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That's actually a unit of concentration. It's not very common in AP Chemistry, but it is one that occasionally is used in chemistry. We have molality, then we could talk about percent by mass, we could discuss molarity, we have percent by volume, and then there's also normality. All of these are legitimate units of con... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
All of these are legitimate units of concentration. Now in AP Chemistry, by far the most important one is molarity, and so that's the one that we're going to be focusing on in this lesson, because this is the one that you have to know how to calculate in order to succeed in this course, especially with regard to soluti... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
Now let's try a couple of examples here by calculating molarity and the calculations associated with that. Here's the first problem that we're going to look at. It says a chemist dissolved 2.556 grams of zinc chloride solid in enough distilled water to produce 250.0 milliliters of solution. What is the molarity of this... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
What is the molarity of this solution? Well, once again, we know that molarity is moles divided by liters. Well, let's first of all figure out how many moles of solute we have. We know we have 2.556 grams. We need to convert that to moles, so we're going to write down what's given to us, the 2.556 grams of zinc chlorid... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
We know we have 2.556 grams. We need to convert that to moles, so we're going to write down what's given to us, the 2.556 grams of zinc chloride, and we're going to convert that to moles. So that means we're going to put grams on the bottom, so it'll cancel out with the grams here, and of course one mole on top, and we... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
So according to the periodic table, that's about 136.31 grams. So now we can cancel grams top and bottom, and when we divide 2.556 by 136.31, we get that there are about 0.01875 moles of solute. That's how much zinc chloride we have. Well now, we can calculate the molarity by using the equation moles divided by liters.... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
Well now, we can calculate the molarity by using the equation moles divided by liters. Now we know we have 0.01875 moles. Now how many liters do we have of solution? Well, 250 milliliters is the same as 0.2500 liters, so we need to be able to do that calculation fairly quickly. And so we now divide, and we find that th... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
Well, 250 milliliters is the same as 0.2500 liters, so we need to be able to do that calculation fairly quickly. And so we now divide, and we find that the molarity is 0.07500 molar. So that's just a simple molarity calculation problem. Let's try another example. This time we have a small beaker that contains 50.00 mil... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
Let's try another example. This time we have a small beaker that contains 50.00 milliliters of, I should say of, 0.250 molar sodium hydroxide solution. If this solution is allowed to dry, how many grams of sodium hydroxide solid can be retrieved? Well, once again, we need to think about this in terms of molarity. Now i... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
Well, once again, we need to think about this in terms of molarity. Now if we're not sure what we have here, well, once again, let's convert to moles. And so we're going to start with what's given to us here, which is the liters. We have 50 milliliters. Let's write that in terms of liters. So that's 0.0500 liters of so... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
We have 50 milliliters. Let's write that in terms of liters. So that's 0.0500 liters of sodium hydroxide. Now we're going to use the molarity here. So we're going to put in our conversion factor, let's put liters on bottom so it'll cancel out with the liters over here, and we're going to put moles on top. Now how many ... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
Now we're going to use the molarity here. So we're going to put in our conversion factor, let's put liters on bottom so it'll cancel out with the liters over here, and we're going to put moles on top. Now how many moles per liter do we have of this solution? Well, it's 0.250 moles per liter. We're going to use that as ... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
Well, it's 0.250 moles per liter. We're going to use that as part of our conversion factor. So that means 0.25 moles for every 1 liter in that solution. So we're going to stick that in here, 0.250 moles per 1 liter. Now we can cancel liters top and bottom, and when you multiply across, we get that there are 0.0125 mole... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
So we're going to stick that in here, 0.250 moles per 1 liter. Now we can cancel liters top and bottom, and when you multiply across, we get that there are 0.0125 moles of sodium hydroxide. Well, that's not what the question was asking. It was asking how many grams of sodium hydroxide. Well, now we can convert to our f... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
