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1 | Can you tell me if the following statement is correct?. Let's think step by step. Context: The human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum has a complex and multi-stage life cycle that requires extensive and precise gene regulation to allow invasion and hijacking of host cells, transmission, and immune escape. To date... | Strand-specific RNA sequencing in Plasmodium falciparum malaria has identified developmentally regulated long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and circular RNA. The study found a subset of lncRNAs, including all subtelomeric lncRNAs, that strongly peaked in expression during invasion, while antisense transcript levels significa... | Yes. | 467 | 1 |
2 | Tasked with a yes/no medical query, your objective is to comprehend the essence of the question before delivering a verdict. Begin by succinctly summarizing the question's context. Next, elucidate the rationale behind your answer, providing a thorough analysis. Conclude by emitting a clear verdict of either yes or no, ... | The Rural Trauma Team Development Course (RTTDC) is designed to teach knowledge and skills for the initial assessment and stabilization of trauma patients in resource-limited environments. In this study, patients from six rural hospitals that participated in an RTTDC course were compared with a control group of similar... | Yes. | 659 | 2 |
3 | Given the following question, answer yes/no. Let's think step by step. Context: Acquired resistance to glucocorticoids constitutes a major clinical challenge, often overlooked in the search for improved alternatives to classic steroids. We sought to unravel how two glucocorticoid receptor-activating compounds, dexameth... | Compound A, a plant-derived glucocorticoid receptor modulator, has been found to attenuate inflammation without provoking ligand-induced resistance. This is in contrast to classic glucocorticoids like dexamethasone, which can lead to acquired resistance by causing a homologous downregulation of glucocorticoid receptor ... | yes, a plant-derived glucocorticoid receptor modulator like Compound A can attenuate inflammation without provoking ligand-induced resistance. | 497 | 3 |
4 | Given the following question, answer yes/no. Let's think step by step. Context: Coronary occlusion and revascularization leads to myocardial damage and heart function deterioration. Statins can regress atherosclerosis and modulate platelet function, but their effect on post-acute myocardial infarction (AMI) injury rema... | The study examined the effect of rosuvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, on the Reperfusion Injury Salvage Kinase (RISK) pathway after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The results demonstrated that early administration of rosuvastatin after coronary reperfusion led to the activation of RISK kinases, including P... | Yes. | 589 | 4 |
5 | Tasked with a yes/no medical query, your objective is to comprehend the essence of the question before delivering a verdict. Begin by succinctly summarizing the question's context. Next, elucidate the rationale behind your answer, providing a thorough analysis. Conclude by emitting a clear verdict of either yes or no, ... | The study examined the impact of functional polymorphisms in cytokine genes with critical roles in the early immune response (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, and interferon-gamma) on the severity and duration of illness following acute infection with Epstein-Barr virus, Coxiella burnetii (th... | Yes. | 514 | 5 |
6 | Given the following question, answer yes/no. Let's think step by step. Context: Tapasin is a crucial component of the major histocompatibility (MHC) class I antigen presentation pathway. Defects in this pathway can lead to tumor immune evasion. The aim of this study was to test whether tapasin expression correlates wit... | The study aimed to investigate the correlation between tapasin expression and CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) infiltration in colorectal cancer (CRC) and its association with overall survival. A next-generation tissue microarray (ngTMA) of 198 CRC patients with full clinicopathological information was included in t... | Yes. | 599 | 6 |
7 | Emit a verdict for the following medical question with two possible answers (yes or no). Let's think step by step. Context: A low-sodium diet (LSD) was shown to increase both angiotensin II (AngII) and aldosterone levels, and to accelerate atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (E0) mice. The aim of the present ... | The study aimed to examine whether accelerated atherosclerosis in E0 mice fed a low-sodium diet (LSD) is mediated by aldosterone using the mineralocorticoid receptor blocker, eplerenone (Epl).
