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bing it in terms of “the intentional creation of messages with particular influence outcomes in mind” ( Ruben and Gigliotti, 2016 , p. 470). In particular, approaches of transformational and charismatic leadership have portrayed effective leaders as effective communicators, who convey an inspiring vision and high perfo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.4 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "strategy"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.862714 | [
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hip as an influencing process is neither leader-centric nor follower-centric but relational ( Uhl-Bien et al., 2012 ; Fairhurst and Connaughton, 2014 ). That means that communication in leadership is not adequately conceptualized as a linear process, in which intentional messages simply flow in a straight and predictab... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "communication"] | 499 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.862758 | [
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also reflected in the literature on LMX quality. Whereas high-quality relationships are characterized by cooperative communication, lower quality relationships reflect more traditional supervision with one-sided top-down communication, including higher levels of interpersonal dominance and autocratic decision-making ( ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.836 | ["networking", "leadership", "communication", "strategy", "decision_making"] | 511 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.862791 | [
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bohn et al., 2012 ), the way leaders shape their communication with followers is pivotal for fostering relationship quality and relevant work outcomes, such as followers’ satisfaction, commitment, and performance ( Penley et al., 1991 ; Fix and Sias, 2006 ; Abu Bakar et al., 2010 ). Based on this, we below develop the ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.695 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "communication", "networking", "philosophy", "rhetoric"] | 476 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.862822 | [
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nd Leader Communication Following de Vries et al. (2010) a leader’s communication style represents a “distinctive set of interpersonal communicative behaviors” (p. 368). Mindfulness, with its inherent focus on being present and non-judgmental, seems particularly suitable for promoting the quality of communication. Spec... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.689 | 0.82 | ["communication", "leadership", "decision_making"] | 445 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.862855 | [
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viors that we term mindfulness in communication . Drawing on the mindfulness literature, we propose that mindfulness in communication consists of three facets: (a) being present and paying attention in conversations, (b) an open, non-judging attitude, and (c) a calm, non-impulsive manner. These features inherently refl... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.854 | ["communication", "leadership", "salary"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.862887 | [
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uence is understood to result from interaction ( Ruben and Gigliotti, 2016 ). In what follows, we provide a detailed rationale for our assumption that leader dispositional mindfulness is reflected in these three facets of mindfulness in communication. First, an inherent element of mindfulness is presence, referring to ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.86 | ["war_conflict", "communication", "leadership"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.862919 | [
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isite for effective listening ( Brownell, 1985 ). The importance of listening for effective leader–follower communication has been stressed by several scholars ( Bechler and Johnson, 1995 ; Johnson and Bechler, 1998 ; Alvesson and Sveningsson, 2003 ; van Vuuren et al., 2007 ). In a survey of van Vuuren et al. (2007) , ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.689 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "communication"] | 446 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.862948 | [
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ader communication style for follower commitment. Furthermore, there is empirical evidence that careful listening is associated with transformational leadership ( Berson and Avolio, 2004 ) and effective interpersonal influence ( Ames et al., 2012 ). Also, a qualitative study conducted by Alvesson and Sveningsson (2003)... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.842 | ["leadership", "communication", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.862978 | [
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onal mindfulness may translate into improved listening skills comes from several studies linking dispositional mindfulness and mindfulness trainings to reduced rumination and improved attentional performance (e.g., Chambers et al., 2008 ; Jensen et al., 2012 ; Flook et al., 2013 ; Roeser et al., 2013 ). Moreover, an in... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 1 | 0.696 | ["communication", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.863014 | [
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lness meditation, reported that mindfulness improved their abilities to be attentive and to better listen to their patients. The second rationale for linking leader mindfulness to leader communication style is based on the second essential feature of mindfulness, namely acceptance. Acceptance refers to “being experient... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.694 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "communication", "decision_making"] | 472 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.863074 | [
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up by judgments” ( Parker et al., 2015 , p. 226). This non-judgmental, present-centered awareness may help leaders to keep an open mind in interactions with their followers and to be open to other perspectives and opinions without rashly evaluating and categorizing incoming information. By paying attention in a non-jud... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.856 | ["decision_making", "leadership", "philosophy", "salary", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.863127 | [
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ing carried away by their reactions” ( Dreyfus, 2011 , p. 47). In this understanding, mindful leaders are not free of making judgments and evaluations. However, before doing so, they give their followers the opportunity to fully communicate their message and let their attention not be influenced by automatic reactions ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.303 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "communication", "decision_making"] | 486 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.863170 | [
