Datasets:

II-Vietnam
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EvalMedical_GPQA_Medical_Test

question stringclasses 78 values	answer stringclasses 78 values	answer_idx stringclasses 4 values	options dict
A large gene has dozens of exons, of which the central ones code for folded triple helical repeats that connect the cytoskeleton with sarcolemma and extracellular space. Each exon usually codes for one folded triple alpha helix. The most common mutations of the gene are central exon deletions that create out-of-frame p...	R-loops	C	{ "A": "lariat", "B": "polyA tail", "C": "R-loops", "D": "antisense" }
To investigate the causes of a complex genetic disease, you culture patient cells and carry out DNA sequencing to detect mutations in candidate genes. This revealed a mutation in the gene HOXB2 that is only present in the patient cells and not the healthy controls. To learn more about the role of this mutation in the d...	CHIP-seq, chromosome conformation capture, and qRT-PCR	A	{ "A": "CHIP-seq, chromosome conformation capture, and qRT-PCR", "B": "Chromosome conformation capture and RNA-seq", "C": "CHIP-seq, RNA-seq, and qRT PCR", "D": "ChIP-seq and RNA-seq" }
Scientist 1 is studying linkage maps in Drosophila. Specifically, Scientist 1 is working out the linkage between 3 genes in one cross, also known as a three-point testcross. The genes under study are V, CV, and CT. To obtain the required information a trihybrid female and a tester male (triple recessive male) are cross...	A double crossover event	A	{ "A": "A double crossover event", "B": "Erred loci placement", "C": "Recombinant interference", "D": "The gene order was reversed" }
You perform a high-throughput experiment on white lupine to find genes contributing to resistance to the fungal disease anthracnose. As a result, you receive three candidate genes of unknown function – G1, G2, and G3. You create three knock-out mutants, g1, g2, and g3, and a set of double-mutants, g1g2, g1g3, and g2g3....	G2 is a transcription factor, G1 and G3 show gene redundancy, G1 is epistatic towards G3	A	{ "A": "G2 is a transcription factor, G1 and G3 show gene redundancy, G1 is epistatic towards G3", "B": "G1 is a transcription factor, G2 and G3 show pleiotropy, G2 is epistatic towards G1", "C": "G2 is a transcription factor, G1 and G3 show pleiotropy, G1 is epistatic towards G3", "D": "G2 is a transcription f...
The experimental proof for the chromosomal theory was obtained from…..	an experiment where the homologous sister chromatids were pulled together to the pole of the cell during anaphase.	D	{ "A": "an experiment where red eyed female and white eyed male was mated to get a 1:1:1:1 ratio in the F3 generation for red eyed females / white eyed females / red-eyed males / white-eyed males.", "B": "an experiment wherein a female white eyed fly wing was mated with male with red eyed fly to get the F2 ratio as...
"Scientist aims to analyze 200 nucleotides that are surrounding rs113993960 and got four results. Which of the following represents the correct 200 nucleotides that are surrounding rs113993960?"	5'GATGATAATT GGAGGCAAGT GAATCCTGAG CGTGATTTGA TAATGACCTA ATAATGATGG GTTTTATTTC CAGACTTCAC TTCTAATGGT GATTATGGGA GAACTGGAGC CTTCAGAGGG TAAAATTAAG CACAGTGGAA GAATTTCATT CTGTTCTCAG TTTTCCTGGA TTATGCCTGG CACCATTAAA GAAAATATCA 3'TGGTGTTTCC TATGATGAAT ATAGATACAG AAGCGTCATC AAAGCATGCC AACTAGAAGA GGTAAGAAAC TATGTGAAAA CTTTTTG...	B	{ "A": "5'ATAATGATGG GATGATAATT GGAGGCAAGT GAATCCTGAG\nCGTGATTTGA TAATGACCTA GTTTTATTTC CAGACTTCAC\nTTCTAATGGT GATTATGGGA GAACTGGAGC CTTCAGAGGG\nTAAAATTAAG CACAGTGGAA GAATTTCATT CTGTTCTCAG\nTTTTCCTGGA TTATGCCTGG CACCATTAAA GAAAATATCA\n\n3'TATGATGAAT TGGTGTTTCC ATAGATACAG AAGCGTCATC\nAAAGCATGCC AACTAGAAGA GGTAAGAAAC T...