The results showed that LSD significantly enhanced plasma renin and aldosterone levels, but atherosclerosis was significantly r... | Yes. | 459 | 7 |
8 | Facing a binary medical question necessitating a yes/no response, your mission is to deliver a decisive verdict. Start by providing a concise overview of the question's subject matter. Proceed to elaborate on the reasoning behind your chosen answer, ensuring a comprehensive analysis. Finally, issue a definitive yes or ... | The study aimed to investigate the relationship between growth hormone (GH) secretion and insulin resistance in non-obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The results showed that non-obese PCOS patients had impaired GH secretion, as evidenced by significantly lower pooled GH levels and GH pulse amplitude... | Yes. | 596 | 8 |
9 | Answer the following question with a binary answer yes/no. Let's think step by step. Context: Combining different clinical agents to target multiple pathways in prostate cancer cells, including androgen receptor (AR) signaling, is potentially an effective strategy to improve outcomes for men with metastatic disease. We... | The study investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the synergistic action of sub-effective concentrations of an AR antagonist, bicalutamide, and the histone deacetylase inhibitor, vorinostat, in causing death of AR-dependent prostate cancer cells. Expression profiling identified a substantial proportion of the ... | Yes. | 535 | 9 |
10 | Can you tell me if the following statement is correct?. Let's think step by step. Context: Retrospective cohort study. To compare short-term morbidity for primary and revision posterior lumbar fusions. Revision lumbar fusions are unfortunately relatively common. Previous studies have described an increased risk of post... | Using a large, national cohort and controlling for various patient and operative characteristics, a retrospective cohort study found no significant differences in the rates of 30-day postoperative complications or readmission between primary and revision posterior lumbar fusion. This suggests that the short-term compli... | Yes. | 480 | 10 |
11 | Given the following question, answer yes/no. Let's think step by step. Context: Strategies to stage and treat cancer rely on a presumption of either localized or widespread metastatic disease. An intermediate state of metastasis termed oligometastasis(es) characterized by limited progression has been proposed. Oligomet... | The study analyzed microRNA expression patterns from lung metastasis samples of patients with limited initial metastases (oligometastasis) to determine if there are any specific microRNAs associated with different rates of metastatic progression. The prioritized microRNAs were found to distinguish between patients with... | Yes. | 376 | 11 |
12 | Tasked with a binary medical question necessitating a yes/no answer, your mission is to comprehend the query and justify your response. Start by summarizing the question's essence concisely. Proceed to analyze the reasoning behind your chosen answer in detail. Conclude by delivering a definitive yes or no verdict, supp... | The study aimed to investigate the association between the CCR5Delta32 mutation and viral infection, as well as the severity of liver disease in chronic HCV patients. The results showed that the frequency of homozygous CCR5Delta32 mutants was comparable between HCV patients and healthy controls. There was also no signi... | No. | 576 | 12 |
13 | Answer the following question with a binary answer yes/no. Let's think step by step. Context: We evaluated the serum levels of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and mast cell tryptase (MCT) as surrogate markers for response to treatment in adults with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) under topical steroid therapy with fl... | The study compared the serum levels of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and mast cell tryptase (MCT) as surrogate markers for response to treatment in adults with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) under topical steroid therapy with fluticasone. The results showed that both ECP and MCT levels decreased significantly after... | Yes. | 599 | 13 |
14 | Tasked with a binary medical question necessitating a yes/no answer, your mission is to comprehend the query and justify your response. Start by summarizing the question's essence concisely. Proceed to analyze the reasoning behind your chosen answer in detail. Conclude by delivering a definitive yes or no verdict, supp... | The study compared the 5-year radiographic progression in three cohorts of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) enrolled in the 1980s and 1990s. The results showed a significant decrease in the median Larsen score increase over time, indicating that radiographic progression has indeed become milder in patients... | Yes. | 690 | 14 |
15 | In this medical scenario demanding a yes/no response, your task is to comprehend the question and offer a reasoned verdict. Commence by summarizing the essence of the query concisely. Subsequently, delve into the rationale behind your chosen answer, providing a detailed explanation. Conclude by issuing a definitive yes... | The study investigated the inhibitory effects of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine (PA-MSHA) on the proliferation of human nasopharyngeal cancer cells in vitro. The results showed that PA-MSHA treatment significantly suppressed the proliferation of two human nasopharyngeal cancer cell lines, 5-8F and 6-10B, in a time- a... | Yes. | 589 | 15 |
16 | Tasked with a yes/no medical query, your objective is to comprehend the essence of the question before delivering a verdict. Begin by succinctly summarizing the question's context. Next, elucidate the rationale behind your answer, providing a thorough analysis. Conclude by emitting a clear verdict of either yes or no, ... | Endothelium-dependent relaxation by acetylcholine is impaired in hypertriglyceridemic humans with normal levels of plasma LDL cholesterol. The impairment observed in these patients was comparable to that seen in hypercholesterolemic patients. This suggests that high plasma triglyceride levels may have atherogenic effec... | Yes. | 745 | 16 |
17 | Can you tell me if the following statement is correct?. Let's think step by step. Context: Platelets develop tissue repair and promote liver regeneration. We investigated whether platelets prevented acute liver damage after extended hepatectomy in pigs. Thrombocytosis was induced by the following two methods; afterward... | The study investigated whether inducing thrombocytosis (an increased number of platelets) could prevent acute liver damage after extended hepatectomy in pigs. The results showed that platelet counts were significantly higher in the thrombocytotic groups compared to the control groups, and biochemical examination of blo... | Yes. | 540 | 17 |