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( Chambers et al., 2009 ; Heppner et al., 2015 ). Accounting for this effect, scholars have consistently referred to the process of reperceiving ( Shapiro et al., 2006 ) or decentering ( Hayes et al., 2004 ) and argued that mindfulness permits individuals to disidentify from their emotions and experience them as transi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.866 | [] | 511 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.863206 | [
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sociated with lower levels of negative affect and higher levels of positive affect ( Baer et al., 2006 ; Luberto et al., 2014 ; Pepping et al., 2014 ; Prakash et al., 2015 ). Accordingly, mindfulness enables leaders to better deal with negative affective states and stressful events. In terms of communication, better em... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.693 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "communication"] | 464 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.863239 | [
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uations instead of being overwhelmed by emotions. Empirical support for the assumed relation of mindfulness and communication behavior comes from marital and family research ( O’Kelly and Collard, 2012 ). Several studies in this area found a positive relationship between mindfulness and outcomes pertaining to communica... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.895 | 0.854 | ["communication", "networking", "war_conflict", "family"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.863271 | [
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l., 2007 ), and mutual acceptance ( Carson et al., 2004 ). Moreover, Krasner et al. (2009) designed and evaluated a communication training for primary care physicians that included mindfulness meditation (see also Beckman et al., 2012 ). After the training, participants demonstrated improvements in dispositional mindfu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 1 | 0.69 | ["communication", "leadership"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.863304 | [
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sitively related to specific communication behaviors ( mindfulness in communication) , as perceived by their followers. simple Hypothesis 1 : Leaders’ dispositional mindfulness is positively related to specific communication behaviors – i.e., “mindfulness in communication.” Leader Mindfulness, Mindfulness in Communicat... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.83 | ["communication", "leadership", "rhetoric"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.863334 | [
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ers’ outcomes mediated by mindfulness in communication. Most notably, as a very proximal outcome, we explore the degree to which followers are satisfied with the communication with their leader. Thereby, we assume all three components of mindfulness in communication (i.e., paying attention, being open and non-judgmenta... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.687 | 0.826 | ["communication", "leadership", "decision_making", "salary"] | 437 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.863365 | [
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rs perceive the communication with their leaders. According to Thayer (1968) , individuals experience satisfaction with the communication when communication is perceived as successful. Following Ruben and Gigliotti (2016) , who state that, “leadership communication always has both content and relational consequences” (... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.838 | ["communication", "leadership", "llm", "philosophy"] | 511 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.863395 | [
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e fulfillment of personal needs, aspirations, and expectations of the involved agents (i.e., relational consequences). Leaders’ mindfulness in communication is likely to foster followers’ satisfaction on the content level because less information gets lost between “sender” and “receiver” and the information is processe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.692 | ["philosophy", "leadership", "communication", "llm"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.863424 | [
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t what they have to say ( Ashford et al., 2009 ). Furthermore, by showing an open and non-judgmental attitude, leaders signal that they are willing to see things from their followers’ perspective and offer them voice-opportunities ( Ashford et al., 2009 ; Lloyd et al., 2015 ), which enables followers to address and ope... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.866 | ["communication", "leadership", "decision_making"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.863456 | [
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hich refers to feelings of growth, ability, and achievement. Specifically, through paying full attention and a high degree of acceptance and calmness, leaders show their followers that their opinion and viewpoints are regarded as important and worthwhile to consider, reflecting genuine appreciation of their strengths a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.858 | ["leadership", "salary"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.863489 | [
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cure and safe in their environment and in their relationships with others. When leaders are fully paying attention with an accepting, non-judging attitude, they are likely to generate a feeling of being valued and respected in of their followers ( Reb et al., 2014 ). Furthermore, this kind of leader communication behav... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.878 | ["leadership", "communication", "networking", "salary"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.863520 | [
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eling of being cared about ( Van Quaquebeke and Felps, 2016 ) which has empirically been linked with relatedness ( Reis et al., 2000 ). Thus, leaders’ mindfulness in communication is likely to result in an enhancement of followers’ experience of relatedness. Given that communication is central to leadership ( Alvesson ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.868 | ["leadership", "communication"] | 505 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.863547 | [
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egative affective reactions from their followers. According to affective events theory ( Weiss and Cropanzano, 1996 ), such affective reactions, especially if experienced repeatedly, likely result in generalized satisfaction judgments about the leader. Notably, this notion is reflected in prior research, positioning th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.302 | 0.842 | ["leadership", "decision_making", "salary"] | 491 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.863578 | [