It was asking how many grams of sodium hydroxide. Well, now we can convert to our final unit, which is grams. So we're going to figure that out. Oh, by the way, you might have noticed that there is another way to figure out moles. We know that molarity is equal to moles divided by liters, right? Well, if we rearrange t... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
Oh, by the way, you might have noticed that there is another way to figure out moles. We know that molarity is equal to moles divided by liters, right? Well, if we rearrange that equation, we know that moles equals molarity times liters. So if we do that, you know, moles is also equal to, you know, just multiply those ... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
So if we do that, you know, moles is also equal to, you know, just multiply those by each other, and it's essentially the same thing as we just did here. So let's convert the 0.0125 moles to grams as our second step. So we set that up here, and in our conversion factor, we're going to put one mole on the bottom, and we... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
And in sodium hydroxide, it is 40.0 grams per mole, and so we get moles cancel there, and it turns out that we have half a gram, about 0.500 grams of sodium hydroxide in that beaker. So we can actually retrieve that by evaporating the water from that. Let's try another example here. A chemist needs to produce 500 milli... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
A chemist needs to produce 500 milliliters of 0.250 molar hydrochloric acid solution, HCl. How many milliliters of concentrated 12.0 molar hydrochloric acid solution should be used to create the desired solution? Well, there are a couple different ways to work the problem. Let's use the moles and the definition of mola... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
Let's use the moles and the definition of molarity to do this first. Now, we're going to do the same thing as we did before. We need to find out how many moles of HCl we need, and so 500 milliliters of 0.25 molar. We're going to use that to figure it out. So let's convert to moles, and so we found out in the last probl... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
We're going to use that to figure it out. So let's convert to moles, and so we found out in the last problem that a nice easy shortcut to convert to moles is to take the molarity times the number of liters. And so we can just set that up here, and we can take, you know, there we have their shortcut there, so 0.250 mola... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
And we also want to find out how many milliliters we're talking about here, so let's determine the volume. And so once again, molarity equals moles divided by liters. So we're just going to plug these in here. 0.125 moles will go into moles, and the concentration, 12 molar, is going to go into the molar right there. So... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
0.125 moles will go into moles, and the concentration, 12 molar, is going to go into the molar right there. So we're just going to plug that in. We can now rearrange the equation, and when we divide, essentially, we get that the number of liters would be 0.0104 liters. Now that's not what the question was asking. The q... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
Now that's not what the question was asking. The question asks how many milliliters. So specifically, we need to convert that to milliliters. So basically times it by 1,000, and we get that it is 10.4 milliliters. Now for some students, this is kind of convoluted. You know, we're converting the moles first, and we're f... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
So basically times it by 1,000, and we get that it is 10.4 milliliters. Now for some students, this is kind of convoluted. You know, we're converting the moles first, and we're finding the volume again, and some students get a little confused as to, you know, what goes where. And so there is a shortcut. It's actually a... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
And so there is a shortcut. It's actually a pretty neat shortcut that we can use. Let's do the same problem here. Oh, by the way, before I continue, I need to caution you. If you're going to make this solution, never add water directly to concentrated acid. You basically will put some water into the container, into the... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
Oh, by the way, before I continue, I need to caution you. If you're going to make this solution, never add water directly to concentrated acid. You basically will put some water into the container, into the beaker, and then you'll add the 10.4 milliliters of acid to the water until it's nice and mixed up. And then you ... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
And then you can add some more water until you get exactly or precisely 500 milliliters. So, you know, just be careful there with safety. And now, let's take a look at our shortcut. We have another equation that we can use. This is actually pretty neat. It's called, at least what I call, the dilution equation. And this... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
