti-MDA5-positive JDM complicated by RP-ILD. Rituximab is conditionally recommended as one of the first-line treatment options for RP-ILD. There are also case reports/series of other biologics, such as infliximab, basiliximab, and daratumumab, but th...
PMC11473280_4	Compared with anti-MDA5 Ab-negative DM patients, pre-treatment serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-18, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon (IFN)-α, and ferritin were significantly elevated in anti-MDA5 Ab-positive DM patients, suggesting that the activation of monocytes and macrophages underlies ...
PMC11631605_7	Anti-IL-6 therapy emerges as a novel approach for the treatment of refractory anti-MDA5-positive JDM with RP-ILD, particularly in cases where conventional treatments prove inadequate.
PMC11473280_8	TOF is a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor that mainly inhibits JAK1 and JAK3 and suppresses the signaling of various cytokines, such as type I IFNs (IFN-α/β), IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-15, and IL-21, by inhibiting the JAK-signal transducer and activator of the transcription signaling pathway (30). Several reports have demonstr...
PMC11509757_4	Intriguingly, fingolimod was also explored as a potential treatment strategy for people with moderate to severe COVID-19, and a protective effect against SARS-CoV-2-induced hyper-inflammation was suggested for this DMT class, based on both S1P receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Furthermore, available evide...
PMC11660005_1	The incidence of adult duodenal trauma is 0.2% to 0.6% in all trauma patients and 1% to 4.7% in all abdominal trauma patients [9]. Penetrating trauma is the most common cause of duodenal injury in adult patients, and the duodenum injury scale is classified using the AAST grading scale as grade I to V [9]. Although many...
PMC11414482_1	While the observed 24 hours systolic ambulatory BD reduction at 6-months follow-up in contemporary trials such as SPYRAL ON MED is generally considered to be modest (−1.9 mmHg),6 it seems that the observed treatment effect in our patient was much more pronounced. Previous studies showed that the density of orthosympath...
PMC11602498_1	Abrocitinib, a selective JAK1 inhibitor, affects epidermal barrier modulation and peripheral nerve modulation involved in pruritus transduction by targeting the JAK- signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway (12). Although the pathogenesis of LA is unclear, IL-31, one of the cytokines in...
PMC11455802_1	Selective JAK1 inhibitors, such as upadacitinib and abrocitinib, have demonstrated in clinical trials and practice the ability to rapidly and efficiently reduce itching, making them effective for treating conditions such as atopic dermatitis characterized by severe pruritus [9]. One probable explanation is that JAK1 ca...
PMC11513297_0	Janus kinases (JAKs) are a class of intracellular non-receptor tyrosine kinases composed of JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2 subtypes. It is associated with signaling downstream of various type I and type II cytokines (such as IL-6, IL-17, IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-23, IFN-γ, etc.) receptors. These cytokines and signaling path...
PMC11249543_5	The pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases is intricately regulated by the dynamic interplay between cytokines, immune cells, and tissue cells. The JAK-STAT signaling pathway assumes a crucial role in this intricate network. The JAK family, comprising JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and tyrosine kinase(TYK) 2, activates STATs th...
PMC11624682_4	Abrocitinib is a JAK1 inhibitor approved by the FDA for the treatment of AD, which reduces the activity of various Th2 cytokines (such as IL-4 and IL-13) in AD by inhibiting JAK/STAT-1 signaling. Additionally, abrocitinib attenuates inflammation, and reducing damage to immune cells at the skin barrier. The most frequen...
PMC11532939_0	The establishment of standardized therapeutic guidelines for the treatment of cervical cancer during pregnancy is still pending, resulting in using multiple therapeutic regimens. Severe fetal anemia can lead to hydrops fetalis and, ultimately, fetal demise. The presence of fetal anemia could potentially be associated w...
PMC11541060_1	For pregnant women, in general, with cervical cancer who desired to continue the pregnancy, NACT beyond the first trimester was recommended to enable fetal maturation to avoid risk of spontaneous abortion, fetal death, and fetal defects [12]. Previous study on 21 patients with cervical cancer in pregnancy treated with ...