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their leader ( Scarpello and Vandenberg, 1987 ). In a similar vein, two studies by Bechler and Johnson (1995) and Johnson and Bechler (1998) showed that the evaluation of leadership skills is positively related to perceived listening skills. Taken together, we predict: simple Hypothesis 2 : Leaders’ mindfulness in comm... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 1 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "communication", "networking"] | 511 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.863611 | [
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ication with the leader and (b) the satisfaction with the leader in general. Figure 1 shows the hypothesized theoretical model. FIGURE 1. Open in a new tab Hypothesized theoretical model. Materials and Methods We certify that the research presented in this manuscript has been conducted within the DGPs (German Psycholog... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.384 | 0.822 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 420 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.863640 | [
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with human participants and scientific integrity. We adhere to the ethical standards of the DGPs, since in Germany there is no legal regulation for approval of research through a research ethics committee for the social sciences, but ethics questions are addressed within a framework by professional associations. Partic... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.4 | 0.852 | ["ethics", "communication", "career", "salary"] | 499 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.863670 | [
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at the subject was otherwise entitled to receive. All subjects have given written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Sample and Procedures In order to test our hypotheses, we conducted a multilevel field study. Online surveys were sent to leaders as well as their followers. We assessed lea... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "communication", "education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.863702 | [
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owers’ self-reported satisfaction with the leader (i.e., satisfaction with the leader–follower communication and general satisfaction) on the other hand. The study had a cross-sectional design. Given this design, no causal conclusions can be drawn from our study, which has to be taken into account when interpreting the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "communication", "education"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.863730 | [
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k to their supervisor or followers, respectively. Anonymous identification codes generated by the participants were used to match the data of leaders and followers. A total of 351 participants (147 leaders and 204 followers) completed the questionnaires. Out of the 204 followers, 141 could be matched to 77 leaders. For... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.864 | ["leadership"] | 502 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.863763 | [
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from two to six followers, M = 2.88, SD = 1.17). Since we were interested in a general assessment of leaders by their followers, independent of specific biases of single followers, we used only those leaders for our final analysis, for which we had responses of multiple followers (i.e., at least two followers). Thus, t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.296 | 0.73 | ["leadership"] | 511 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.863796 | [
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37.21 years ( SD = 9.86), and 64% of the participants had a university degree. The sample consisted of individuals from Germany (64%), Austria (28%), Switzerland (5%), and other nationalities (3%). The participants’ average tenure in the organizations was 7.93 years ( SD = 7.52), their average weekly working hours were... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.722 | ["leadership", "education"] | 511 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.863824 | [
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o 6 = almost always ). Cronbach’s alpha was 0.90. Followers’ Satisfaction With Leader–Follower Communication In order to measure followers’ satisfaction with leader–follower communication , we used two items from the questionnaire for communication in organizations developed by Sperka (1997) . The two items were “I am ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.693 | 0.842 | ["communication", "leadership"] | 465 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.863853 | [
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er communication with my leader” (reverse coded). Each follower was asked to rate their own level of satisfaction. Again, a 6-point response scale (ranging from 1 = strongly disagree to 6 = strongly agree ) was employed. The reliability of this measure was estimated by using the Spearman–Brown formula (see the recommen... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.862 | ["leadership", "communication", "philosophy"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.863882 | [
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general satisfaction with their leaders was measured with two items taken from Felfe (2006) . The two items were: “My leader uses methods of leadership that are satisfying” and “My leaders works with me in a satisfactory way.” Responses were given on a 6-point scale, ranging from 1 = strongly disagree to 6 = strongly a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.88 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.863930 | [
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the followers of a particular leader at Level 2). Because mindfulness in communication was thought to be a characteristic of each leader, we were especially interested in the effect between followers of different leaders and thus, the effect at Level 2. Consequently, the effects within followers (i.e., Level 1) were tr... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.692 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "communication"] | 462 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.863963 | [
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m scales by Eisinga et al., 2013 ), and was r = 0.84. Mindfulness in Communication Since there was no existing scale for what we call mindfulness in communication , we developed a new scale for this study. The purpose of the scale was to assess “behavioral correlates” of leaders’ mindfulness when communicating with fol... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.697 | 0.856 | ["communication", "leadership", "education"] | 487 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.863993 | [