All the following statements about the molecular biology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) are correct except	SARS-CoV-2 nsp10/nsp14-ExoN operates as heterodimers in a mismatch repair mechanism. The N-terminal ExoN domain of nsp14 could bind to nsp10 making an active exonuclease complex that prevents the breakdown of dsRNA.	C	{ "A": "Programmed ribosomal frameshifting creates two polyproteins near to 5` end of the genome by moving back by 1 nucleotide with the help of slippery nucleotides, and pseudoknot. The SARS-CoV-2 programmed ribosomal frameshifting mostly has the same conformation as the SARS-CoV programmed ribosomal frameshifting."...
You are interested in studying a rare type of breast cancer in a mouse model. Your research up until now has shown that the cancer cells show low expression of a key tumor suppressor gene. You suspect that epigenetic mechanisms are at play. Which of these is the most suitable course of action to study the cause of gene...	You carry out bisulphite sequencing at your locus of interest in your cancer cells and compare the patterns to healthy breast cells	C	{ "A": "You perform RNA-sequencing in the cancer cells vs. healthy breast cells to measure global gene expression changes between the two cell populations.", "B": "You use plasmid transfection to overexpress the Ras oncogene in your cancer cell line and compare the cellular phenotype to healthy cells.", "C": "You...
ChIP-seq on a PFA-fixed sample with an antibody to the IKAROS transcription factor in human B cells followed by next-generation sequencing and standard quality control, alignment and peak-calling steps produced ChIP peaks that disappeared when PFA+DSG fixation was used. Where are we most likely to find such disappearin...	At active promoters and enhancers	B	{ "A": "At random locations in the genome", "B": "At active promoters and enhancers", "C": "In the introns of large genes", "D": "At repeats" }
v-FLIPS are viral proteins that were first identified as modulators of apoptosis, they contain two death effector domains, which are also found in some initiator caspases such as pro-caspase-8. These v-FLIP proteins can be recruited to the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) through the binding of the DED to simila...	It inhibits the cell surface death receptor pathway of apoptosis	D	{ "A": "It inhibits the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis", "B": "It activates only the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis", "C": "It promotes apoptosis mainly via the extrinsic pathway", "D": "It inhibits the cell surface death receptor pathway of apoptosis" }
Which of the following statements about enhancers in embryonic stem cells is most accurate?	Polycomb complexes are involved in mediating long-range contacts between enhancers and promoters	C	{ "A": "Loop extrusion is essential for enhancer-mediated gene regulation", "B": "Enhancers function largely on gene promoters located in different TADs", "C": "Polycomb complexes are involved in mediating long-range contacts between enhancers and promoters", "D": "Active enhancers are associated with a unique ...
A series of experiments are conducted to unravel the function of a novel kinase X in cell survival. Overexpression of a full-length WT kinase X has no effect on cell viability while overexpression of a kinase dead (KD) variant impairs viability minimally. Additionally, a CRISPR experiment is conducted using two sgRNAs ...	The kinase activity of kinase X is not required for cell survival. A n-terminally truncated variant of kinase X has alternative functions that are essential for cell survival.	D	{ "A": "The kinase activity of kinase X is required for cell survival. This is demonstrated by the effect of the kinase X inhibitors as well as the rescue of the c-terminal sgRNAs.", "B": "Kinase X is required for cell survival. This is demonstrated by the rescue of the c-terminal sgRNAs.", "C": "The kinase activ...
Which of the following issues are the most common sources of difficult-to-spot erroneous results generated in genomics data analysis: - Mutually incompatible data formats - The "chr" / "no chr" confusion - Reference assembly mismatch - Incorrect ID conversion	3 and 4	D	{ "A": "2 and 3", "B": "All of the above", "C": "2, 3 and 4", "D": "3 and 4" }
Enya and John are of normal phenotype but they have a son with a genetic condition that is caused by a mutation in the DMD gene and is a sex-linked recessive disorder. What are the chances of having a carrier and diseased child with each pregnancy if the sex of the child is unknown and there were no epigenetic changes ...	25% carrier and 25% diseased	A	{ "A": "25% carrier and 25% diseased", "B": "50% carrier and 50% diseased", "C": "100% carrier and 50% diseased", "D": "50% carrier and 25% diseased" }
You want to cultivate a population of mouse embryonic stem cells that closely resemble the pre-implantation cells of the ICM of the blastocyst. Which of these components would form part of a cell culture medium suited to keep your cells in this state?	MEK inhibitor, GSK-3β inhibitor, and leukemia inhibitory factor	A	{ "A": "MEK inhibitor, GSK-3β inhibitor, and leukemia inhibitory factor ", "B": "FCS and leukemia inhibitory factor", "C": "A layer of mouse embryonic fibroblasts, FCS, and OCT-4", "D": "NANOG and beta-mercaptoethanol" }
"Oh, I know you," the ribonucleoprotein particle says to the nascent chain as they meet. "Pause there for a minute. Let me show you in; you really need some sugar." "It seems somewhat rough. I guess this is goodbye; I need to be on my way", the chain replies. Where did they meet, and where is the chain heading?	cytosol to the extracellular space	A	{ "A": "cytosol to the extracellular space", "B": "Golgi to the mitochondrion", "C": "membrane to the nucleus", "D": "ribosome to the proteasome" }
A research group is investigating the production of a candidate recombinant protein to treat an autoimmune disease using bacterial hosts. However, the target gene (45 Kb) requires a tight regulation system. Therefore their objective is to ensure the recombinant genes can be regulated through a double procaryote regulat...	Transcription of structural genes lacZ, lacY and lacA within the lactose operon and; nucleosome alterations by losing DNA-histone contacts (chromatin remodeling).	C	{ "A": "Gene upregulation for enzymes through interactions of trans- and cis-regulatory elements and; DNA methylation of adenine in the sequence 5’-GATC-3’. ", "B": "Gene downregulation for the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate to reduce L-tryptophan and; DNA methylation of adenine in the sequence 5’-GATC-3’.", "C": "Tr...