PMC11841137_1	Traditional anesthetics and analgesics frequently utilized in general anesthesia possess potent cardiodepressive properties, potentially leading to significant hemodynamic fluctuations. Additionally, tracheal intubation inherently elicits airway irritation, exacerbating pre-existing pulmonary conditions and complicatin...
PMC11546046_2	Biologically, the three fundamental principles for bone formation are addressed in the management of femoral neck non-union. Autogenous bone marrow provides osteogenic properties and centrifugation concentrates necessary elements, increasing efficiency. Corticocancellous bone allograft offers osteoconductivity and mech...
PMC11531864_0	Surgically-induced necrotizing scleritis is a rare yet serious complication following ocular surgery, which can occur anywhere from the first postoperative day to several years later. This condition presents diagnostic challenges, as scleral thinning may be overlooked. In advanced cases, significant visual impairment, ...
PMC11531864_1	Oral prednisolone is often considered the first-line treatment for non-infectious necrotizing scleritis, while intravenous methylprednisolone may be used in severe cases. Additional therapies may include non-steroidal immunotherapy, monoclonal antibodies against tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6 inhibitors, an...
PMC11367887_5	Therapeutic regime for SJS/TEN includes discontinuation of allergenic drugs, glucocorticoids, nutrition support, insulin, and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) [24]. Extensive epidermolysis and necrosis lead to thermoregulation disorder, fluid loss, and blood volume shortage. Skin infection induced sepsis is the major ...
PMC11818212_4	These findings suggest that a treatment strategy that aim to “aggressively” mediate the inflammatory response (even when it is exacerbated) may yield more favorable outcomes than those that do not in cases of significant body surface area damage. The levels of TNF-α, granzyme B, and perforin during the acute phase of t...
PMC11578727_5	Although KLHL11 encephalitis is mediated through T cell immunity, the favorable tried treatment of CD20 monoclonal antibodies in KLHL11 encephalitis may suggest that inducing B cell depletion is an effective and safe option. This mechanism may involve B cell depletion reduces the production of KLHL11 antibodies and inh...
PMC11578727_3	Neuropathological studies revealed that the brain of KLHL11 encephalitis patient exhibited chronic lymphocytic inflammation, mainly T cell infiltration, accompanied by non-necrotizing granulomas (3). This study demonstrates that cytotoxic T cell-mediated immune effects play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of KLHL11 ...
PMC11578727_4	Ofatumumab displays specific CD20 affinity and a slow off-rate through complement-dependent cytotoxicity, leading to efficient B cell lysis. Ofatumumab was the first monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody approved for use against human disease and recognizes a different epitope that is distinct from rituximab (16). Ofatumumab w...
PMC11632487_4	Treatment of ABC with intraosseous doxycycline injection was first introduced in 2012, with the aim of restoring normal anatomy and function while reducing local recurrence and minimizing morbidities. Primarily used as an antibiotic, doxycycline has also been shown to have antitumoral properties by inhibiting matrix me...
PMC11658006_2	Doxycycline, in addition to being a caustic sclerosant, is an antibiotic that inhibits matrix metalloproteinases, enzymes responsible for ABC-induced bone destruction. Also, experimental studies in rodents with periodontitis demonstrated antiresorptive and anti-inflammatory properties of doxycycline, suggesting its pot...
PMC11843777_8	Recent studies have explored the use of doxycycline injections for the treatment of ABCs due to their sclerosing effects [13,20,21]. Doxycycline inhibits matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are involved in the degradation of bone and extracellular matrix, although its precise effects on MMPs remains a topic of deba...
PMC11606025_8	Surgical challenges in treating mirror hand arise from neurovascular anatomical variations, such as duplication of the ulnar artery, shortening of the radial nerve, absence of the radial artery, and abnormal arterial arches. Preoperative three-dimensional (3D) printing has been suggested to better understand the comple...
PMC11606025_6	Early pollicization tends to yield better outcomes. Thumb reconstruction in mirror hand is a technically demanding procedure that requires proper preoperative planning owing to the wide variation in anatomy and complexity. Nevertheless, successful outcomes have been reported in neglected cases of mirror hand managed wi...
PMC11646647_7	Severe gingival overgrowth associated with generalized stage 4, grade C periodontitis often requires a multi-disciplinary approach, involving complex treatments such as antibiotic therapy, biopsies, extractions, gingivectomy, gingivoplasty, and osteoplasty. To achieve optimal patient outcomes, it is essential to coordi...
