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List of Australian Academy Award winners and nominees | Nominees and winners
In the following tables, the years correspond to the year in which the films were released; the Academy Award ceremony is held the following year. |
List of Australian Academy Award winners and nominees | Production
Best Picture
Best International Feature Film
Note: The Academy Award in this category is awarded to countries, not individuals. This list contains directors of nominated films, who typically accept the award on behalf of their country. |
List of Australian Academy Award winners and nominees | Best Documentary Feature Film
Best Documentary Short Film
Best Animated Feature
Best Animated Short Film
Best Live Action Short Film
Performance
Best Actor
Best Actress
Best Supporting Actor
Best Supporting Actress
Craft
Best Cinematography
Best Costume Design
Best Director
Best Film Editing
Best Makeup and Hairstyling... |
List of Australian Academy Award winners and nominees | See also
Cinema of Australia
List of Australian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film |
List of Australian Academy Award winners and nominees | References
External links
The official website of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS)
Further reading
Academy Awards® Nominations and Awards for Australian projects and people at Screen Australia
O stands for Oscar and also for Oz at The Age |
Australian federal budget | An Australian federal budget is a document that sets out the estimated revenues and expenditures of the Australian Treasury in the following financial year, proposed conduct of Australian government operations in that period, and its fiscal policy for the forward years. Budgets are called by the year in which they are ... |
Australian federal budget | Process
The process of putting together the budget begins in November when the Central Budget Management System (CBMS) is updated with the latest estimates, and the senior ministers' review, where the Prime Minister, Treasurer, and Minister for Finance meet to establish the policy priorities and strategy for the coming... |
Australian federal budget | Charter of Budget Honesty Act
The budget has to be presented within the framework that has been established by the Charter of Budget Honesty Act (1998).
The charter provides for: |
Australian federal budget | sound fiscal management of the Australian economy
open dissemination about the status of public finances
transparency in Australia's fiscal policy |
Australian federal budget | Budget night
Between 1901 and 1993, the practice was for the budget to be brought down in August, on the first Tuesday night of the Spring session.
Since 1994, the Treasurer has presented the budget on the second Tuesday in May, with the exceptions of 1996 (due to an election and a change of government in March, the b... |
Australian federal budget | Budgetary policy developments
In comparison with similar economies, Australia's government spending is relatively low. For the twenty-year period from 1960 to 1980, the growth in spending roughly matched percentages in the much higher populated nations of Japan and the United States.
In the first half of the 1980s, spe... |
Australian federal budget | See also
Australian Government Future Fund
Australian government debt
Commonwealth Grants Commission
Fiscal imbalance in Australia
Taxation in Australia
International: |
Australian federal budget | Government budget by country |
Australian federal budget | Footnotes
References
External links
Australia Federal Budget
Charter of Budget Honesty Act (1998) at ComLaw |
Template talk:Australia topics | == Sports And Media ==
Australia has been known for it's sport Cricket which is like an Australian version of baseball.
--Vishal 21:48, 6 May 2006 (UTC) |
Superannuation in Australia | Superannuation in Australia, or "super", is a savings system for workplace pensions in retirement. It involves money earned by an employee being placed into an investment fund to be made legally available to members upon retirement. Employers make compulsory payments to these funds at a proportion of their employee's w... |
Superannuation in Australia | History
For many years until 1976, what superannuation arrangements were in place were set up under industrial awards negotiated by the union movement or individual unions.
A change to superannuation arrangements came about in 1983 through an agreement between the government and the trade unions. In the Prices and Inco... |
Superannuation in Australia | compulsory employer contributions to superannuation funds,
further contributions to superannuation funds and other investments, and
if insufficient, a safety net consisting of a means-tested government-funded age pension.
The compulsory employer contributions were branded "Superannuation Guarantee" (SG) contributions.
... |
Superannuation in Australia | Operation
Accumulation phase
Superannuation is compulsory for all employed people working and residing in Australia. Federal law dictates minimum amounts that employers must contribute to the superannuation accounts of their employees, on top of standard wages or salaries.