You have an interesting drought-resistant cultivar of barley, which, unfortunately, contains an anti-nutritional compound. This compound makes it impossible to use this cultivar for food purposes. After an extensive investigation, you discover the gene responsible for the synthesis of this compound. This gene consists ...	Mutant 2	D	{ "A": "Mutant 1", "B": "Mutant 3", "C": "Mutant 4", "D": "Mutant 2" }
ChIP-seq detected a highly significant binding signal for a lineage-specific transcription factor X to a developmental enhancer in human iPSC-derived mesodermal progenitor cells. However, while this factor has a high-information-content DNA recognition motif, this motif could not be detected at this enhancer. ChIP-seq ...	X is recruited to the enhancer through cooperative binding with Y	C	{ "A": "X binds a cryptic recognition motif within this enhancer", "B": "X is recruited to this enhancer either spuriously or not at all (ChIP-seq false-positive)", "C": "X is recruited to the enhancer through cooperative binding with Y", "D": "X is recruited to the target gene promoter of this enhancer" }
You have a 10 uL aliquot of a 10 uM DNA template of a protein library. The template contains 12 NNK codons in the coding region. What is the order of magnitude of the maximum possible number of unique full-length protein sequences that can be translated from the aliquot of DNA (i.e. what is the maximum protein diversit...	10^13	A	{ "A": "10^13 ", "B": "10^15 ", "C": "10^11", "D": "10^18 " }
In autumn, tree leaves get colourful and drop down in a process called “autumn foliage”. Chlorophylls degrade into colourless tetrapyrroles, while the hidden pigments, including carotenoids, become revealed. Carotenoids are yellow, orange, and red pigments which absorb light energy for photosynthesis and provide protec...	canthaxanthin biosynthesis	A	{ "A": "canthaxanthin biosynthesis", "B": "lutein biosynthesis", "C": "brassinosteroid biosynthesis", "D": "strigolactone biosynthesis" }
A eukaryotic cell evolved a mechanism to turn macromolecular building blocks into energy. The process occurs in mitochondria, which are cellular energy factories. In the series of redox reactions, the energy from food is stored between the phosphate groups and used as a universal cellular currency. The energy-laden mol...	Differential centrifugation extraction of mitochondria followed by the Glucose Uptake Colorimetric Assay Kit	C	{ "A": "Confocal fluorescence microscopy after Mito-RTP staining of the cells", "B": "Transformation of cells with recombinant luciferase and luminometer reading after 5 μM of luciferin addition to the supernatant", "C": "Differential centrifugation extraction of mitochondria followed by the Glucose Uptake Colori...