PMC11414368_3	The substantial enhancement in airflow limitation (FEV1 increase of 820 mL) observed following ESS may be attributed to the suppression of T2 inflammation. Several studies have indicated that controlling T2 inflammation in patients with severe asthma leads to improved airflow limitations. For instance, a previous study...
PMC11628187_0	Biologics have been reported to improve mucus plugs. Serum and sputum eosinophil peroxidase levels were correlated with the mucus score and were significantly attenuated by treatment with mepolizumab. Dupilumab contributes to a greater reduction in mucus plugging with greater improvement in ventilation quantified using...
PMC11576441_5	Treatment options for anti-HMGCR IMNM are limited. When glucocorticoid and IVIG treatment are not effective at preventing exacerbation, using efgartigimod to rapidly reduce pathogenic antibody levels for symptomatic relief appears to be a better option than rituximab. Glucocorticoid treatment helps to prevent the immun...
PMC11576441_3	In seropositive IMNM, the antibody titer correlates with disease activity. The anti-HMGCR antibody titer correlates with muscle strength and CK levels. In vitro and vivo experiments have also shown that anti-HMGCR autoantibody is pathogenic. Moreover, muscle fiber necrosis in IMNM is an antibody- and complement-depende...
PMC11630930_2	Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most common antibody and the main efficacious molecule of humoral immune response.[18] Several types of IgG Fc receptors, including FcRn, are found on the surface of immune cells and play a role in mediating immune responses. The FcRn is an MHC class I-like molecule that recycles IgG, exte...
PMC11576441_4	Efgartigimod is an FcRn antagonist that competitively binds to FcRn. FcRn is a multifunctional Fc-γ receptor that binds to circulating IgG antibodies, reduces their degradation in lysosomes, and releases them into the extracellular space, thereby prolonging their half-life. Thus, inhibition of FcRn can increase the cat...
PMC11324432_0	Efgartigimod is a novel FcRn antagonist that can reduce circulating IgG levels, including pathogenic IgG, and is a drug used to treat IgG-mediated autoimmune diseases. Efgartigimod was approved by the FDA in December 2021 for the treatment of AChR Ab+ MG patients. There is currently no publicly available randomized stu...
PMC11585471_0	Optimal proximal endograft landing in TEVAR is paramount for successful entry tear coverage and favorable aortic remodeling with true lumen expansion. Conventionally, a PLZ in ≥20 mm of healthy aorta is recommended, with inadequate coverage associated with a higher risk of endoleak and potentially lethal retrograde typ...
PMC11585471_1	Our case highlights several key aspects of branched TEVAR for the treatment of TBAD with an unfavorable anatomy. Although TEVAR with a double-branched physician-modified endoprosthesis could serve as a complete endovascular alternative in this case, multibranched TEVAR carries additional periprocedural concerns. Tazaki...
PMC11481776_1	Several factors influence bone regeneration after cyst enucleation. One of the most significant factors is the defect size, which plays a crucial role in neo-bone formation [8]. Defects that exceed critical size defects do not restore spontaneously without the assistance of bone grafts, as confirmed by animal experimen...
PMC11505654_3	Bisphosphonate is the most widely used drug to treat GACI. Bisphosphonate is similar to PPi in molecular structure, and it improves the calcification of vessels when administered to patients with GACI with reduced PPi concentrations. The survival rate of patients with GACI who are administered bisphosphonate is 65%, wh...
PMC11505654_5	The treatment regimen of bisphosphonate for GACI has not yet been standardized. The commonly used treatment protocols are oral etidronate (20 mg/kg/day), intravenous pamidronate (0.25 mg/kg on day 1 and 0.5 mg/kg on days 2 and 3 for the first course, and 0.5 mg/kg for 3 days as the second course, with courses administe...
PMC11588313_2	Carcinoid tumours are slow-growing but can metastasize (4%–20%) to local or regional lymph nodes. It is imperative therefore to ensure disease-free margins. Mobilization of the bronchial tree reduces tension when anastomosing the proximal and distal stumps. An intercostal flap can be harvested and wrapped around the br...