Most employees have their superannuation contr... |
Superannuation in Australia | Retirement phase
There is no standard retirement age in Australia. As of July 2023, members can start to draw some money from their superannuation once they reach age 60 (people born before 1 July 1964 will have already reached their required age under older rules). On reaching age 65, or on ceasing employment after ag... |
Superannuation in Australia | Employer contributions
Superannuation guarantee contributions
Under Australian federal law, employers must pay superannuation contributions to approved superannuation funds. Called the "superannuation guarantee" (SG), the contribution percentage as of July 2021 is 10 per cent of the employees' ordinary time earnings, g... |
Superannuation in Australia | “Defined benefit" superannuation schemes
Special rules apply in relation to employers operating "defined benefit" superannuation schemes, which are less common traditional employer funds where benefits are determined by a formula usually based on an employee's final average salary and length of service. Essentially, in... |
Superannuation in Australia | Salary sacrifices contributions
An employee may request that their employer makes all or part of future payments of earnings into superannuation in lieu of making payment to the employee. Such an arrangement is known as "salary sacrifice", and for income tax purposes the payments are treated as employer superannuation ... |
Superannuation in Australia | Personal contributions
People can make additional voluntary contributions to their superannuation and receive tax benefits for doing so, subject to limits. Since the 2021/22 financial year, the concessional contribution cap has been $27,500. This figure is indexed to the Average Weekly Ordinary Times Earnings (AWOTE), ... |
Superannuation in Australia | Access to superannuation
Employer and personal superannuation contributions are income of the superannuation fund and are invested over the period of the employees' working life and the sum of compulsory and voluntary contributions, plus earnings, less taxes and fees are paid to the person when they retire.
As superann... |
Superannuation in Australia | Preserved benefits
Restricted non-preserved benefits
Unrestricted non-preserved benefits
Preserved benefits are benefits that must be retained in a superannuation fund until the employee's "preservation age". Currently, all workers must wait until they are at least 55 before they may access these funds. The actual pres... |
Superannuation in Australia | Preservation age and conditions of release
Benefit payments may be a lump sum or an income stream (pension) or a combination of both, provided the payment is allowed under superannuation law and the fund's trust deed. Withholding tax applies to payments to members who are under 60 or over 60 and the benefit is from an ... |
Superannuation in Australia | Reasonable benefit limits
Reasonable benefit limits (RBL) were applied to limit the amount of retirement and termination of employment benefits that individuals may receive over their lifetime at concessional tax rates. There were two types of RBLs - a lump sum RBL and a higher pension RBL. For the financial year endi... |
Superannuation in Australia | Superannuation taxes
Contributions
Contributions made to superannuation, either by an individual or on behalf of an individual, are taxed differently depending on whether that contribution was made from "pre-tax" or "post-tax" money. "Pre-tax" contributions are contributions on which no income tax has been paid at time... |
Superannuation in Australia | Investments in the fund
Investment earnings of the superannuation fund (i.e. dividends, rental income etc.) are taxed at a flat rate of 15% by the superannuation fund. In addition, where an investment is sold, capital gains tax is payable by the superannuation fund at 15%.
Much like the discount available to individual... |
Superannuation in Australia | Discontinued superannuation surcharge
In 1996, the federal government imposed a "superannuation surcharge" on higher income earners as a temporary revenue measure. During the 2001 election campaign, the Howard government proposed to reduce the surcharge from 15% to 10.5% over three years. The superannuation surcharge w... |
Superannuation in Australia | Superannuation co-contribution scheme
From 1 July 2003, the Howard Liberal government made available incentives of a Government co-contribution with a maximum value of $1,000.
From the 2012-2013 financial year to the 2016-2017 financial year, superannuation contributions are available for individuals with income not in... |
Superannuation in Australia | Effect on income tax
One of the reasons that people contribute to superannuation is to reduce their income tax liability, and possibly to be able to receive an age pension while still receiving supplementary income.