18 | Select the correct option (yes/no) for the following medical answer. Let's think step by step Context: Canalicular secretion of bile acids is stimulated by tauroursodesoxycholate (TUDC). This study investigates the underlying mechanisms. TUDC effects on mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, taurocholate (TC) excreti... | Tauroursodesoxycholate (TUDC) is a bile salt that stimulates canalicular secretion of bile acids. This study investigates the underlying mechanisms of TUDC's effects on rat hepatocytes and perfused liver, particularly focusing on the involvement of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, taurocholate (TC) excretion, p... | Yes. | 745 | 18 |
19 | Tasked with a yes/no medical query, your objective is to comprehend the essence of the question before delivering a verdict. Begin by succinctly summarizing the question's context. Next, elucidate the rationale behind your answer, providing a thorough analysis. Conclude by emitting a clear verdict of either yes or no, ... | Synovial pathology detected on ultrasound does correlate more with the severity of radiographic knee osteoarthritis than with symptoms. The study found that severity of US effusion and synovial hypertrophy were moderately correlated with radiographic severity (r = 0.6 and r = 0.7, P < 0.01), while the relationship betw... | Yes. | 580 | 19 |
20 | Select the correct option (yes/no) for the following medical answer. Let's think step by step Context: The degree of coronary artery stenosis should be assessed both anatomically and functionally. We observed that the intensity of blood speckle (IBS) on intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is low proximal to a coronary arte... | Step-up integrated backscatter intensity of blood speckle (IBS) has a strong inverse correlation with fractional flow reserve (FFR) in coronary artery stenosis. This suggests that step-up IBS could be a useful parameter for the functional evaluation of coronary artery stenosis. The study showed that heart rate, ejectio... | Yes. | 597 | 20 |
21 | Given the following question, answer yes/no. Let's think step by step. Context: We used a complete spinal cord transection model and locomotor function, histological, and immunohistochemical examinations to evaluate the effects of local injection of lentivirus/LINGO-1-short hairpin RNA (VL) on rats with spinal cord inj... | Local injection of lentivirus encoding LINGO-1-shRNA has been found to promote functional recovery in rats with complete spinal cord transection. The treatment improved Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan scores and surface righting reflex, indicating better functional outcomes. Histological examination also revealed facilitated t... | Yes. | 551 | 21 |
22 | Tasked with a binary medical question necessitating a yes/no answer, your mission is to comprehend the query and justify your response. Start by summarizing the question's essence concisely. Proceed to analyze the reasoning behind your chosen answer in detail. Conclude by delivering a definitive yes or no verdict, supp... | Low-dose acetylsalicylic acid does inhibit the secretion of interleukin-6 from white adipose tissue. The study found that in obese humans, low-dose ASA (150 mg day(-1) for 10 days) inhibited systemic IL-6 and reduced IL-6 release from subcutaneous white adipose tissue ex vivo. This suggests that ASA acts as an inhibito... | Yes. | 671 | 22 |
23 | In this medical scenario demanding a yes/no response, your task is to comprehend the question and offer a reasoned verdict. Commence by summarizing the essence of the query concisely. Subsequently, delve into the rationale behind your chosen answer, providing a detailed explanation. Conclude by issuing a definitive yes... | Hematologic changes during prostate cancer radiation therapy can be dependent on the treatment volume. Whole-pelvic RT has been shown to have a more significant impact on blood cell levels compared to smaller target volumes. The study found that the cumulative incidence of grade 2 leukopenia was 15% versus 2% (p = 0.02... | Yes. | 503 | 23 |
24 | Confronted with a yes/no medical inquiry, your objective is to grasp the question's meaning and deliver a well-supported answer. Begin by providing a brief overview of the question's context. Then, elucidate the reasoning behind your chosen response, ensuring thorough analysis. Finally, emit a clear verdict of either y... | The study aimed to investigate gender effects on the type of nephrectomy performed for a stage I renal mass and differences that might account for disparity in treatment patterns according to gender. The study found that female patients were 2.5 times more likely to undergo radical nephrectomy compared with their male ... | Yes. | 578 | 24 |
25 | Can you tell me if the following statement is correct?. Let's think step by step. Context: In dialysis-dependent and severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, cognitive impairment is found in 16-29%. In community-dwelling population without dementia mixed results have been observed. We investigated the relationship... | The study investigated the relationship between renal function and cognition in patients from a memory clinic. They found a significant relationship between cognitive function and mild CKD according to the MDRD-formula (adjusted OR 2.10; 95%CI 1.09-4.05). This suggests that mild chronic kidney disease is associated wit... | Yes. | 619 | 25 |
26 | Confronted with a yes/no medical inquiry, your objective is to grasp the question's meaning and deliver a well-supported answer. Begin by providing a brief overview of the question's context. Then, elucidate the reasoning behind your chosen response, ensuring thorough analysis. Finally, emit a clear verdict of either y... | The study analyzed the frequencies of different T cell subsets and cytokines in blood and/or pleural effusion samples from healthy donors, subjects with latent TB infection, and patients with active TB. The results showed that the frequency of Th17 cells in patients with active TB was significantly lower than those in ... | Yes. | 555 | 26 |
27 | Given the following question, answer yes/no. Let's think step by step. Context: The pathophysiological pathways resulting in Late Stent Thrombosis (LST) remain uncertain. Findings from animal studies indicate a role of the intrinsic coagulation pathway in arterial thrombus formation, while clinical studies support an a... | The study aimed to assess the relation between levels of components involved in the contact system and a history of Late Stent Thrombosis (LST) and Very Late Stent Thrombosis (VLST) in a cohort of 20 patients compared to a matched control group treated with PCI. Activated factor XII (FXIIa), FXII zymogen (FXII), FXIIa-... | No. | 625 | 27 |
28 | Facing a binary medical question necessitating a yes/no response, your mission is to deliver a decisive verdict. Start by providing a concise overview of the question's subject matter. Proceed to elaborate on the reasoning behind your chosen answer, ensuring a comprehensive analysis. Finally, issue a definitive yes or ... | The study examined the relationship between psychological factors and perceptions of painful and non-painful rectal sensations in IBS patients with hypersensitivity compared to normosensitive IBS patients. The results showed that psychological factors were associated with higher pain ratings during distension in hypers... | Yes. | 566 | 28 |