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e in more detail how the measure was constructed. Item development and exploratory factor analysis We first generated 14 items based on a review of the literature addressing mindfulness in leadership ( Glomb et al., 2011 ; Sauer and Kohls, 2011 ; Sauer et al., 2011 ; Reb et al., 2014 ). The items addressed the followin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 1 | 0.87 | ["communication", "leadership", "salary"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.864023 | [
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tude during a conversation, and (3) being calm and non-impulsive during conversations, not becoming overwhelmed by emotional reactions. Second, the content validity was assessed by asking four experts (i.e., experts on mindfulness practice) to rate the items in terms of their conceptual fit. As a result of the expert r... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.858 | [] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.864053 | [
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llowers (including followers that could be matched with a leader and followers that could not be matched with a leader and were therefore not considered in the main analyses). For the analyses of the scale and the items, all followers ( N = 204) were included. One item showed a low level of communality (communality = 0... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.396 | 0.858 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 482 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.864090 | [
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axis analysis with Promax rotation was performed. The results suggested one factor with an Eigenvalue > 1 explaining 59% of the variance. The factor loadings, communalities, and standardized item-scale-correlations were satisfactory ( Table 1 ). Therefore, the final scale consists of nine items and shows adequate relia... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.895 | 0.85 | ["communication", "philosophy"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.864119 | [
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their factor loadings, communalities, and corrected item-scale-correlations. Facets and items Factor loadings Commu-nalities Corrected item-scale correlation Being present by paying attention to the other I have my supervisor’s full attention when I am speaking 0.70 0.49 0.66 In conversations, my supervisor is impatien... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.7 | ["communication", "salary"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.864164 | [
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sations my supervisor first listens to what I have to say, before forming his/her own opinion 0.81 0.66 0.76 Before I have finished talking, my supervisor has already formed his/her own opinion (R) 0.77 0.59 0.73 My supervisor has a preconceived opinion about many topics and holds on to this opinion (R) 0.71 0.50 0.67 ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.722 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.864194 | [
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orked up (R) 0.75 0.57 0.72 When my supervisor does not like something, emotions can easily boil over (R) 0.74 0.54 0.71 Open in a new tab Items were assessed on 6-point Likert scale ranging from 1 = strongly disagree to 6 = strongly agree. An Exploratory Factor Analysis was calculated (principle-axis-analysis with a p... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.39 | 0.706 | ["education"] | 448 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.864224 | [
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scale, which we used in our study, was in German. For this publication, the scale was translated by two individuals, who then agreed on a final version: a native German speaker, who is fluent in English and a native English speaker, who is fluent in German. Confirmatory factor analysis Because a new measure of mindfuln... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.997 | 0.858 | ["education", "communication"] | 485 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.865866 | [
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alidity using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Specifically, 214 employees from various organizations in Germany completed the newly developed measure. The mean age of the participants was 33.36 ( SD = 8.89); 47% were male and 65% had a university degree. The majority of the participants worked in the for-profit sec... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.295 | 0.726 | ["education"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.865909 | [
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el, 2012 ) and compared the fit of two nested models. The first one was a single-factor model with all nine items loading on the same factor. The second one was a second-order factor model in which items loaded on their respective factors (i.e., presence, openness, and calmness) and the three factors loaded on a second... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.728 | ["communication", "philosophy"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.865940 | [
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, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.96, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.08, SRMR = 0.04 and was clearly preferable over the single-factor model (χ 2 = 219.82, df = 27, p < 0.001, CFI = 0.80, RMSEA = 0.18, SRMR = 0.85; Δχ 2 = 161.17, df = 3, p < 0.001, ΔCFI = 0.16). It should be noted that with three l... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.742 | [] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.865970 | [
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ve factors and the factors are allowed to correlate) and thus, both solutions produce identical fit statistics ( Rindskopf and Rose, 1988 ; Hoyle, 2011 ). Yet, since we assumed that a common latent mindfulness in communication factor accounts for the relation between the three subscales (i.e., presence, openness, and c... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.91 | 0.844 | ["communication"] | 457 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.865999 | [
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( Rindskopf and Rose, 1988 ; Chen et al., 2005 ). This supports the use of the combined mindfulness in communication scale (comprising the three sub-facets) in the analysis presented below ( McGartland Rubio et al., 2001 ). Discriminant validity To examine the discriminant validity among the follower-related outcome me... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.895 | 0.856 | ["communication", "leadership", "education"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.866038 | [