The following is a general summary of the tax rules relating to superannuation. The full details are ext... |
Superannuation in Australia | Employer superannuation contributions
Employer superannuation contributions are generally tax deductible if paid to a "complying superannuation fund". This includes compulsory employer contributions as well as "salary sacrifice" contributions. Employees may choose to make additional contributions at the same rate as a ... |
Superannuation in Australia | Taxation of superannuation fund (contributions)
Employer contributions received by a superannuation fund and income earned in the fund are taxed at the concessional rate of 15%, or more for higher income earners. Additional contributions made without the cooperation of an employer or paid to a non-complying superannuat... |
Superannuation in Australia | Taxation of superannuation in the US
Under the U.S.-Australia Income Tax Treaty, there is an opportunity to lawfully avoid U.S. taxation on gains within Australian superannuation funds. By taking this legal position, Australia would have exclusive taxing rights over Australian superannuation funds, which effectively al... |
Superannuation in Australia | Benefits paid
Income retrieved from the fund by a member after preservation age is generally tax free.[1] |
Superannuation in Australia | Exceeding the concessional contributions cap
The concessional contribution cap for the 2017-2018 financial year is $25,000. For later financial years, the cap is worked out by indexing annually this amount. From 1 July 2019 a taxpayer who meets a maximum balance condition who does not use their cap in full may carry f... |
Superannuation in Australia | Excess concessional contribution charge
ECC charge is applied to the additional income tax liability arising due to excess concessional contributions included in the income tax return- Division 95 in Schedule 1 to the Taxation Administration Act 1953. The ECC charge period is calculated from the start of the income yea... |
Superannuation in Australia | Concessional contributions and taxable income, exceeding the threshold - Division 293 tax
Division 293 tax (additional tax on concessional contributions) is payable if income for surcharge purposes (other than reportable superannuation contributions), plus concessionally taxed superannuation contributions (also known a... |
Superannuation in Australia | Non-concessional contributions
Non-concessional contributions include excess concessional contributions for the financial year. Non-concessional contributions are amounts contributed which an employer or taxpayer has not claimed a tax deduction. They do not include superannuation co-contributions, structured settlement... |
Superannuation in Australia | Effect on age pensions
Australian resident citizens over 67 years of age are entitled to an age pension if their income and assets are below specified levels. The full pension, as at March 2022, is $882.20 per fortnight for singles, and $665 each for couples.
Pension recipients are assessed under an Asset test and an ... |
Superannuation in Australia | Superannuation funds
Trustee structure
Superannuation funds operate as trusts with trustees being responsible for the prudential operation of their funds and in formulating and implementing an investment strategy. Some specific duties and obligations are codified in the Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993 - ... |
Superannuation in Australia | Investments
Other than a few very specific provisions in the Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993 (largely related to investments in assets related to the employer or impacting a self-managed superannuation fund) funds are not subject to specific asset requirements or investment rules. A fund must maintain a... |
Superannuation in Australia | Types of superannuation funds
There are about 500 superannuation funds operating in Australia. Of those, 362 have assets totalling greater than $50 million. Superannuation assets totalled $2.7 trillion at the end of the June 2018 quarter, a new record according to the Association of Superannuation Funds of Australia.
T... |
Superannuation in Australia | Industry Funds are multiemployer funds run by employer associations and/or unions. Unlike Retail/Wholesale funds they are run solely for the benefit of members, as there are no shareholders.
Wholesale Master Trusts are multiemployer funds run by financial institutions for groups of employees. These are also classified ... |
Superannuation in Australia | SMSF property investment has gained considerable momentum since the amendment of borrowing provisions to allow for the purchase of residential real estate. The ability to obtain a limited recourse loan to buy income-producing property in a favourably low tax environment has influenced a rapidly emerging incidence of di... |
Superannuation in Australia | Choice of superannuation funds
From 1 July 2005, many Australian employees have been able to choose the fund their employer's future superannuation guarantee contributions are paid into. Employees may change a superannuation fund. They may choose to change funds, for example, because: |
Superannuation in Australia | one when their current fund is not available with a new employer,
consolidate superannuation accounts to cut costs and paperwork,
a lower-fee and/or better service superannuation fund,
a better performing superannuation fund, or
a fund invests in assets and companies that align with their personal beliefs.