PMC11608180_3	Daratumumab is an antibody against CD38 used for plasma cell depletion in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (MM). It mediates depletion of plasma cells, which overexpress CD38, through a wide range of mechanisms including complement- and antibody-mediated cytotoxicity, Fcy receptor-dependent apoptosis, and modula...
PMC11511746_0	PGNMID occurs most often in the elderly, and the pediatric population is rarely affected [3]. Generally, there are no clear recommendations for the management of PGNMID. Therapy should be directed to the pathological clone, which is identified in only a minority of cases. Conventional immunosuppressive agents (corticos...
PMC11796192_5	The presence of MGRS is grounds for treatment to suppress and eliminate the monoclonal protein causing direct kidney damage. Given the risk of further, potentially irreversible kidney injury we discussed treatment options for the paraproteinemia at length with the patient. Our preference would be to commence treatment ...
PMC11417000_5	In terms of immunotherapy, the efficacy of corticosteroids, subcutaneous IFN-γ injections, and intravenous immunoglobulin is limited. However, combination therapy with cyclophosphamide and steroids has shown promising results in some patients (42). Rituximab, an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, is one of the most extensi...
PMC11648800_12	Preoperative catheter embolization of the arterial feeder is utilized to reduce the risk of bleeding, especially in cases where there is deep implantation into the hepatic parenchyma. While postoperative hepatic artery embolization has limited efficacy in controlling hemorrhage, preoperative arterial embolization may y...
PMC11461946_1	Traditional management of OCSDH typically involves a large craniotomy with hematoma removal and durotomy. While aggressive surgery involving total removal of the abnormal proliferative membrane and hematoma is effective, this approach is highly invasive. It carries significant risks, including infection, bleeding, gene...
PMC11461946_0	OCSDH represents a complex progression of CSDH, characterized by a thick, vascularized membrane surrounding the hematoma. This neovascularization and membrane formation contribute to the persistence and resistance of the hematoma. Factors such as inflammation, angiogenesis, and coagulopathy are believed to play key rol...
PMC11569471_0	Chronic subdural hematomas (cSDH) have traditionally been treated via burr hole evacuation or craniotomy, but there is a high rate of recurrence, ranging from 10–20%. Additionally, mortality rates of cSDH at 6 and 12 months have been estimated to be 30%. More recently, embolization of the MMA has been used in the setti...
PMC11789874_6	Middle meningeal artery embolization is a surgical procedure that reduces dural blood supply, inhibits neovascularization, suppresses inflammatory mediator release, and prevents hematoma formation and recurrence to achieve therapeutic goals.[27] While middle meningeal artery embolization has demonstrated efficacy in ch...
PMC11461946_2	While our results were positive, larger studies are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of combining MMAE with minimally invasive surgery for OCSDH. Although OCSDH is a rare disease, future research should focus on comparing outcomes between this combined less invasive approach and traditional large craniotomy wi...
PMC11587153_0	Typically, oral migraine preventive medications are effective for migraine auras without headaches; however, some patients tend to exhibit resistance to these therapies. In such cases, the use of CGRP mAb is considered an alternative treatment option, with reasonable evidence supporting its efficacy not only in reducin...
PMC11794975_5	The great effectiveness of galcanezumab in reducing both pain and aura symptoms may suggest that CGRP has an important biological role in HM, MA, and PRRT2‐associated FHM.
PMC11794975_1	CGRP is a vasoactive neuropeptide that is widely expressed in both central and peripheral nervous systems. Previous studies have attempted to investigate the relationship between CGRP and cortical spreading depression (CSD) in the genesis of migraine aura. Some authors suggest that the increase of extracellular potassi...
PMC11587153_5	A basic study has reported on the inhibitory effects of CGRP mAb and gepant on CSD. Cortical slice studies showed that the blockage of CGRP receptors in vitro resulted in the inhibition of CSD. CGRP mAbs do not cross the blood–brain barrier. Therefore, they are thought to act on the trigeminal nerve outside of this bar...
PMC11587153_2	There is abundant evidence that CSD is responsible for neuronal inflammation and the activation of the central and peripheral trigeminal nerves in migraines. During CSD, neurons, glia, and vascular cells locally release adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glutamate, potassium, and hydrogen ions, while activated perivascular ...