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general satisfaction with the leader), we again used CFA. For mindfulness in communication, we used parcels as indicators (i.e., the three sub-dimensions, which is in line with the content-based algorithm of parcel building, see Matsunaga, 2008 ). For the two satisfaction constructs, items were used as indicators. Tabl... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.687 | 0.684 | ["leadership", "communication"] | 434 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.866068 | [
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t models, we used the chi-square difference test. However, given that chi-square tests are very sensitive to sample size and non-normality, even small differences may become statistically significant ( Brannick, 1995 ; Kline, 2011 ). Thus, in line with the recommendations of Chen (2007) , we also relied on the change i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.868 | [] | 508 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.866098 | [
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ates that the models are significantly different. As shown in Table 2 , the proposed three-factor model (Model 1) fitted the data reasonably well and was preferable over all alternative models (Models 2, 3, and 4). Taken together, these results provide evidence that our follower reported measures captured distinct cons... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.724 | ["philosophy"] | 511 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.866149 | [
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comsat) 17.96 (11) 0.99 0.07 Model 2: two factors (leadsat and comsat treated as 1 factor) 27.63 (13) 0.97 0.09 9.66 (2) ∗∗ 0.01 0.02 Model 3: two factors (mindcom and leadsat treated as 1 factor) 86.76 (13) 0.86 0.20 68.79 (2) ∗∗∗ 0.12 0.13 Model 4: two factors (mindcom and comsat treated as 1 factor) 56.94 (13) 0.92 ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.744 | ["leadership", "communication"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.866186 | [
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faction with leader in general, Comsat = satisfaction with communication, Δχ 2 , ΔCFI, and ΔRMSEA are in comparison to the three factor model. Regarding the mindcom measure, the same pattern of differences was revealed, when items were used as indicators instead of parcels. Results Descriptive Statistics Correlations, ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.693 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "communication"] | 466 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.866237 | [
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( Revelle, 2016 ); apaTables ( Stanley, 2015 )]. Neither tenure with the leader nor perceived interaction frequency was related to our main variables 1 . In turn, leaders’ dispositional mindfulness was positively correlated with followers’ perceptions of leaders’ mindfulness in communication as well as with the two sat... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "communication"] | 508 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.866272 | [
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measures were in the expected direction. Table 3. Means, standard deviations, ICC(1), ICC(2), and correlations. Variable M SD ICC(1) ICC(2) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Level 1 variables 1. Tenure with leader in years 3.18 3.19 2. Interaction frequency between leader and follower in hours per week 11.05 11.79 0.02 3. Followers’ percept... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.712 | ["leadership", "communication"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.866318 | [
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indicated on the diagonal in parenthesis. N = 98. For cross level correlations, the level 2 variable was disaggregated by assigning each member of a group the same value. Analytic Strategy Our dataset had a multilevel structure, given that we asked leaders about their level of mindfulness (i.e., independent variable on... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.708 | ["leadership", "communication", "strategy"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.866355 | [
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timates about what can be statistically expected. To test our hypotheses within the multilevel framework, we followed the suggestions for multilevel mediations suggested by ( Zhang et al., 2009 ). Our mediation model reflects a 2–1–1 design ( Zhang et al., 2009 ) with leaders’ dispositional mindfulness representing the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.899 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "communication"] | 502 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.866405 | [
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tings representing Level-1 outcomes ( Figure 1 ). In 2–1–1 models the within-group effects and between-group effects are confounded ( Zhang et al., 2009 ) – in our case the effect between followers of different leaders on the one hand and within followers of a particular leader on the other hand. To address this proble... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.876 | ["leadership", "communication"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.866445 | [
-0.06936058402061462,
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ithin-groups effects and between-groups effects). Given that we used the aggregated values of mindfulness in communication as our mediator, we calculated the r wg statistic ( James et al., 1984 ) to assess the appropriateness of aggregating [in addition to relying on the ICC(2) value, which was reported above]. The mea... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.69 | 0.84 | ["communication", "ethics", "negotiation"] | 449 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.866485 | [
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terrater agreement ( LeBreton and Senter, 2008 ). The results of the multilevel analysis are reported in Table 4 . All calculations were conducted in R using the packages: multilevel ( Bliese, 2016 ), nlme ( Pinheiro et al., 2017 ), sjmisc / sjstats ( Lüdecke, 2017 ), and reghelper ( Hudghes, 2008 ). Table 4. Results o... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.895 | 0.86 | ["leadership", "communication", "negotiation"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.866529 | [
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iable 1: Followers’ satisfaction with the leader–follower communication (level 1) Dependent variable 2: Followers’ general satisfaction with the leader (level 1) Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6 Model 7 IV: Leaders’ dispositional mindfulness (level 2) 0.44 (0.16)** 0.32 (0.11)** 0.15 (0.10) 0.27 (0.11)* ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.696 | ["leadership", "communication"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.866565 | [