We have another equation that we can use. This is actually pretty neat. It's called, at least what I call, the dilution equation. And this is what it looks like. M1V1 equals M2V2. And basically what this means is the molarity of the first condition times the volume of the first condition equals the molarity that you ha... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
And this is what it looks like. M1V1 equals M2V2. And basically what this means is the molarity of the first condition times the volume of the first condition equals the molarity that you have at the end times the volume that you have at the end. So let's just plug and chug into this equation here. The molarity of the ... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
So let's just plug and chug into this equation here. The molarity of the first state is 0.250 molar. So we're going to plug that in. And the volume in the first state is 500 milliliters. So we can plug that in. Now, the molarity that we're being asked about is the 12 molar. So I'm going to plug that in for M2. | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
And the volume in the first state is 500 milliliters. So we can plug that in. Now, the molarity that we're being asked about is the 12 molar. So I'm going to plug that in for M2. And then the volume is what we're trying to find. It says how many milliliters of that. So I'm going to plug that in for V2. | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
So I'm going to plug that in for M2. And then the volume is what we're trying to find. It says how many milliliters of that. So I'm going to plug that in for V2. And by the way, just so you know, if you had the 12 molar and the unknown as your M1V1 and your 0.250 molar and 500 milliliters as your M2V2, that's okay. It ... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
So I'm going to plug that in for V2. And by the way, just so you know, if you had the 12 molar and the unknown as your M1V1 and your 0.250 molar and 500 milliliters as your M2V2, that's okay. It doesn't matter as long as, you know, you have something that looks like this. We can now solve and we get the exact same answ... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
We can now solve and we get the exact same answer. That the V2 is 10.4 milliliters. So the dilution equation is a very useful way to calculate how much of a concentrated solution that you're going to need to use or how much of a diluted solution you're going to end up with or what the concentration is going to be. Very... | Solution Concentration & Molarity - AP Chemistry Complete Course - Lesson 7.1.mp3 |
And if you're studying for a test, you want to know how to find the electron configuration for these two elements because they're commonly tested on a chemistry test. So let's begin with chromium. Now let's write down the sub-levels. Chromium is in the fourth row of the periodic table. So I'm going to go to 4S. Now you... | Electron Configuration Exceptions - Chromium (Cr) & Copper (Cu).mp3 |
Chromium is in the fourth row of the periodic table. So I'm going to go to 4S. Now you need to know that the S sub-level can hold a maximum of two electrons. The P sub-level can hold up to six electrons. The D sub-level can hold up to 10. And F can hold a maximum of 14 electrons. Now what we need to do is we need to wr... | Electron Configuration Exceptions - Chromium (Cr) & Copper (Cu).mp3 |
The P sub-level can hold up to six electrons. The D sub-level can hold up to 10. And F can hold a maximum of 14 electrons. Now what we need to do is we need to write up the electron configuration in such a way that the exponents add up to 24. So let's start with 1S. So we're going to have 1S2. And then after that, it's... | Electron Configuration Exceptions - Chromium (Cr) & Copper (Cu).mp3 |
Now what we need to do is we need to write up the electron configuration in such a way that the exponents add up to 24. So let's start with 1S. So we're going to have 1S2. And then after that, it's going to be 2S2. And then it's going to be 2P6 followed by 3S2. And then after 3S, it's 3P then 4S. So it's going to be 3P... | Electron Configuration Exceptions - Chromium (Cr) & Copper (Cu).mp3 |
And then after that, it's going to be 2S2. And then it's going to be 2P6 followed by 3S2. And then after 3S, it's 3P then 4S. So it's going to be 3P6, 4S2. And right now, if we were to add the exponents of the configuration, this so far will sum up to 20. So we need four more. After 3S, we'll move on to the 3D sub-leve... | Electron Configuration Exceptions - Chromium (Cr) & Copper (Cu).mp3 |
So it's going to be 3P6, 4S2. And right now, if we were to add the exponents of the configuration, this so far will sum up to 20. So we need four more. After 3S, we'll move on to the 3D sub-level. Now we're going to stop at 3D4 because that's going to give us a total of 24 electrons. Now we're not quite finished. Let's... | Electron Configuration Exceptions - Chromium (Cr) & Copper (Cu).mp3 |