Where an emp... |
Superannuation in Australia | List of superannuation entities by funds under management
Below is a list of superannuation trustees by funds under management. Most figures are derived from entity's 2022 annual report. |
Superannuation in Australia | Superannuation industry
Legislation
Superannuation funds are principally regulated under the Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993 and the Financial Services Reform Act 2002. Compulsory employer contributions are regulated via the Superannuation Guarantee (Administration) Act 1992 |
Superannuation in Australia | Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993 (SIS)
The Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act sets all the rules that a complying superannuation fund must obey (adherence to these rules is called compliance). The rules cover general areas relating to the trustee, investments, management, fund accounts and administ... |
Superannuation in Australia | regulates the operation of superannuation funds; and
sets penalties for trustees when the rules of operation are not met.
In June 2004 the SIS Act and Regulations were amended to require all superannuation trustees to apply to become a Registrable Superannuation Entity Licensee (RSE Licensee) in addition each of the su... |
Superannuation in Australia | MySuper
MySuper is part of the Stronger Super reforms announced in 2011 by the Julia Gillard Government for the Australian superannuation industry. From 1 January 2014, employers must only pay default superannuation contributions to an authorised MySuper product. Superannuation funds have until July 2017 to transfer a... |
Superannuation in Australia | a single investment option (although lifecycle strategies are permitted),
a minimum level of insurance cover,
an easily comparable fee structure, with a short prescribed list of allowable fee types,
restrictions on how advice is provided and paid for, and
rules governing fund governance and transparency. |
Superannuation in Australia | The Financial Services Reform Act 2002 (FSR)
The Financial Services Reform Act covers a very broad area of finance and is designed to provide standardisation within the financial services industry. Under the FSR, to operate a superannuation fund, the trustee must have a licence to run a fund and the individuals within ... |
Superannuation in Australia | provides licensing of "dealers" (providers of financial products and services);
oversees the training of agents representing dealers;
sets out the requirements regarding what information must be provided on any financial product to members and prospective members; and
sets out the requirements that determine good-condu... |
Superannuation in Australia | Regulatory bodies
Four main regulatory bodies keep watch over superannuation funds to ensure they comply with the legislation: |
Superannuation in Australia | The Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) is responsible for ensuring that superannuation funds behave in a prudent manner. APRA also reviews a fund's annual accounts to assess their compliance with the SIS.
The Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) ensures that trustees of superannuation ... |
Superannuation in Australia | Similar schemes in other countries
Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP) and Tax-Free Savings Account (TSFA) (Canada)
Individual Retirement Account (IRA) and 401K (United States)
Self-Invested Personal Pension (SIPP) and Stakeholder Pension (United Kingdom)
Personal Retirement Savings Account (PRSA) - (Ireland)
Kiw... |
Superannuation in Australia | Criticism and issues
The interaction between superannuation, tax and pension eligibility is complex, meaning that many Australians struggle to engage with their superannuation accounts and utilise them effectively.