29 | Answer the following question with a binary answer yes/no. Let's think step by step. Context: Hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) storage disease (HERSD) associated with hypofibrinogenemia has been reported in patients with four types of heterozygous γ-chain variant fibrinogen in the C terminal region. Of interest, subs... | The study compared γ375W fibrinogen-synthesizing CHO cells with normal cells and γ375G-CHO cells to analyze the synthesis of variant fibrinogen and observe morphological characteristics. Through immunofluorescence, confocal microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, the researchers found that γ375W-CHO cells exh... | Yes. | 596 | 29 |
30 | Tasked with a yes/no medical query, your objective is to comprehend the essence of the question before delivering a verdict. Begin by succinctly summarizing the question's context. Next, elucidate the rationale behind your answer, providing a thorough analysis. Conclude by emitting a clear verdict of either yes or no, ... | Hypochondriasis and illness worry do exist in the general population in Germany, although at different prevalence rates. While the prevalence of "full" DSM-IV hypochondriasis is very low at 0.05%, subthreshold conditions are more common, with 0.58% meeting the criteria for less restrictive forms of hypochondriasis and ... | Yes. | 550 | 30 |
31 | Given the following question, answer yes/no. Let's think step by step. Context: Childhood adversity increases the risk of psychopathology, but the neurobiological mechanisms underlying this vulnerability are not well-understood. In animal models, early adversity is associated with dysfunction in basal ganglia regions i... | Childhood adversity is associated with left basal ganglia dysfunction during reward anticipation in adulthood. The study found that individuals exposed to childhood adversity displayed a weaker response to reward cues in the left globus pallidus compared to control subjects. This dysfunction in the left basal ganglia r... | Yes. | 321 | 31 |
32 | Tasked with a binary medical question necessitating a yes/no answer, your mission is to comprehend the query and justify your response. Start by summarizing the question's essence concisely. Proceed to analyze the reasoning behind your chosen answer in detail. Conclude by delivering a definitive yes or no verdict, supp... | The study aimed to investigate the potential association between CDC2L2 gene variations and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in a Han Chinese cohort. Seven loci within the CDC2L2 gene were found to be significantly associated with T2D in unrelated individuals. When considering stratification factors like age, sex, and BMI, the SN... | Yes. | 625 | 32 |
33 | Tasked with a binary medical question necessitating a yes/no answer, your mission is to comprehend the query and justify your response. Start by summarizing the question's essence concisely. Proceed to analyze the reasoning behind your chosen answer in detail. Conclude by delivering a definitive yes or no verdict, supp... | Novel Abeta peptide immunogens can modulate plaque pathology and inflammation in a murine model of Alzheimer's disease. Immunization with any conformation of the amyloid peptide at an early stage (12 months) showed significant decreases in total and fibrillar amyloid deposits, as well as glial reactivity. This suggests... | Yes. | 525 | 33 |
34 | Select the correct option (yes/no) for the following medical answer. Let's think step by step Context: Childhood obesity is an increasing problem in affluent societies throughout the world. We sought to identify the impact of obesity on the outcome of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and determine differences (if any) ... | Childhood obesity has been identified as an increasing problem in affluent societies throughout the world. In the context of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), researchers sought to examine the impact of obesity on clinical outcomes in children with IBD, including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD).
The st... | Yes. | 836 | 34 |
35 | Given the following question, answer yes/no. Let's think step by step. Context: The effects of premature luteinization of ovarian follicles as detected by elevated progesterone values on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin induction of ovulation were evaluated in 38 consecutive gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)... | The study examined 38 consecutive GIFT (gamete intrafallopian transfer) retrieval cycles in which patients received leuprolide acetate for ovulation induction. The objective was to evaluate the effects of premature luteinization, as detected by elevated progesterone values on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin ind... | Yes. | 579 | 35 |
36 | Emit a verdict for the following medical question with two possible answers (yes or no). Let's think step by step. Context: To determine whether macrophages, a type of cell implicated in the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis (AS), exhibit a characteristic gene expression pattern. Macrophages were derived from the ... | Gene expression analysis of macrophages derived from ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients reveals interferon-gamma dysregulation. The study found a "reverse" IFN signature in AS patient macrophages, where IFN gamma-up-regulated genes were underexpressed and down-regulated genes were overexpressed. Additionally, the mes... | Yes. | 565 | 36 |
37 | Select the correct option (yes/no) for the following medical answer. Let's think step by step Context: To determine whether the hypometabolism observed in PET images of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is due entirely to brain atrophy. Reduced brain glucose metabolism in AD patients measured using PET has been re... | The study aimed to determine whether the hypometabolism observed in PET images of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is due entirely to brain atrophy. By correcting regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose for partial volume effects (PVEs) using segmented MR images, the researchers were able to evaluate the ef... | No. | 546 | 37 |
38 | Answer the following question with a binary answer yes/no. Let's think step by step. Context: We investigated whether human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (HUCBC) can limit progressive cardiomyopathy in TO2 hamsters. A total of 22 TO2 1-month-old hamsters were treated with intramyocardial HUCBC, 4 x 10(6) in Is... | Human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (HUCBC) have been found to have potential therapeutic benefits in treating cardiomyopathy. In this study, HUCBC treatment in TO2 hamsters resulted in a significant decrease in fibrosis and an increase in cardiac function compared to Isolyte-treated control hamsters. This sug... | Yes. | 1,034 | 38 |