After 3S, we'll move on to the 3D sub-level. Now we're going to stop at 3D4 because that's going to give us a total of 24 electrons. Now we're not quite finished. Let's draw the 4S orbital diagram and also the 3D orbital diagram. Each orbital can hold up to two electrons. So we have two electrons in the 4S level and fo... | Electron Configuration Exceptions - Chromium (Cr) & Copper (Cu).mp3 |
Let's draw the 4S orbital diagram and also the 3D orbital diagram. Each orbital can hold up to two electrons. So we have two electrons in the 4S level and four electrons in the 3D sub-level. Electrons prefer to be unpaired inside an orbital because two electrons, because they both have negative charges, they tend to re... | Electron Configuration Exceptions - Chromium (Cr) & Copper (Cu).mp3 |
Electrons prefer to be unpaired inside an orbital because two electrons, because they both have negative charges, they tend to repel each other. And so these two electrons, they're not too happy sharing a room together, particularly when there's an empty room here. So one of the two electrons is going to jump to this e... | Electron Configuration Exceptions - Chromium (Cr) & Copper (Cu).mp3 |
And so this situation, where all of the electrons are unpaired in the upper energy levels, is more stable than having them paired in the 4S level. So it turns out that the electron configuration of chromium is 1S2, 2S2, 2P6, 3S2, 3P6, 4S1, because we took an electron from the 4S and move it to the 3D. So it's 4S1, 3D5.... | Electron Configuration Exceptions - Chromium (Cr) & Copper (Cu).mp3 |
So that is the electron configuration of the element chromium. So that's just one of those exceptions that you need to keep in mind. Now let's work on another exception, and that is copper. Go ahead and write the electron configuration for this element. So first let's begin by writing the sublevels. So copper is found ... | Electron Configuration Exceptions - Chromium (Cr) & Copper (Cu).mp3 |
Go ahead and write the electron configuration for this element. So first let's begin by writing the sublevels. So copper is found in the 4th row, that's where we're going to go up to 4S. Let's put the numbers 2, 6, 10, and 14. So keep in mind, initially we need to write the electron configuration in such a way that the... | Electron Configuration Exceptions - Chromium (Cr) & Copper (Cu).mp3 |
Let's put the numbers 2, 6, 10, and 14. So keep in mind, initially we need to write the electron configuration in such a way that the sum of the exponents is 29, which corresponds to the 29 electrons inside an atom of copper. So let's begin with the 1S level. So it's going to be 1S2, following that it's going to be 2S2... | Electron Configuration Exceptions - Chromium (Cr) & Copper (Cu).mp3 |
So it's going to be 1S2, following that it's going to be 2S2, and then we're going to move on to 2P6, and then 3S2. After that, 3P6, 4S2. So right now we have a total of 20. We need 9 more in order to get to 29. So D can hold up to 10, but we're not going to use all 10. We're going to stop at 3D9. So this is what we ex... | Electron Configuration Exceptions - Chromium (Cr) & Copper (Cu).mp3 |
We need 9 more in order to get to 29. So D can hold up to 10, but we're not going to use all 10. We're going to stop at 3D9. So this is what we expect the electron configuration of copper to be. But something similar happens with copper like it did in chromium. One of the 4S electrons will move to the 3D sublevel. And ... | Electron Configuration Exceptions - Chromium (Cr) & Copper (Cu).mp3 |
So this is what we expect the electron configuration of copper to be. But something similar happens with copper like it did in chromium. One of the 4S electrons will move to the 3D sublevel. And so we're going to get this configuration. 1S2, 2S2, 2P6, 3S2, 3P6, 4S1, 3D10. So if you were to add the exponents, it will st... | Electron Configuration Exceptions - Chromium (Cr) & Copper (Cu).mp3 |
In this video, we're going to talk about cations and anions. Now, you might be wondering, what are cations and what are anions? Well, both of these things are ions. And an ion is basically a particle with an unequal number of protons and electrons. And whenever you have that, you're going to have a particle with a char... | Cations and Anions Explained.mp3 |
And an ion is basically a particle with an unequal number of protons and electrons. And whenever you have that, you're going to have a particle with a charge. If there are more protons than electrons, the charge is going to be positive. If there are more electrons than protons, the charge will be negative. So cations a... | Cations and Anions Explained.mp3 |
If there are more electrons than protons, the charge will be negative. So cations are ions with positive charges. They have more protons than electrons. Cations, I mean anions rather, are particles or ions with negative charges. They have more electrons than protons. They might be wondering, how are cations formed? Now... | Cations and Anions Explained.mp3 |
Cations, I mean anions rather, are particles or ions with negative charges. They have more electrons than protons. They might be wondering, how are cations formed? Now, what about anions? Metals typically form cations. And nonmetals typically form anions. Let's use sodium as an example. | Cations and Anions Explained.mp3 |