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0.10)** 0.45 (0.11)** Control variable: Followers’ perceptions of leader’s mindfulness in communication (group mean centered; level 1) 0.41 (0.07)** 0.41 (0.07)** 0.40 (0.07)** 0.40 (0.07)** Explained variance R 2 0.20 0.33 0.57 0.56 0.42 0.61 0.61 Open in a new tab ∗ p < 0.05. ∗∗ p < 0.01. Standardized coefficients ar... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450257/ | Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.697 | 0.71 | ["leadership", "communication", "networking"] | 484 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.866612 | [
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Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Abstract Nurses have to be aware of their personal responsibility to demonstrate effective leadership and thereby contribute to safe and effective patient care. One of the primary skills that nurses can use to become effective leaders is communication. Th... | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38532620/ | Exploring the role of communication in effective nurse leadership and patient care - PubMed | pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.91 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "communication", "management", "motivation", "war_conflict"] | 457 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.986344 | [
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ate their team members and advocate for patients. The author details some of the essential communication skills that nurses require if they are to promote person-centred care and explores the often-neglected areas of non-verbal and written communication. By possessing a full range of communication skills, nurses can em... | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38532620/ | Exploring the role of communication in effective nurse leadership and patient care - PubMed | pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 1 | 0.836 | ["communication", "leadership", "management"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.986470 | [
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ment; leadership skills; non-verbal communication; professional; writing for publication. © 2024 RCN Publishing Company Ltd. All rights reserved. Not to be copied, transmitted or recorded in any way, in whole or part, without prior permission of the publishers. PubMed Disclaimer Conflict of interest statement None decl... | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38532620/ | Exploring the role of communication in effective nurse leadership and patient care - PubMed | pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.895 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "communication", "career", "war_conflict", "social_justice"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:53.986519 | [
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ences (BUITEMS), Zhob, Pakistan Find articles by Muhammad Toseef 1, 2 , Alina Kiran Alina Kiran 3 Faculty of Technology Management and Technopreneurship, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia, Malacca, Malaysia Find articles by Alina Kiran 3 , Sufan Zhuo Sufan Zhuo 4 Business School, University of International Business and Eco... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9394427/ | Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.704 | ["education", "management"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:54.108308 | [
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ki Marwat, Lakki Marwat, Pakistan Find articles by Mahad Jahangir 5 , Sidra Riaz Sidra Riaz 6 School of Governance and Public Policy, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan Find articles by Sidra Riaz 6 , Zong Wei Zong Wei 7 School of Ethnology and Sociology, Minzu University of China, Beijing, Ch... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9394427/ | Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.72 | ["education"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:54.108428 | [
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uri Tauqir Ahmad Ghauri 9 School of Business Administration, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan Find articles by Tauqir Ahmad Ghauri 9 , Irfan Ullah Irfan Ullah 10 School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China Find articles by Irfan Ullah 10, * , Suraya Binti Ah... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9394427/ | Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.7 | ["education", "management", "philosophy"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:54.108475 | [
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by Suraya Binti Ahmad 3 Author information Article notes Copyright and License information 1 Faculty of Management and Economics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China 2 Department of Management Sciences, University College of Zhob, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering & ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9394427/ | Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.682 | ["education", "management", "philosophy"] | 511 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:54.108518 | [
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, Malaysia 4 Business School, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing, China 5 School of Business Administration, University of Lakki Marwat, Lakki Marwat, Pakistan 6 School of Governance and Public Policy, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan 7 School of Ethnology and Sociol... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9394427/ | Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.692 | ["education"] | 511 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:54.108561 | [
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2, p < 0.05) was found for both dependent variables. Finally we examined the significant effect of independent variables (IC and IL) on dependent variables (EC and EE) controlling for the mediator (MT). We found a significant effect of innovative communication (β = 0.24, t = 3.15; β = 0.21, t = 2.47, p < 0.05) and insp... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9394427/ | Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.732 | ["leadership", "communication", "motivation"] | 509 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:54.108601 | [
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respectively ( Table 4 ). TABLE 4. Direct effect. β-value Std. error t-value p -value Innovative communication → mutual trust 0.501 0.075 6.712 0.000 Innovative communication → employee commitment 0.242 0.077 3.156 0.002 Innovative communication → employee engagement 0.212 0.086 2.47 0.014 Inspirational leadership → mu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9394427/ | Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.694 | ["leadership", "communication", "motivation"] | 511 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:54.108643 | [
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Front Psychol . 2022 Jul 28;13:846128. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.846128 Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust Muhammad Toseef Muhammad Toseef 1 Faculty of Management and Economics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China 2... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9394427/ | Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.83 | ["management", "education", "leadership", "communication", "motivation"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:54.108684 | [