PMC11857675_24	Corticosteroids are the first-line treatment for irAEs, including myocarditis. Guidelines from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) recommend initiating high-dose corticosteroids (e.g., methylprednisolone) for the first few days, followed by a gradual reduction i...
PMC11625816_6	Early administration of corticosteroids has demonstrated good efficacy, potentially helping to prevent the rapid progression of multi-organ irAEs. Currently, treatment protocols for ICI adverse reactions remain controversial, particularly in conjunction with subsequent tumor therapies. Photodynamic therapy may represen...
PMC11349625_4	In general, irAE has been managed with ICI discontinuation and systemic corticosteroid administration. If improvement is limited, immunosuppressive agents may be administered as the next treatment (13, 14). In previous reports, four out of six cases achieved remission with only discontinuation of ICIs and systemic cort...
PMC11625816_4	Photodynamic therapy may serve as an important adjunctive treatment following ICIs. Existing clinical data indicate that photodynamic therapy can significantly inhibit tumor progression and is one of the important palliative treatments for advanced stages of the disease, often serving as adjuvant therapy following radi...
PMC11700999_7	At present, the management of irAEs predominantly relies on clinical expertise and is conducted in accordance with the grading criteria established by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE). For grade 1 adverse events, specific therapeutic interventions are generally unnecessary, allowing for the co...
PMC11484190_3	To ensure the safe use of cetuximab, we recommend a thorough assessment of the patient’s history of drug and food allergies, as well as any autoimmune diseases, before initiating treatment. In well-equipped centers, it is advisable to conduct pre-treatment drug skin tests [13] or measure specific immunoglobulin E (IgE)...
PMC11382217_1	Rapid recent advancements in extracorporeal circulation support technology have led to the development of ECMO, which has been successfully applied in the treatment of pheochromocytoma crisis.2,5 The most common mode is VA-ECMO because it provides full circulatory support and improves tissue oxygenation in situations o...
PMC11549947_5	Approximately 10% of patients with takotsubo syndrome develop cardiogenic shock requiring mechanical support to maintain cardiac function [5,20]. VA-ECMO is recommended to ensure adequate cardiac output and support cardiac function as a bridge until ventricular function improves, as takotsubo syndrome is transient and ...
PMC11705711_6	The successful use of ECMO therapy is a notable feature, showing its vital role in stabilizing hemodynamics and managing refractory ventricular arrhythmias. This case underscores the importance of early ECMO intervention in cases where conventional therapies fail, providing essential circulatory support and improving p...
PMC11315265_4	VA ECMO support becomes necessary in these cases of malignant sustained forms of arrhythmia and hemodynamic instability, and also a back-up for high-risk therapeutic interventions, which is also supported by a case series of Baratto et al.[10] The main effect of VA ECMO is to maintain perfusion and oxygenation of the b...
PMC11393609_1	In patients with pheochromocytoma, cardiovascular and neurological manifestations usually dominate the clinical picture, with 95% of patients having hypertension and 90% having headaches at presentation [7–9]. Hypertension is either sustained (50%) or paroxysmal (45%) and is more commonly associated with norepinephrine...
PMC11453165_0	Tetracycline, known for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, is a valuable adjunct in periodontal therapy. Effective against Gram-positive bacteria, spirochetes, and various anaerobic and facultative bacteria, tetracycline achieves high concentrations in gingival crevicular fluid, enhancing its efficacy in period...
PMC11453165_3	PBMT demonstrated positive effects on periodontal healing in preclinical and clinical studies, including enhanced angiogenesis, fibroblast activity, and reduced inflammation. The variability in PBMT parameters across studies highlights the need for standardized protocols. While promising, further research is necessary ...
PMC11453165_2	In this case presentation, combining tetracycline fibers with SRP led to significant clinical improvements in periodontal parameters and a gain in clinical attachment levels. The tetracycline fibers showed efficacy after thorough subgingival debridement, suggesting their antimicrobial and anti-collagenase properties co...
PMC11332970_11	According to their findings, the wound area treated by LLLT significantly improved, and pro-healing factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (angiogenesis) and TGF increased, while TNF (a pro-inflammatory factor) dropped. These findings imply that the improvement brought about by LLLT can be linked to elem...