The Australian superannuation industry has been criticised for pursuing self-interested re-investment str... |
Superannuation in Australia | See also
Industry superannuation fund
Australian Government Future Fund
German pensions
Pension system
Social Security (Australia)
UK pensions
US pensions |
Superannuation in Australia | Notes
References
External links
ASIC's consumer and investor website MoneySmart - Superannuation and Retirement
Australian Taxation Office - Superannuation
Super bailout of $59m - excludes DIY investors
Government compensates most trio capital losses
Business Spectator - Legality and Constitutional grounds for Mandator... |
Censorship in Australia | Certain subject-matter in Australia is subject to various forms of government censorship. These include matters of national security, judicial non-publication or suppression orders, defamation law, the federal Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth), film and literature (including video game) classification, and advertisi... |
Censorship in Australia | Legal protections
Australia does not have explicit freedom of speech in any constitutional or statutory declaration of rights, with the exception of political speech which is protected from criminal prosecution at common law per Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd v Commonwealth. There is however an "implied freedom ... |
Censorship in Australia | Australian Classification Board
Certain films, books and video games have, in effect, been banned from sale in Australia because they have been “refused classification” by the Australian Classification Board which was founded in 1970. Materials are generally refused classification because of explicit violent or sexual ... |
Censorship in Australia | Banned publications
Imports
Publications, films, computer games and any other goods that describe, depict, express or otherwise deal with matters of sex, drug misuse or addiction, crime, cruelty, violence, terrorist acts or revolting or abhorrent phenomena in such a way that they offend against the standards of moralit... |
Censorship in Australia | Book censorship until 1970
Book censorship has existed in Australia since the 19th century. Each state had its own legislation, including: |
Censorship in Australia | Obscene and Indecent Publications Act 1901 (later Indecent Articles and Publications Act 1975)
Police Offences Act 1958 (Victoria)
Indecent Publications and Articles Act 1902-1983 (Western Australia)
Norman Lindsay's Redheap was the first book to be banned from import into Australia, in May 1930, under the Commonwealt... |
Censorship in Australia | Press freedom
Freedom House reported in 2021 that although Australia's "constitution does not explicitly protect press freedom, journalists scrutinise lawmakers and the government, covering controversial topics generally without serious obstacles or risk of harassment or violence." However, it expressed concern about t... |
Censorship in Australia | National security
The Australian Government has occasionally acted against media outlets for reasons of national security. In June 2019, federal police raided the Sydney offices of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and the home of Sunday Telegraph political editor Annika Smethurst, seeking evidence against offici... |
Censorship in Australia | Suppression and non-publication orders
Commonwealth, State and territory law provides for the suppression or non-publication of certain information regarding legal proceedings. This can be to avoid contaminating the jury pool, or to protect the identities of children and sexual assault victims. While these orders are g... |
Censorship in Australia | Defamation
Australian law of defamation developed primarily out of the English law of defamation and its cases, though now there are differences introduced by statute and by the implied constitutional limitation on governmental powers to limit speech of a political nature established in Lange v Australian Broadcasting ... |
Censorship in Australia | Abolishing the distinction between libel and slander.
Providing new defenses including that of triviality, where it is a defense to the publication of a defamatory matter if the defendant proves that the circumstances of publication were such that the plaintiff was unlikely to sustain any harm.
The defenses against def... |
Censorship in Australia | Racial Discrimination Act
Advertising bans
Commonwealth and State governments ban or restrict certain types of advertising in order to maintain the integrity of elections, personal injury law and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. |
Censorship in Australia | Personal injury lawyers
Lawyers in most Australian states are censored in respect of public statements they are allowed to publish concerning personal injury compensation law. Non-lawyers are also prohibited from publishing statements on the subject in some states. The laws are described as a ban on advertising of pers... |
Censorship in Australia | Queensland
In Queensland television and radio advertising is banned and lawyer statements concerning personal injury compensation law must be censored so as to contain only: |
Censorship in Australia | The lawyer's name, contact details and area of speciality (print and other "allowed publications" only);
The operation of the law of negligence and a person's rights under that law (lawyers' websites only);
The lawyer's terms of service (lawyers' websites only).
The Queensland censorship provisions were originally inte... |
Censorship in Australia | The bill also better regulates provocative advertising by lawyers in relation to personal injury services ... the sort of advertising currently broadcast on radio and television does not enhance clients' rights or portray the profession in a particularly positive light.
Section 4 (2) (f) of the Queensland Act refers to... |
Censorship in Australia | New South Wales
In New South Wales, all statements by lawyers concerning personal injury compensation including on websites are banned and strict penalties apply. One lawyer has already been professionally punished and fined $20,000 for making a website statement.