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ol of Business Administration, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan 10 School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China Edited by: Salvatore Zaffina, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital (IRCCS), Italy Reviewed by: Yashar Salamzadeh, University of Sunderland, United King... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9394427/ | Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.824 | ["education", "management", "family"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:54.108722 | [
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anullahkhan9214@gmail.com This article was submitted to Organizational Psychology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology Received 2021 Dec 30; Accepted 2022 Apr 19; Collection date 2022. Copyright © 2022 Toseef, Kiran, Zhuo, Jahangir, Riaz, Wei, Ghauri, Ullah and Ahmad. This is an open-access article distrib... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9394427/ | Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.848 | ["innovation"] | 511 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:54.108766 | [
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provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC9394427 PMID: 360030... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9394427/ | Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.846 | ["management"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:54.108801 | [
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l system which keeps human capital engaged and committed. Our study investigated the association of inspirational leadership and innovative communication with employee engagement and commitment under the lens of leader member exchange theory. Specifically, we emphasized the mediating role of mutual trust in connection ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9394427/ | Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.695 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "communication", "motivation", "networking", "education"] | 474 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:54.108834 | [
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hina was utilized to test the hypothesized model. The study findings reported a significant association and came to the conclusion that a leader’s inspirational behavior coupled with innovative communication is a significant predictor of engagement and commitment in socially sustainable organizations. Moreover, mutual ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9394427/ | Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.83 | ["leadership", "communication", "motivation", "networking", "education"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:54.108865 | [
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reaching the social perspective of sustainability. The current study added to the literature of sustainable organization by pointing out the social dimensions of sustainability. Keywords: inspirational leadership, innovative communication, mutual trust, employee engagement, employee commitment, sustainable organization... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9394427/ | Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.909 | 0.808 | ["leadership", "communication", "motivation", "education"] | 462 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:54.108898 | [
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ture generation along with attainable objectives. Organizational sustainability attracted academicians and entrepreneurs to develop such a system to change working habits within an organizational domain for the attainment of organizational goals and ultimate sustainability ( Yu et al., 2018 ). The tri-dimension princip... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9394427/ | Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.838 | [] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:54.108926 | [
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vestigation compared to the economic and environmental dimensions. The social dimension is more variable as compared to the other two dimensions as it directly involves the behavior of society and behavior itself contains too much variance ( Eizenberg and Jabareen, 2017 ). Workforce characteristics are reported to be e... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9394427/ | Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.854 | [] | 501 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:54.108953 | [
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( Chughtai et al., 2015; Mone and London, 2018 ). The pioneer of employee engagement Kahn (1990) elaborates that availability, psychological safety, and meaningfulness are crucial to organizations. Work mindset, dedication, absorption and employee commitment are characterized by a sustainable workplace ( Schaufeli and ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9394427/ | Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.844 | ["economy"] | 511 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:54.108986 | [
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yee engagement and commitment in the workplace to ensure a sustainable organization. The manufacturing sector is in serious need of adapting to and promulgating sustainable development ( Dal Mas, 2019 ). Therefore, a greater question arises about sustainable organization beneath the perspective of employee engagement a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9394427/ | Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.303 | 0.838 | [] | 485 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:54.109013 | [
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y be the benchmark for sustainable organizations. To determine the diverse perspective of organizational sustainability, leadership is an optimistic path alongside dominant communication roots. Leadership is a trustworthy discipline to sustainable development and future generations of attainable goals ( Slimane, 2012 )... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9394427/ | Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.999 | 0.832 | ["leadership", "communication"] | 494 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:54.109043 | [
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tional goals and in turn sustainable development. Symbolically, communication shapes an individual’s future actions in building perceptions and the knowledge pool for accomplishing organizational objectives. Initially, the organizational perspective of communication was oversimplified to dissemination of information an... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9394427/ | Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.924 | 0.81 | ["communication", "innovation", "education", "philosophy"] | 414 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:54.109077 | [