39 | Emit a verdict for the following medical question with two possible answers (yes or no). Let's think step by step. Context: To investigate the iodine status of schoolchildren in the Principality of Liechtenstein. A representative, cross-sectional principality-wide screening of iodine level in household salt and urinary... | The study investigated the iodine status of schoolchildren in the Principality of Liechtenstein by conducting a cross-sectional, principality-wide screening of iodine level in household salt and urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) in primary-school children. The results showed that the median UIC was 96 (range: 10-446)... | Yes. | 497 | 39 |
40 | Can you tell me if the following statement is correct?. Let's think step by step. Context: Aim of this study was to reduce blood loss caused by diagnostic blood sampling and to minimize the development of anemia in a high-risk group of mechanically ventilated medical intensive care patients. We therefore implemented a ... | The "blood-saving bundle" (BSB) aimed to minimize blood loss and anemia in mechanically ventilated medical intensive care patients. The BSB combined a closed-loop arterial blood sampling system, smaller sampling tubes, reduced frequency of blood drawings, and reduced sample numbers. The study compared patients treated ... | Yes. | 891 | 40 |
41 | Confronted with a yes/no medical inquiry, your objective is to grasp the question's meaning and deliver a well-supported answer. Begin by providing a brief overview of the question's context. Then, elucidate the reasoning behind your chosen response, ensuring thorough analysis. Finally, emit a clear verdict of either y... | Rectal temperature does reflect tympanic temperature during mild induced hypothermia in nonintubated subjects, particularly during the maintenance phase. The study found that the mean temperature gradient between tympanic and rectal temperatures was -0.3 degrees C during the maintenance phase, which suggests that recta... | Yes. | 570 | 41 |
42 | Can you tell me if the following statement is correct?. Let's think step by step. Context: Atherothrombosis is associated with platelet hyperactivity. Hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance (IR) are features of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The effect of induced hypertriglyceridemia on IR and platelet function... | Acute hypertriglyceridemia induces platelet hyperactivity that is not attenuated by insulin in polycystic ovary syndrome. In the study, lipid infusion increased triglycerides and reduced insulin sensitivity in both healthy women and women with PCOS. Platelet activation by ADP was enhanced, and their ability to suppress... | Yes. | 711 | 42 |
43 | Facing a binary medical question necessitating a yes/no response, your mission is to deliver a decisive verdict. Start by providing a concise overview of the question's subject matter. Proceed to elaborate on the reasoning behind your chosen answer, ensuring a comprehensive analysis. Finally, issue a definitive yes or ... | The study aimed to assess the efficacy of a comprehensive blood pressure (BP) management protocol in reducing intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) following carotid artery stenting (CAS). The results showed that the incidence of ICH was significantly reduced in high-risk patients following the implementation of the BP manage... | Yes. | 756 | 43 |
44 | Answer the following question with a binary answer yes/no. Let's think step by step. Context: Although family influences in heart failure (HF) care are considered important, little evidence is available regarding relationships between the family context and specific outcomes for patients with HF. The aim of this study ... | Family context does influence psychological outcomes of depressive symptoms and emotional quality of life in patients with heart failure. The study found that patient perceptions of family functioning, autonomy support, and perceived criticism, as well as their family member's HF knowledge, were associated with patient... | Yes. | 527 | 44 |
45 | Tasked with a binary medical question necessitating a yes/no answer, your mission is to comprehend the query and justify your response. Start by summarizing the question's essence concisely. Proceed to analyze the reasoning behind your chosen answer in detail. Conclude by delivering a definitive yes or no verdict, supp... | Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) has been shown to stimulate glucagon secretion in euglycaemic conditions in healthy human subjects. In this study, they gave three different doses of intravenous GIP (7, 20, and 60 pmol/kg body weight) and placebo to the participants and observed a dose-dependent increase in glucago... | Yes. | 681 | 45 |
46 | Confronted with a yes/no medical inquiry, your objective is to grasp the question's meaning and deliver a well-supported answer. Begin by providing a brief overview of the question's context. Then, elucidate the reasoning behind your chosen response, ensuring thorough analysis. Finally, emit a clear verdict of either y... | The study analyzed 179 patients who underwent liver transplantation (LTx) and were initially immunosuppressed with tacrolimus (Tac), mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisolone. Six months after LTx, the patients were categorized into fast (n=58) or slow (n=57) metabolizers based on their Tac metabolism rate, which is defi... | Yes. | 795 | 46 |
47 | Tasked with a binary medical question necessitating a yes/no answer, your mission is to comprehend the query and justify your response. Start by summarizing the question's essence concisely. Proceed to analyze the reasoning behind your chosen answer in detail. Conclude by delivering a definitive yes or no verdict, supp... | Moderate physical activity in healthy adults can be associated with cardiac remodeling, including increased left and right ventricular volumes and greater left ventricular mass. In the study, increasing physical activity had a larger effect on these cardiac parameters than systolic blood pressure and a similar effect t... | Yes. | 584 | 47 |
48 | Tasked with a yes/no medical query, your objective is to comprehend the essence of the question before delivering a verdict. Begin by succinctly summarizing the question's context. Next, elucidate the rationale behind your answer, providing a thorough analysis. Conclude by emitting a clear verdict of either yes or no, ... | The study examined the phosphate content of medications prescribed to hemodialysis patients and found that 30% of the patients were taking at least one medication containing phosphate. The study also found that the median phosphate burden from prescribed medications was 111 (67-168) mg per day. This demonstrates that p... | Yes.