Now, what about anions? Metals typically form cations. And nonmetals typically form anions. Let's use sodium as an example. Sodium is on the left side of the periodic table. It's in group 1A. And as a result, it has one valence electron. | Cations and Anions Explained.mp3 |
Let's use sodium as an example. Sodium is on the left side of the periodic table. It's in group 1A. And as a result, it has one valence electron. When sodium gives up that one valence electron, it becomes a metal cation. In this case, it has one more proton than electrons. And so it has a positive charge. | Cations and Anions Explained.mp3 |
And as a result, it has one valence electron. When sodium gives up that one valence electron, it becomes a metal cation. In this case, it has one more proton than electrons. And so it has a positive charge. Metals like to give away electrons. These are electropositive elements. And as they give away electrons, they for... | Cations and Anions Explained.mp3 |
And so it has a positive charge. Metals like to give away electrons. These are electropositive elements. And as they give away electrons, they form positively charged ions known as cations. Now let's consider an example with a nonmetal like fluorine. Fluorine has seven valence electrons. It wants one more to complete i... | Cations and Anions Explained.mp3 |
And as they give away electrons, they form positively charged ions known as cations. Now let's consider an example with a nonmetal like fluorine. Fluorine has seven valence electrons. It wants one more to complete its octet and become stable, also known as the octet rule. And so nonmetals, they tend to be very electron... | Cations and Anions Explained.mp3 |
It wants one more to complete its octet and become stable, also known as the octet rule. And so nonmetals, they tend to be very electronegative. They have a strong desire for electrons. They have the ability to attract electrons to themselves. And so when fluorine captures an electron, it's going to turn into the fluor... | Cations and Anions Explained.mp3 |
They have the ability to attract electrons to themselves. And so when fluorine captures an electron, it's going to turn into the fluoride ion. And now it has a negative charge. So this ion is known as an anion because it has a negative charge. And so that's the difference between cations and anions. Remember, cations a... | Cations and Anions Explained.mp3 |
So this ion is known as an anion because it has a negative charge. And so that's the difference between cations and anions. Remember, cations are ions with positive charges. They have more protons than electrons. And anions are ions with negative charges. They have more electrons than protons. And atoms are electricall... | Cations and Anions Explained.mp3 |
They have more protons than electrons. And anions are ions with negative charges. They have more electrons than protons. And atoms are electrically neutral. They have equal numbers of protons and electrons, so they have no net charge. Now let's look at some other examples. For instance, magnesium has two valence electr... | Cations and Anions Explained.mp3 |
And atoms are electrically neutral. They have equal numbers of protons and electrons, so they have no net charge. Now let's look at some other examples. For instance, magnesium has two valence electrons. And so it's going to give up those two electrons to become the magnesium 2 plus cation. Phosphorus is a nonmetal, an... | Cations and Anions Explained.mp3 |
For instance, magnesium has two valence electrons. And so it's going to give up those two electrons to become the magnesium 2 plus cation. Phosphorus is a nonmetal, and it has five valence electrons. Now it wants three electrons to satisfy its octet. It likes to have eight electrons in its outer shell. And when it pick... | Cations and Anions Explained.mp3 |
Now it wants three electrons to satisfy its octet. It likes to have eight electrons in its outer shell. And when it picks up those three electrons, it's going to have a negative three, or you could say a three minus charge. And at this point, it's going to have eight valence electrons. So remember, metals typically for... | Cations and Anions Explained.mp3 |
And at this point, it's going to have eight valence electrons. So remember, metals typically form cations, and nonmetals typically form anions. Now this is the general rule, not the...it's not always the case, but it's true most of the time. For instance, there are some nonmetal cations out there. A good example is the... | Cations and Anions Explained.mp3 |
For instance, there are some nonmetal cations out there. A good example is the ammonium ion, NH4 plus. In this example, the nitrogen has a positive formal charge. And so this is a cation that doesn't contain any metals. So there are nonmetal cations out there. It's possible to have it. Another example is this methyl ca... | Cations and Anions Explained.mp3 |
And so this is a cation that doesn't contain any metals. So there are nonmetal cations out there. It's possible to have it. Another example is this methyl carbocation. Carbon is not really considered a metal. For the most part, it's considered a nonmetal, but here it has a positive charge. And so that's another example... | Cations and Anions Explained.mp3 |