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ion ( Juholin et al., 2015 ; Khan et al., 2019 ). This calls for organizational connectivity, leadership, process, structures, engagement, and commitment toward sustainable organization. Previously, studies reported an inter-correlation between psychological capabilities and sustainable superior performance ( Shamir an... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9394427/ | Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.69 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:54.109108 | [
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es, satisfaction, commitment, and performance within an organization ( Dirks and Ferrin, 2002 , Costa, 2003 ). Furthermore, the social domain of sustainability includes the role of ethical leadership, employee engagement, trust, and self-efficacy along with moderating and mediating roles ( Xu and Cooper Thomas, 2011 ; ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9394427/ | Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "communication", "motivation", "ethics", "networking"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:54.109142 | [
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sts have kept an eye on standards of performance. New challenges emerged that opened the gate for organizations to restructure operational standards ( Higgins and Coffey, 2016 ). Environmental and social domains attained comparative interest in sustainable performance rather than economic performance ( Chouinard et al.... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9394427/ | Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.4 | 0.844 | ["philosophy", "crisis"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:54.109172 | [
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s without affecting future generations” is sustainability. Triangular principles of sustainability emphasize social, economic, and environmental concerns. Sustainable organization refers to implementing techniques that safeguard, sustain, and improve resources for future generations ( Labuschagne et al., 2005 ; Goyal e... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9394427/ | Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.392 | 0.668 | [] | 461 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:54.109199 | [
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correlation and a supportive edge, Yusliza et al. (2020) also connected personnel procedures with the tri-pillar sustainability. They displayed a clear understanding of sustainability as an instrument for social and economic harmony. Work is vital to economic and environmental sustainability that regresses societal pri... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9394427/ | Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.296 | 0.84 | ["salary"] | 511 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:54.109228 | [
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Danese et al., 2019 ; Inigo and Albareda, 2019 ). Social sustainable organization is a quality human system which purely emphasizes fairness, justice, equity, and engagement. It is the way to balance social development with economic and environmental components of organization ( Harris, 2003 ; Aggerholm et al., 2011 ).... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9394427/ | Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.299 | 0.858 | ["war_conflict", "economy", "social_justice", "education", "philosophy"] | 503 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:54.109256 | [
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0.036039602011442184,
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( Haugh and Talwar, 2010 ; Closs et al., 2011 ). In order to serve society, entrepreneurs make investments to put forward a message of loyalty in return of services and social devotion ( Golicic and Smith, 2013 ; Singh, 2018 ). According to Mani et al. (2018) , labor practices and engagement are the integral pillar of ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9394427/ | Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.864 | ["war_conflict", "economy"] | 511 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:54.109289 | [
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ation environment and sustain enduring work life. Employee-oriented packages of training, motivation, commitment, and engagement are operational and psychological maturity activities intended to ensure social sustainability in corporate sphere ( Jerez-Gómez et al., 2007 ; Jackson et al., 2011 ; Manteklow, 2011 ). Our s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9394427/ | Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.295 | 0.842 | ["leadership", "networking", "motivation", "education"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:54.109318 | [
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zed by leader member exchange theory (LMX) to understand subordinate work behaviors. LMX explains the dynamic leader-subordinate interaction proposed by Scandura and Graen (1984) , Graen et al. (1986) , and Graen and Scandura (1987) over two approaches. Dyadic leadership theory detects trust and respect which binds an ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9394427/ | Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.321 | 0.824 | ["leadership", "networking"] | 423 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:54.109393 | [
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ntellect ( Rabiul and Yean, 2021 ). Dionne et al. (2004) defines idealized influence as a leader’s capacity to convey a vision and/or demanding objective to subordinates while winning their confidence and commitment. Transformative leadership helps workers accomplish their goals by giving them specific attention ( Nübo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9394427/ | Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.71 | ["leadership", "strategy", "motivation", "crisis", "philosophy"] | 509 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:54.109432 | [
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; Kark et al., 2003 ). According to Inness et al. (2010) employees who trust their leader are more likely to put in extra effort. Transformational leadership has been linked to work engagement in a recent study ( Amor et al., 2020 ), and new empirical evidence backs this up (e.g., Chua and Ayoko, 2021 ). Employees who ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9394427/ | Inspirational Leadership and Innovative Communication in Sustainable Organizations: A Mediating Role of Mutual Trust - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.32 | 0.7 | ["leadership", "career", "education", "philosophy"] | 427 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:54.109465 | [
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0.0450... |
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