The study also highlights that knowledge about the phosphate content of different drug classes can inform prescribing patterns, especially for central nervous system and cardiovascular medications, which accounted for 65% and 24% of phosphate-containing medications, respectively. This suggests that understanding t... | 541 | 48 |
49 | Can you tell me if the following statement is correct?. Let's think step by step. Context: Calcineurin inhibitors are important immunosuppressive agents, but cause nephrotoxicity. Instantaneous intra-renal transplant hemodynamics were assessed in 22 patients using quantitative cineloop color Doppler imaging after dosin... | The study compared the effects of microemulsion cyclosporine (CSA) and tacrolimus (TAC) on renal transplant blood flow in 22 patients using quantitative cineloop color Doppler imaging. The results showed that after CSA dosing, there was a mean relative reduction of 43% in maximal fractional area of color pixels to nadi... | Yes. | 478 | 49 |
50 | Given the following question, answer yes/no. Let's think step by step. Context: Cocaine addiction is characterized by patterns of compulsive drug-taking, including preoccupation with obtaining cocaine and loss of control over drug intake. The lateral hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin (HCRT) system has been implicated in d... | The study investigated the role of hypocretin/orexin (HCRT) in compulsive-like cocaine-taking and stress-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking in rats. The results showed that systemic and intra-CeA administration of an HCRT-receptor 1 antagonist, SB-334867, reduced cocaine intake specifically in rats with long access ... | Yes. | 649 | 50 |
51 | Emit a verdict for the following medical question with two possible answers (yes or no). Let's think step by step. Context: Insulin reportedly impairs endothelial function in conduit arteries but improves it in resistance and microvascular arterioles in healthy humans. No studies have assessed endothelial function at t... | The study compared endothelial responsiveness of conduit arteries, resistance, and microvascular arterioles to insulin in healthy and Metabolic Syndrome (METSYN) subjects. The results showed that insulin improved endothelial function in the tested vessels (conduit arteries, resistance, and microvascular arterioles) of ... | Yes. | 562 | 51 |
52 | Select the correct option (yes/no) for the following medical answer. Let's think step by step Context: During chemotherapy, women with breast cancer not only experience poor quality of life (QOL), they also have little exposure to bright light, which has been shown to be associated with depression, fatigue, and poor sl... | The study examined the effect of bright white light (BWL) and dim red light (DRL) on the quality of life (QOL) of women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy. The results showed that the BWL group did not experience a significant decline in QOL during the treatment weeks of both cycles, while the DRL group did. Mi... | Yes. | 476 | 52 |
53 | Given the following question, answer yes/no. Let's think step by step. Context: Staphylococcus aureus may modify airway disease by inducing local formation of polyclonal IgE antibodies (abs), the role of which is unknown. Nasal mucosal tissue and serum was obtained from 12 allergic rhinitis (AR) and 14 nasal polyp (NP)... | The study examined the role of polyclonal IgE antibodies in mucosal tissue from patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) and nasal polyps (NP). The results showed that mucosal IgE antibodies in NP tissue are functional and capable of activating mast cells. Specific IgE antibodies in NP tissue can be present independently o... | Yes. | 428 | 53 |
54 | Can you tell me if the following statement is correct?. Let's think step by step. Context: To compare the level of morning stiffness in a cohort of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA), assessed on a self-report questionnaire, to levels of patient self-report scores and clinical and laboratory variables. A tot... | In the study, morning stiffness in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis was significantly associated with functional disability scores on the Multidimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire (MDHAQ) and other patient self-report data, such as pain and fatigue. Meanwhile, morning stiffness was associated at lower le... | Yes. | 473 | 54 |
55 | Facing a binary medical question necessitating a yes/no response, your mission is to deliver a decisive verdict. Start by providing a concise overview of the question's subject matter. Proceed to elaborate on the reasoning behind your chosen answer, ensuring a comprehensive analysis. Finally, issue a definitive yes or ... | Adiponectin has been shown to have antiproliferative effects on gastric cancer cells, and its expression is inversely correlated with clinical staging of the disease. In this study, the researchers evaluated the expression levels of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 in gastric cancer patients and their correlation with prognosis.
Th... | Yes. | 797 | 55 |
56 | Confronted with a yes/no medical inquiry, your objective is to grasp the question's meaning and deliver a well-supported answer. Begin by providing a brief overview of the question's context. Then, elucidate the reasoning behind your chosen response, ensuring thorough analysis. Finally, emit a clear verdict of either y... | The study examined the relationship between Tacr1 gene variation, neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) expression, and the efficacy of the NK1R antagonist L822429 in alcohol-preferring (P) rats.