PMC11453165_4	Overall, both tetracycline fibers and PBMT demonstrated potential as adjuncts to SRP for managing periodontitis. The results highlight that non-surgical treatments, rather than surgical ones, may alter patient preferences by avoiding the pain often associated with surgical periodontal procedures, which many people fear...
PMC11611897_7	Satralizumab may be a safe and efficient adjunct therapy which can be used in the acute stage of the refractory DON which shows poor or no response to steroid pulse therapy. However, a large-scaled randomized control study is needed to further evaluate the necessity and efficacy of satralizumab in acute-staged DON ther...
PMC11611897_5	Although most post-vaccination DON shows good response to steroid pulse therapy, there exist a few case reports indicating that some AQP-4 Ab seropositive or AQP-4 Ab and MOG-Ab dual seronegative cases showed poor or no response to steroid pulse therapy, and needed other adjunct therapies such as plasma exchange or imm...
PMC11648988_2	Safety is the most important concern when selecting therapies for pregnant patients with DON. Methylprednisolone and prednisone have been proven to be safe for both pregnant women and their fetuses. However, mycophenolate mofetil and methotrexate are contraindicated in pregnant patients due to their teratogenic potenti...
PMC11225426_0	TURP was found to be safe in surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and still means the gold standard for managing benign prostatic hyperplasia [1, 2, 15]. Technical options such as bipolar and laser treatments may further minimize the risks of this procedure [1, 2]. Three kinds of surgery for benign prostatic ...
PMC11705096_3	The management of CAD involves a multifaceted approach to optimise patient outcomes. Clinical guidelines from various organisations recommend a combination of medical therapy, cardiac rehabilitation, and revascularisation with either PCI or CABG based on individual circumstances. There is ongoing debate regarding the e...
PMC11608458_2	The identification of antibiotic susceptibility in A. ursingii reveals resistance to the most common cephalosporins (cephalothin, cefotaxime, cefixime, and moxalactam) and furans. However, they are susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanate, ticarcillin-clavulanate, piperacillin-tazobactam, imipenem, aminoglycosides, cipro...
PMC11583576_5	Thorough cleaning significantly alleviates inflammation and prevents the spread of infection, demonstrating clear benefits over open debridement [20, 25]. Thorough arthroscopic lavage and debridement are currently safe and effective methods for the treatment of septic arthritis, but these methods are characterized by r...
PMC11583576_6	Second, arthroscopic debridement should be performed early, and full-doses of antibiotics should be used to prevent bone damage. Once bone erosion and cartilage damage have started, a second-stage arthroplasty is the only solution.
PMC11509662_0	Acute SA of a native joint is one of the most critical orthopedic urgencies. It can affect all synovial joints, although data show that about 50% of cases involve the knee, and S. aureus is the most common pathogen. The physiopathology of joint damage is multimodal, with both infection itself and joint inflammatory res...
PMC11509662_2	The concept of topical antibiotic therapy appeared before the 1970s when molecules of different antibiotic concentrations were locally administered “naked”. This concept was taken up and developed with the studies of Buchholz and Engelbretch on the use of antibiotic-loaded polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) in the treatment...
PMC11432800_2	Additionally, the role of PRP in accelerating the healing process of traumatic wounds and ulcers is well-established, with benefits stemming from the high concentration of platelet-derived growth factors enhancing tissue repair and angiogenesis.
PMC11432800_1	The primary advantage of this technique lies in the rich presence of connective tissue cells within the stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue, which includes a diverse cell population such as preadipocytes, endothelial cells, monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, lymphocytes, and notably, adipose-derived stem cel...
PMC11557112_1	PRP may act as a regulatory factor for cell migration and wound healing, promoting the migration of MSCs and the process of wound repair. PRP may provide a suitable microenvironment for MSCs to promote their proliferation and differentiation. The combination of MSCs and PRP may also increase the number of fibroblasts a...
PMC11605738_4	Mirtazapine administration also resulted in modest improvements in psychotic symptoms, with mild sedation being the sole reported adverse effect. A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the global akathisia score for 10 medications used to treat AIA across 15 clinical trials involving 492 particip...