You would like to use PCR to amplify the following sequence (written from 5’ to 3’ direction) for subcloning into an expression vector. In order to clone it in the correct orientation for subsequent expression, you decide to clone it using two different restriction enzymes. ATGAATCCGCGGCAGGGGTATTCCCTCAGCGGATACTACACCCA...	aaaaaagcttATGAATCCGCGGCAGGG; aaaggatccGAGACCGCGATTTTCCACAAAGG	A	{ "A": "aaaaaagcttATGAATCCGCGGCAGGG; aaaggatccGAGACCGCGATTTTCCACAAAGG", "B": "aaaacccgggATGAATCCGCGGCAGGG; aaaggatccGAGACCGCGATTTTCCACAAAGG", "C": "aaaaggatccATGAATCCGCGGCAGGG; aaaaagcttGAGACCGCGATTTTCCACAAAGG", "D": "aaaaaagcttATGAATCCGCGGCAGGG; aaaggtaccGAGACCGCGATTTTCCACAAAGG" }
You are studying the patterns of inheritance between genes A and B on the same chromosome. They are on the same autosome and about 50 centimorgans apart. You believe they are linked, but you are not sure. The gene A codes for tail length so that the A1 allele is homozygous recessive and produces a long tail. The allele...	B1 allele modifies A1 homozygotes	B	{ "A": "allele A2 is imprinted", "B": "B1 allele modifies A1 homozygotes", "C": "allele A1 is not the recessive allele", "D": "the genes A and B are not linked" }
Hi-C analysis based on 50M cells has revealed a highly significant interaction signal between 5kb bins containing an active promoter and an active enhancer, respectively, separated by a linear distance of ~1 Mb. However, this contact could not be validated by FISH. Targeting dCas9-KRAB to the enhancer reduced the expre...	Interaction frequency too low to be reliably detectable by FISH	D	{ "A": "Incorrect expectation of the linear interaction distance due to structural variation", "B": "A false-positive signal in Hi-C", "C": "Linear interaction too short for FISH detection", "D": "Interaction frequency too low to be reliably detectable by FISH" }
In a Tn5-based Hi-C protocol performed by an experienced operator, much lower than expected quantities of DNA were obtained following tagmentation and SPRI selection given the measured quantity of DNA entering the reaction. Using a control tagmentation reaction, it was confirmed that Tn5 was working properly. What is t...	Inefficient proximity ligation	A	{ "A": "Inefficient proximity ligation", "B": "Faulty SPRI beads", "C": "Error in determining DNA concentration before or after tagmentation", "D": "DNA degradation by Tn5" }
A scientist injected Cas9 messenger RNA, a guide RNA and donor DNA carrying a transgene into a 1-cell fertilized egg. The guide RNA was able to recognize the target sequence with no possibility of off-target binding. The modified embryo was transferred into a surrogate mother who carried the pregnancy to full term. How...	The Cas9 protein may have continuously cut DNA leading to incorporation of donor DNA at different stages of embryo development.	C	{ "A": "The CRISPR-Cas9 system may have accidentally introduced the surrogate mother’s DNA into some cells of the embryo at different stages of development causing the different genomes observed in the transgenic animal.\n", "B": "The Cas9 messenger RNA may have been converted into cDNA and incorporated into the ge...
Two accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana have different phenotypes associated with flowering time. Researchers sequence several genes controlling flower time and, in one of them, find the following differences between two accessions: Sequence 1: …ATCGTACGATGCTAGCTTACGTAGCATGAC… Sequence 2: …CAGTACGATGATCGTACGATGCTAGCTTA…...	A and C	C	{ "A": "B and D", "B": "B and C", "C": "A and C", "D": "A and D" }
Cas9 nuclease and the restriction enzyme EcoRI are produced by the bacterial system. Which of the following statements are true regarding both enzymes? I. They are both endonucleases that perform cleavage activity at the specific nucleotide sequence II. They both create double-strand breaks in DNA. III. Both Cas9 and...	I, II, IV	C	{ "A": "I, II, III, IV", "B": "I, III, IV", "C": "I, II, IV", "D": "I, II, III" }
You have been given the task of determining the effects of chronic ionizing radiation and cyclic extreme temperature fluctuations on DNA. So you conduct a multifaceted experiment wherein one set of MCF 10A was exposed to ionizing radiation, another set was exposed to cyclic extreme temperature fluctuations and the thir...	DNA methylome analysis and NGS	D	{ "A": "DNA ChIP-seq and mass spectrometry", "B": "Proteomics and DNA barcoding", "C": "Single-cell DNA sequencing and CRISPR screening", "D": "DNA methylome analysis and NGS" }
Which of these conditions is associated with an open chromatin state in mouse embryonic stem cells?	PRC2-bound chromatin in cells lacking Ring1B	B	{ "A": "Hypermethylated DNA at transposable elements", "B": "PRC2-bound chromatin in cells lacking Ring1B", "C": "Chromatin with high levels of trimethylation of histone 3 lysine 9", "D": "Chromatin associated with PRC1 complexes containing a catalytically inactive Ring1B" }
A scientist tries to uncover a downstream pathway of a membrane-associated protein kinase that participates in hydrogen peroxide signalling in eucaryotes. Which of the following approaches will not help the scientist to reveal the components of the pathway?	an analysis of cis-region methylation of genes for eukaryotic initiation factors	A	{ "A": "an analysis of cis-region methylation of genes for eukaryotic initiation factors", "B": "loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutant lines", "C": "a next-generation RNA sequencing of samples with and without exogenous hydrogen peroxide application", "D": "spatial and temporal tissue distribution of the...