The results showed that Tacr1 expression was elevated in the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala of P-rats compared to Wistar rats. In... | Yes. | 800 | 56 |
57 | Tasked with a binary medical question necessitating a yes/no answer, your mission is to comprehend the query and justify your response. Start by summarizing the question's essence concisely. Proceed to analyze the reasoning behind your chosen answer in detail. Conclude by delivering a definitive yes or no verdict, supp... | The study aimed to determine the prevalence of malaria in South Punjab using microscopy and PCR. The results showed that among the Plasmodium positive patients, mixed, P. falciparum and P. vivax infections were detected in 10, 15 and 16 patients, respectively, by PCR. In total samples, P. falciparum, P. vivax and mixed... | Yes. | 647 | 57 |
58 | Given the following question, answer yes/no. Let's think step by step. Context: The objective was to determine the safety and efficacy of a fish oil-based intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) in the treatment of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD). PNALD can be a lethal complication in children with short... | The study compared the safety and efficacy of a fish oil-based intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) to a soybean oil-based ILE in the treatment of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD) in infants with short bowel syndrome (SBS). The results showed that the fish oil-based ILE had a significantly higher rate ... | Yes. | 597 | 58 |
59 | Tasked with a binary medical question necessitating a yes/no answer, your mission is to comprehend the query and justify your response. Start by summarizing the question's essence concisely. Proceed to analyze the reasoning behind your chosen answer in detail. Conclude by delivering a definitive yes or no verdict, supp... | The study aimed to identify and characterize the antimicrobial compound present in Mentha longifolia L. leaves, which are traditionally used by the indigenous people of Iraq to treat minor sore throat and minor mouth or throat irritation. Through a series of extraction, isolation, and characterization processes, the re... | Yes.
The successful isolation and identification of the antimicrobial compound (-) menthol from Mentha longifolia L. leaves grown wild in Iraq supports the traditional use of this plant in the treatment of minor sore throat and minor mouth or throat irritation. The presence of (-) menthol in the leaves explains the pl... | 870 | 59 |
60 | Emit a verdict for the following medical question with two possible answers (yes or no). Let's think step by step. Context: Hematological manifestations are less known in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Anemia has been recognized as a complication of PHPT in 5-30% of the individuals in various series. Our objective... | Anemia and thrombocytopenia can potentially improve after curative parathyroidectomy in a patient with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). The presented case study demonstrates that the patient's anemia and thrombocytopenia improved following the parathyroidectomy. This suggests that the curative surgery may have a pos... | Yes. | 317 | 60 |
61 | Emit a verdict for the following medical question with two possible answers (yes or no). Let's think step by step. Context: To elucidate the stability of superantigenic activity and pathogenesis of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) and staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) against heating and digestive enzymes. Purifi... | The study aimed to evaluate the stability of superantigenic activity and pathogenesis of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) and staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) against heating and digestive enzymes. The results demonstrated that TSST-1 showed strong resistance to heating, pepsin, and trypsin digestion, and its su... | Yes. | 432 | 61 |
62 | Given the following question, answer yes/no. Let's think step by step. Context: The objective of this study is to determine whether differential item functioning (DIF) due to cognitive status impacted three depressive symptoms measures commonly used with older adults. Differential item functioning in depressive symptom... | The study aimed to determine if differential item functioning (DIF) due to cognitive status impacted three depressive symptoms measures commonly used with older adults. However, the results showed that although statistically significant DIF based on cognitive status was found for some depressive symptom items, the effe... | No. | 365 | 62 |
63 | Can you tell me if the following statement is correct?. Let's think step by step. Context: In chronic renal failure, metabolic acidosis increases protein degradation (PD) in skeletal muscle, an effect which in vivo requires glucocorticoid (GC). This disorder is poorly understood, but can be studied in vitro using L6G8C... | The study aimed to determine the extent to which apoptosis and dedifferentiation contribute to the observed effects of acid and glucocorticoids (GC) on protein degradation (PD) in L6G8C5 rat skeletal muscle cells, which are used as a model for studying chronic renal failure. The results showed that stimulation of PD by... | Yes. | 724 | 63 |
64 | Answer the following question with a binary answer yes/no. Let's think step by step. Context: Febrile seizure (FS) is one of the most common seizure types in children. Our previous studies have demonstrated that both gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptor (GABABR) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are involved in the pathogenesis... | The study aimed to explore the effect of GABABR on the H2S/CBS system in recurrent febrile seizures (FS). The results showed that when GABABR was activated using the GABABR agonist baclofen, the plasma level of H2S increased, and the expression of CBS mRNA and protein were up-regulated. In contrast, when GABABR was inh... | Yes. | 606 | 64 |