Another example is this methyl carbocation. Carbon is not really considered a metal. For the most part, it's considered a nonmetal, but here it has a positive charge. And so that's another example of a nonmetal cation, or in this case, a carbocation. But carbon can also have a negative charge, which is typical of many ... | Cations and Anions Explained.mp3 |
And so that's another example of a nonmetal cation, or in this case, a carbocation. But carbon can also have a negative charge, which is typical of many nonmetals. So this here is known as a carbanion. So remember, anions have negative charges, cations have positive charges. So that's basically it for this video. Hopef... | Cations and Anions Explained.mp3 |
Ladies and gentlemen, water never, ever, never, ever, never, never, never, never, ever splits up. Do I need to say it again? Ever. Okay. Now, no. Save yourself some time. This is a really good test-taking tip right here. | Chapter 4 (Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry) - Part 3_segment1.mp3 |
Okay. Now, no. Save yourself some time. This is a really good test-taking tip right here. If you come across a problem and you see that you're going to need a net ionic equation, if it's acid plus base and it's strong acid plus strong base, this will be your net ionic equation every single time. Save yourself the minut... | Chapter 4 (Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry) - Part 3_segment1.mp3 |
This is a really good test-taking tip right here. If you come across a problem and you see that you're going to need a net ionic equation, if it's acid plus base and it's strong acid plus strong base, this will be your net ionic equation every single time. Save yourself the minutes that it would take you to write all t... | Chapter 4 (Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry) - Part 3_segment1.mp3 |
Save yourself that time. Okay? Now, let's talk a little vocab. Alright? When we go into the lab and we do a neutralization reaction, we give it a different name. We call it a titration. Some of you will have done a titration in your Chem 1 class. | Chapter 4 (Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry) - Part 3_segment1.mp3 |
Alright? When we go into the lab and we do a neutralization reaction, we give it a different name. We call it a titration. Some of you will have done a titration in your Chem 1 class. Some of you won't. We are definitely going to be doing this this year. Okay? | Chapter 4 (Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry) - Part 3_segment1.mp3 |
Some of you will have done a titration in your Chem 1 class. Some of you won't. We are definitely going to be doing this this year. Okay? Can you tell me the name of this piece of glassware at the top? It's not a pipette. Burette. | Chapter 4 (Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry) - Part 3_segment1.mp3 |
Okay? Can you tell me the name of this piece of glassware at the top? It's not a pipette. Burette. And it does not get a French pronunciation. Okay? No. | Chapter 4 (Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry) - Part 3_segment1.mp3 |
Burette. And it does not get a French pronunciation. Okay? No. Okay? It's burette. Alright? | Chapter 4 (Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry) - Part 3_segment1.mp3 |
No. Okay? It's burette. Alright? When you're doing a titration, which means acid plus base, whichever one, and it doesn't matter, whichever one you have in the burette, whether it's the acid or the base, you call it the titrant. Okay? Titrant. | Chapter 4 (Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry) - Part 3_segment1.mp3 |
Alright? When you're doing a titration, which means acid plus base, whichever one, and it doesn't matter, whichever one you have in the burette, whether it's the acid or the base, you call it the titrant. Okay? Titrant. And the one you have down in the flask is called the analyte. Again, it doesn't matter if it's the a... | Chapter 4 (Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry) - Part 3_segment1.mp3 |
Titrant. And the one you have down in the flask is called the analyte. Again, it doesn't matter if it's the acid or the base. And, folks, the entire purpose of doing a titration is usually to reach what is called the equivalence point. So I want you to imagine that I've got the acid up here and the base down here. I wi... | Chapter 4 (Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry) - Part 3_segment1.mp3 |
And, folks, the entire purpose of doing a titration is usually to reach what is called the equivalence point. So I want you to imagine that I've got the acid up here and the base down here. I will have reached the equivalence point when I've opened the valve here and let into the flask an amount of acid that is equal t... | Chapter 4 (Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry) - Part 3_segment1.mp3 |
That's called the equivalence point. Okay? And some of these math problems that we're going to see, they will either say something like, maybe they'll be very direct and say, this titration is at the equivalence point. But sometimes, usually they're a little more cryptic, and they'll say things like, this amount of aci... | Chapter 4 (Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry) - Part 3_segment1.mp3 |