PMC11605738_3	Mirtazapine, a tetracyclic antidepressant, inhibits central presynaptic alpha-2-adrenergic receptors, thereby enhancing serotonin and norepinephrine release. Classified as a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant, it antagonizes H1 histamine receptors and 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors, r...
PMC11545733_13	Treatment of the patients, in most cases, included rectal resection combined with chemoradiotherapy based on 5-fluorouracil. In more recent studies, the authors used polychemotherapy regimens such as FOLFOX and FOLFIRI, as well as regimens involving monoclonal antibodies (bevacizumab, cetuximab) and targeted therapy (r...
PMC11541487_0	Adequate proximal seal zones are essential for durable endovascular aortic repair. Although the definition of an adequate proximal seal zone can vary depending on the underlying aortic pathology, compromised proximal seal zones during TEVAR are associated with increased aortic- and device-related events such as type IA...
PMC11572399_3	Recent research on treating UUTUC has focused mainly on neoadjuvant chemotherapy, postoperative chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. For high-grade UUTUC patients with preoperatively obtained pathological evidence, the prospective data from a phase II trial show that the use of preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy can ach...
PMC11499491_0	Surgical techniques to treat SVAS have developed from simple procedures to complicated reconstructions of the aorta. The earliest technique was McGoon’s single-sinus diamond-shaped patch repair and in 1977, Doty’s 2-sinus inverted bifurcated patch aortoplasty technique was invented. In 1988, Brom started 3-sinus repair...
PMC11636330_1	The anatomical and physiological characteristics of children are different from those of adults. Firstly, the urethra and ureteral in children are slender and often associated with anatomical abnormalities, making retrograde ureteral catheterization more prone to ureteral injury and increases the risk of postoperative ...
PMC11524652_1	Breathing exercises included pursed-lip, segmental, and diaphragmatic breathing, which improved ventilation by forcing airway back pressure. A randomized control trial conducted on oral cancer patients by Satish et al. stated that the 6MWT is closely linked to VO2 max, which makes it a reliable assessment tool for canc...
PMC11856888_0	In recent years, the treatment of lymphoma has changed significantly from traditional nonspecific anti-proliferative chemotherapy to targeted therapy of specific molecular signaling pathways combined with traditional chemotherapy. Monoclonal antibodies, protease inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs play an important r...
PMC11523029_0	According to Soliman et al., intrauterine infusion of PRP could boost implantation and pregnancy outcomes in recurrent implantation failure (RIF) patients; thus, clinicians should consider this intervention a constructive approach in assisted reproductive procedures. Endometrial thickness is the most crucial factor in ...
PMC11809048_13	In addition, chemotherapy with temozolomide and capecitabine (TC regimen) has shown promising results, though its use has only been reported in a few case reports. The response rate to the TC regimen was 39.7%, and both progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) improved [36].
PMC11596955_1	Simultaneous implant placement with GBR is a widely accepted technique to manage implant placement in areas with insufficient bone volume. The aim of GBR is to enhance bone volume, ensure the stability of the implant, and improve the aesthetic outcomes. In the literature, several studies investigated the long-term perf...
PMC11562316_0	Labially impacted maxillary canines have a slight prevalence compared to palatally impacted canines and are typically attributed to insufficient arch span. A variety of techniques have been proposed to treat impacted canines, including space recreation, orthodontic mechanical eruption, extraction, and interceptive appr...

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🔭 Overview

R2MED: First Reasoning-Driven Medical Retrieval Benchmark

R2MED is a high-quality, high-resolution synthetic information retrieval (IR) dataset designed for medical scenarios. It contains 876 queries with three retrieval tasks, five medical scenarios, and twelve body systems.

Dataset	#Q	#D	Avg. Pos	Q-Len	D-Len
Biology	103	57359	3.6	115.2	83.6
Bioinformatics	77	47473	2.9	273.8	150.5
Medical Sciences	88	34810	2.8	107.1	122.7
MedXpertQA-Exam	97	61379	3.0	233.2	154.9
MedQA-Diag	118	56250	4.4	167.8	179.7
PMC-Treatment	150	28954	2.1	449.3	149.3
PMC-Clinical	114	60406	2.2	182.8	480.4
IIYi-Clinical	129	10449	3.5	602.3	1273.0