65 | Emit a verdict for the following medical question with two possible answers (yes or no). Let's think step by step. Context: Adult bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) can restore cardiac function following myocardial necrosis. Protocols used to date have administered cells relatively late after ischaemia/reperfusion ... | The study aimed to investigate the effects of early administration of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) in a rat model of ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The researchers found that i.v. injection of BMMNCs at reperfusion significantly reduced infarct size, apoptosis, and necrosis in the area at risk. Additiona... | Yes. | 740 | 65 |
66 | Given the following question, answer yes/no. Let's think step by step. Context: We addressed the following questions. What are the current and lifetime prevalence of cannabis abuse in an Israeli methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) clinic? Does cannabis abuse change over time during MMT? Is cannabis abuse related to t... | Cannabis abuse was not found to be a significant risk factor for treatment outcome in a 1-year prospective study in an Israeli MMT clinic. Cannabis abusers did not suffer from more psychological distress, infectious diseases, engage in more HCV/HIV risk-taking behavior, or leave treatment earlier than nonabusers. While... | No. | 512 | 66 |
67 | Tasked with a binary medical question necessitating a yes/no answer, your mission is to comprehend the query and justify your response. Start by summarizing the question's essence concisely. Proceed to analyze the reasoning behind your chosen answer in detail. Conclude by delivering a definitive yes or no verdict, supp... | High apolipoprotein AI concentrations are indeed associated with lower mortality and myocardial infarction five years after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Patients with lower levels of apolipoprotein AI had a higher risk of adverse outcomes, including mortality and myocardial infarction, compared to those... | Yes. | 604 | 67 |
68 | Answer the following question with a binary answer yes/no. Let's think step by step. Context: Resistin may be associated with obesity and cardiovascular diseases. However, it is unknown whether resistin directly contributes to angiogenesis. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of resistin on angiogenic potent... | The study investigated the effects of resistin on angiogenic potential in human endothelial cells. The results showed that resistin induced endothelial cell proliferation and migration in a dose- and time-dependent manner, promoted capillary-like tube formation, and upregulated the expression of vascular endothelial gr... | Yes. | 531 | 68 |
69 | Confronted with a yes/no medical inquiry, your objective is to grasp the question's meaning and deliver a well-supported answer. Begin by providing a brief overview of the question's context. Then, elucidate the reasoning behind your chosen response, ensuring thorough analysis. Finally, emit a clear verdict of either y... | Nitric oxide (NO) can modulate the spreading depolarization threshold in the human and rodent cortex. Reduced NO levels, as observed in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, may render the brain more susceptible to cortical spreading depolarizations (CSDs). This increased susceptibility to CSDs is predominantly due to... | Yes. | 542 | 69 |
70 | Tasked with a yes/no medical query, your objective is to comprehend the essence of the question before delivering a verdict. Begin by succinctly summarizing the question's context. Next, elucidate the rationale behind your answer, providing a thorough analysis. Conclude by emitting a clear verdict of either yes or no, ... | The study investigated the associations of maternal and grandmaternal smoking patterns with childhood asthma by conducting a case-control study nested within the Children's Health Study in southern California. The study found that in utero exposure to maternal smoking was associated with an increased risk of asthma dia... | Yes. | 824 | 70 |
71 | Select the correct option (yes/no) for the following medical answer. Let's think step by step Context: GJA8 encodes connexin-50, a gap junction protein in the eye lens. Mutations in GJA8 have been reported in families with autosomal dominant cataract. To identify the disease gene in a family with congenital cataract of... | The study aimed to identify the disease gene responsible for autosomal recessive congenital cataract in a family. Through genetic screening of eight candidate genes, a single base insertion in the GJA8 gene was found to co-segregate with the disease in the family.
GJA8 encodes connexin-50, a gap junction protein that p... | Yes. | 291 | 71 |
72 | Tasked with a yes/no medical query, your objective is to comprehend the essence of the question before delivering a verdict. Begin by succinctly summarizing the question's context. Next, elucidate the rationale behind your answer, providing a thorough analysis. Conclude by emitting a clear verdict of either yes or no, ... | The study aimed to evaluate if early onset of retrograde flow in the main pulmonary artery is a characteristic of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The researchers conducted right-sided heart catheterization and retrospectively analyzed ECG-gated MR phase-contrast velocity quantification in the main pulmonary arte... | Yes. | 645 | 72 |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
元データ: https://huggingface.co/datasets/HPAI-BSC/PubmedQA-Mixtral-CoT
使用したコード: https://github.com/LLMTeamAkiyama/0-data_prepare/tree/master/src/PubmedQA-Mixtral-CoT
データ件数: 206,962
平均トークン数: 586
最大トークン数: 1,922
合計トークン数: 121,366,170
ファイル形式: JSONL
ファイル分割数: 3
合計ファイルサイズ: 532.2 MB
加工内容：
文字数によるフィルタリング:
question(質問) 列の文字数が 6,000文字を超える データを削除します。response(応答) 列の文字数が 80,000文字を超える データを削除します。
応答 (
response) の分割:response列を、思考プロセスを記述した「thought」部分と、最終的な結論である「answer」部分に分割します。- 分割には
Answer:やThe answer is:などのキーワードが使用されます。 - これらのキーワードが見つからず、**
thoughtとanswerに分割できなかったデータは除外**されます。
繰り返し表現のフィルタリング:
- 分割後の
thought(思考) 列の内容を分析し、同じような文章が繰り返し出現するデータを除外します。 - 具体的には、文章間の類似度（Jaccard類似度）を計算し、類似した文章が3回以上出現するものを「繰り返し」と判定して削除します。これは、モデルが冗長な思考を生成している低品質なデータを取り除く目的です。
- 分割後の
トークン数による最終フィルタリング:
question、thought、answerの合計トークン数を計算します。- 合計トークン数が 50未満、または 32,000を超える データを削除します。
answer(最終回答) のトークン数が 0、または 2,000を超える データも削除します。
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