But sometimes, usually they're a little more cryptic, and they'll say things like, this amount of acid was required to neutralize this amount of base. They are telling you you're at this point. Now, why would that be something helpful? Because if you can find moles of one of these, you've got moles of the other one as ... | Chapter 4 (Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry) - Part 3_segment1.mp3 |
Because if you can find moles of one of these, you've got moles of the other one as well. For those of you that have done a titration, do you remember what the chemical is called that is responsible for it turning colors? Not a buffer. An indicator. Okay? We need a visual clue to tell us we've reached the equivalence p... | Chapter 4 (Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry) - Part 3_segment1.mp3 |
An indicator. Okay? We need a visual clue to tell us we've reached the equivalence point. And that's what that pink thing is. Pink stuff. Okay? This is just another vocab word. | Chapter 4 (Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry) - Part 3_segment1.mp3 |
And that's what that pink thing is. Pink stuff. Okay? This is just another vocab word. Endpoint means the point at which it changes color. And your titration is at an end. So, here's the deal. | Chapter 4 (Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry) - Part 3_segment1.mp3 |
This is just another vocab word. Endpoint means the point at which it changes color. And your titration is at an end. So, here's the deal. Folks, just because these are acid-base problems does not really make them any different than what we have been doing. The same rule still applies. Do you think I need a net ionic e... | Chapter 4 (Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry) - Part 3_segment1.mp3 |
So, here's the deal. Folks, just because these are acid-base problems does not really make them any different than what we have been doing. The same rule still applies. Do you think I need a net ionic equation in this first one? How about in the second one? Yep. Okay. | Chapter 4 (Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry) - Part 3_segment1.mp3 |
Do you think I need a net ionic equation in this first one? How about in the second one? Yep. Okay. Same situation. Now, I want to just address something real quick. For those of you that have printed out the PowerPoints, I made a change to this slide this morning. | Chapter 4 (Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry) - Part 3_segment1.mp3 |
Okay. Same situation. Now, I want to just address something real quick. For those of you that have printed out the PowerPoints, I made a change to this slide this morning. The only thing that's different, I changed the compound in number one. I think it was calcium hydroxide. I changed it to lithium. | Chapter 4 (Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry) - Part 3_segment1.mp3 |
For those of you that have printed out the PowerPoints, I made a change to this slide this morning. The only thing that's different, I changed the compound in number one. I think it was calcium hydroxide. I changed it to lithium. I left the numbers all the same. But that has been changed. Okay? | Chapter 4 (Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry) - Part 3_segment1.mp3 |
I changed it to lithium. I left the numbers all the same. But that has been changed. Okay? And here are your two hints, and then I'm going to stop talking. What does it mean if it says, this amount of base requires this acid for neutralization? We're at the equivalence point. | Chapter 4 (Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry) - Part 3_segment1.mp3 |
Okay? And here are your two hints, and then I'm going to stop talking. What does it mean if it says, this amount of base requires this acid for neutralization? We're at the equivalence point. What do brackets mean? Molarity. You're being asked to solve for a molarity. | Chapter 4 (Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry) - Part 3_segment1.mp3 |
We're at the equivalence point. What do brackets mean? Molarity. You're being asked to solve for a molarity. Try these. So, ladies and gentlemen, just to wrap up number one. Okay? | Chapter 4 (Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry) - Part 3_segment1.mp3 |
You're being asked to solve for a molarity. Try these. So, ladies and gentlemen, just to wrap up number one. Okay? Doing this allows me to get moles of the acid. Why can I make this, why can I do that? Okay? | Chapter 4 (Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry) - Part 3_segment1.mp3 |
Okay? Doing this allows me to get moles of the acid. Why can I make this, why can I do that? Okay? We're at the equivalence point. They're in a one-to-one ratio. I get the same number of moles. | Chapter 4 (Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry) - Part 3_segment1.mp3 |
Okay? We're at the equivalence point. They're in a one-to-one ratio. I get the same number of moles. Divide, and I get my molarity. Okay? Number two, it's a little bit trickier. | Chapter 4 (Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry) - Part 3_segment1.mp3 |
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