You want to study the role of the GADD45G protein in a mouse model. You are highly interested in whether the IL-2-induced protein has a role in the SARS-CoV-2 infection. You decide to create a transgenic mouse model with the inducible overexpression of the coding sequence for the GADD45G gene. You can use it to affinit...	The ribosome terminated the translation early	B	{ "A": "The tRNA for the UAA codon does not exist in the mouse", "B": "The ribosome terminated the translation early", "C": "The sequence for the antigenic determinant has a missense mutation", "D": "The lack of the linker sequence is triggering proteolysis of the nascent chain" }
You want to create a mouse embryonic chimera with induced pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells of various tissues. You are interested in the iPSCs fate in the embryo and their co-localization with apoptotic events. The iPSC cells are labeled with a mRaspberry fused under a lineage-specific promoter for each cell t...	cytoplasmic localization of the red signal	C	{ "A": "cell line-specific red signals label different organelles", "B": "green signal colocalizes with the red signal", "C": "cytoplasmic localization of the red signal", "D": "there is no green signal" }
"Scientist aims to detect Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in wastewater. He took two wastewater samples (sample A and sample B) from two different sites. For sample A, he used polyethylene glycol (PEG) for viral concentration, then he used an RNA extraction kit for RNA extraction. He found ...	pH of the first sample A is very alkaline ( pH =9)	A	{ "A": "pH of the first sample A is very alkaline ( pH =9)\n\n", "B": "ct of sample A is 20, which is lower than ct of sample B (ct=22) indicating that there is a very low quantity of SARS-CoV-2 in sample A.\n\n", "C": "Centricon Plus-70 Centrifugal Filter 100 kDa MWCO Millipore is more sensitive than PEG method....
You come across an algorithm that gives the following output (written as input -> output): AGG -> 115 TGCTGA -> 176 What value does ACAGTGACC give?	315	A	{ "A": "315", "B": "351", "C": "333", "D": "185" }
Patient X is diagnosed of moderate anemia and placed on oral iron and folate therapy prior to chemotherapy. On review of the patient, X is a 46-year-old man previously diagnosed with lung Cancer with metastasis to the liver, gastric body and small bowel. The attending physician consulted a pharmacist on non-transfusion...	Add IV cyanocobalamin to the therapy	B	{ "A": "Switch oral iron preparation to intravenous iron ", "B": "Add IV cyanocobalamin to the therapy", "C": "Add erythropoietin to the therapy ", "D": "Switch oral folic acid to IV folic acid" }
On sequencing the genome of a new fungal species, it was observed that the largest chromosome (chr1) is 4 Mb and the second largest chromosome (chr2) is 3.7 Mb. It was also observed that a part of chr1 of size 300 kb is duplicated and the two copies are placed in tandem on the same chromosome. How can the tandem duplic...	Polymerase chain reaction or Southern hybridization	C	{ "A": "Southern hybridization", "B": "Neither polymerase chain reaction or southern hybridization- the chromosomes have to be separated on a PFGE gel.", "C": "Polymerase chain reaction or Southern hybridization", "D": "Polymerase chain reaction" }
You tag the inner capsid proteins of rotavirus with a GFP and deliver them to mice via oral gavage. By in vivo imaging, you observe that some of the fluorescence was destroyed by the stomach acid, and some were entangled in the intestinal mucus before they reached the secondary lymphoid organs. You identify the fluores...	somatic hypermutation	C	{ "A": "complement activation", "B": "class switching recombination", "C": "somatic hypermutation", "D": "VDJ recombination" }
"Scientist aims to run quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) on some samples. He first wants to make a calibration curve so he took positive control with known copy numbers and run qPCR on serially diluted positive control three technical replicates. The efficiency of qPCR was 100%. The R2 was 1, and the slope ...	Ct values are not in agreement with the amount of target nucleic acid in samples	B	{ "A": "qPCR cannot be used for the quantification of nucleic acid in samples ", "B": "Ct values are not in agreement with the amount of target nucleic acid in samples ", "C": "Ten-fold dilution is more than 3.3 cycles", "D": "The deviation is more than 0.3 between technical replicates" }