The New South Wales version of the censorship law which... |
Censorship in Australia | Victoria
No censorship applies in Victoria. |
Censorship in Australia | Western Australia
The Western Australian censorship rules are similar to those in Queensland. However, television advertising is permitted by ACMA. |
Censorship in Australia | Consumer opposition
The Australian Lawyers Alliance opposes the censorship and believes that "content-rich statements" concerning the availability of all legal services are in the public interest.
Consumer groups (e.g. Tort Reform Institute, Insurance Reform) argue that any restriction on lawyer communication is advers... |
Censorship in Australia | Insurance companies, who are permitted to advertise that personal injury claims can be made directly with them; or
Statements concerning the defence of personal injury claims as opposed to the pursuit of those claims (except in New South Wales) |
Censorship in Australia | Internet censorship
Some activists consider Australia's laws on Internet censorship to be amongst the most restrictive in the western world. However, the restrictive nature of the laws has been combined with almost complete lack of interest in enforcement from the agencies responsible.
Some of the interesting exception... |
Censorship in Australia | If the site is hosted in Australia, the ACMA is empowered to issue a "takedown notice" under which the material must be removed from the site.
If the site is hosted outside Australia, the site is added to a list of banned sites.
This list of banned sites is then added to filtering software, which must be offered to all... |
Censorship in Australia | Non-government forms of censorship
Universities
Concerns have been expressed by Freedom House and others about protections for freedom of speech and academic freedom at Australia's universities. In 2018, the Australian Government asked former Chief Justice Robert French to conduct an independent review of freedom of sp... |
Censorship in Australia | Deplatforming
Many Australian university campuses have seen protests by students and faculty against unorthodox or controversial viewpoints. Several universities refused to host Copenhagen Consensus or Ramsay research centres following left-wing protests. |
Censorship in Australia | Internal criticism
Another threat is action by universities to silence internal criticism. In 2016, James Cook University sacked marine scientist Peter Ridd for publishing an article questioning the reproducibility of his colleagues' work on the Great Barrier Reef. The Federal Court later ruled the University had acted... |
Censorship in Australia | Advertising boycotts
Campaigners including the anonymous American group Sleeping Giants have attempted to force certain conservative and libertarian commentators off Australian radio and television by threatening to boycott broadcasters' advertisers. Targets of this approach have included both hosts, such as radio pres... |
Censorship in Australia | Advertising standards
Standards for commercial advertising in Australia are enforced via industry self-regulation. |
Censorship in Australia | See also
Laws governing public demonstrations in Australia
2024 Cumberland book ban |
Censorship in Australia | References
Further reading
Patrick Mullins, The Trials of Portnoy: How Penguin Brought Down Australia’s Censorship System, Scribe, 2020. |
Censorship in Australia | External links
Office of Film and Literature Classification
Australia extending censorship to Mobile platforms Archived 12 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine
Amir Butler: Why I have changed my mind on anti-vilification laws (An article originally published in The Age newspaper)
Refused Classification – an online data... |
Department of Home Affairs (Australia) | The Department of Home Affairs is the Australian Government interior ministry with responsibilities for national security, protective services, emergency management, border control, immigration, refugees, citizenship, transport security and multicultural affairs. The Home Affairs portfolio reports to the Minister for H... |
Department of Home Affairs (Australia) | History
One of the seven inaugural Australian Public Service departments at the federation of Australia was the Department of Home Affairs (1901–16) with wide-ranging responsibilities for public works, elections, census, the public service, pensions, and inter-state relations. This department was followed by the Depart... |
Department of Home Affairs (Australia) | Ministers
The following are the ministers of the Home Affairs portfolio: |
Department of Home Affairs (Australia) | Minister for Home Affairs, Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs and Minister for Cyber Security: Tony Burke
Minister for Emergency Management: Jenny McAllister |
Department of Home Affairs (Australia) | Portfolio responsibilities
The Department is responsible for the following functions: |
Department of Home Affairs (Australia) | Immigration and migration, including
border security
entry, stay and departure arrangements for non-citizens
customs and border control other than quarantine and inspection
Citizenship
Ethnic affairs
National security policy and operations
Multicultural affairs
Transport Security
Cyber policy coordination
Protective se... |
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