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World War II in the Pacific in 1942 The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 | I'm just trying to give you kind of the highlights. But the first notable action in 1942 are the Doolittle Raid, or is the Doolittle Raid, Doolittle Raid, named after Colonel Doolittle, who engineers, who's the architect of this raid. And the idea is not so much as a strategic victory, but more of a psychological one. ... |
World War II in the Pacific in 1942 The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 | If the US could somehow attack the mainland of Japan, bomb the mainland of Japan, it would be a huge morale booster for the Americans, and it might cause the Japanese people to question their own leadership. And so the idea is send out a carrier within bomber range, roughly 1,000 miles off the coast of Japan, and I tri... |
World War II in the Pacific in 1942 The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 | And they are actually able to do this. 15 of the bombers, since they can't land back onto the carrier, they're too heavy and too large to do that, they land, 15 of them land in China, and then one of them has to be, gets diverted to Russia, or the Soviet Union. And out of the 80 crewmen, all of the planes get lost, but... |
World War II in the Pacific in 1942 The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 | But for the most part, a hugely successful operation. Only months after Pearl Harbor, the US is able to attack the Japanese mainland. So once again, more of a psychological victory than a strategic one, but a major psychological, I guess you could say, accomplishment from the Allied point of view. And so then you can f... |
World War II in the Pacific in 1942 The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 | And so then you can fast forward, so this was in April, then you can fast forward to May, where you have the first major naval engagement between the Japanese and the American Navy. And that happens at the Battle of Coral Sea, or the Battle of the Coral Sea. Coral Sea, which occurs roughly, roughly around, roughly over... |
World War II in the Pacific in 1942 The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 | And this is significant because the battle itself, actually the US loses more than the Japanese do, but it's able to cripple the Japanese Navy enough so that as they go into their next major offensive, they don't have quite the firepower that they need. And that next major offensive happens in June, happens in June at ... |
World War II in the Pacific in 1942 The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 | I know it's hard. I don't want to write on top of Coral Sea, so this is in June. You have the Battle of Midway. The Battle of Midway. And at the Battle of Midway, this is a Japanese offensive. Their goal is to further knock out the United States, but it ends up going the other way. And this is considered a big, big, bi... |
World War II in the Pacific in 1942 The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 | The Battle of Midway. And at the Battle of Midway, this is a Japanese offensive. Their goal is to further knock out the United States, but it ends up going the other way. And this is considered a big, big, big deal. This is the first Japanese naval loss since the Battle of Shimono's Seki Straits in 1863. So you have a ... |
World War II in the Pacific in 1942 The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 | And this is considered a big, big, big deal. This is the first Japanese naval loss since the Battle of Shimono's Seki Straits in 1863. So you have a US victory here. A lot of historians even consider this one of the most significant naval battles of all times. But you have a US victory here. And once again, this is onl... |
World War II in the Pacific in 1942 The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 | A lot of historians even consider this one of the most significant naval battles of all times. But you have a US victory here. And once again, this is only six or seven months, seven months since Pearl Harbor. So you have Coral Sea, which is able to cripple the Japanese Navy, maybe cripple's a strong word, but it's abl... |
World War II in the Pacific in 1942 The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 | So you have Coral Sea, which is able to cripple the Japanese Navy, maybe cripple's a strong word, but it's able to kind of pare them down a little bit. Then you have Midway, which is a major US victory. And then that takes us to August, August, where you have the Battle of Guadalcanal. So you have the Battle of Guadalc... |
World War II in the Pacific in 1942 The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 | So you have the Battle of Guadalcanal, where the US, there are several islands over here. The US are attempting to take it. The Japanese want to retake it. But between kind of the on the ground forces and the naval forces, the US is able to defeat the Japanese and keep them from taking Guadalcanal. And this is a big de... |
World War II in the Pacific in 1942 The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 | But between kind of the on the ground forces and the naval forces, the US is able to defeat the Japanese and keep them from taking Guadalcanal. And this is a big deal because between Midway and Guadalcanal in 1942, this is kind of the turning point. After this point, Midway, the Japanese went on the offensive here. The... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | Hi, this is Kim from Khan Academy. Today we're learning more about the landmark Supreme Court case Dred Scott v. Sanford. Decided in 1857, the ruling in the Dred Scott case inflamed sectional tensions over slavery, which had been growing ever more heated over the course of the 1850s. Originally a case about whether one... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | Originally a case about whether one man ought to be free, Dred Scott v. Sanford transformed into a case about African American citizenship and the future of the institution of slavery itself. To learn more, I sought out the help of two experts. Christopher Bracey is a professor of law at the George Washington Universit... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | He's an expert in US race relations, individual rights, and criminal procedure. Timothy Huebner is the Irma O. Sternberg Professor of History at Rhodes College and the author of Liberty and Union, The Civil War Era and American Constitutionalism. So Professor Bracey, can you take us through a little bit just who was Dr... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | So Dred Scott was born around 1800 and was the slave of Peter and Elizabeth Taylor Blow. In 1818, Peter Blow decides to move his family and Dred Scott to Alabama where he had bought a cotton plantation. That didn't go so well. So he sells the plantation and moves the family and Dred to St. Louis, Missouri, where he had... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | So he sells the plantation and moves the family and Dred to St. Louis, Missouri, where he had purchased a boarding house called the Jefferson Hotel. And that period really was a period during which the nation was arguing over the status of slaves and the rights of slaveholders and the future of slavery in new Western t... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | After two years of arguing over this, finally in 1820 and 1821, a sort of compromise was set out by members of Congress. North of the southern border of Missouri, with the exception of the state of Missouri, slavery would be banned. In 1830, Elizabeth Taylor Blow dies and Peter himself dies two years later. But before ... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | But before he does, he makes an arrangement to sell Dred to an army physician by the name of Dr. Emerson. Dr. Emerson is an army physician, so he's gonna be stationed in a lot of different places, not just in the slave state of Missouri. In fact, it turns out that Dr. Emerson's first posting with Dred takes him to Fort... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | Under both federal law and Missouri law, as understood at the time, Dred would have lost his slave status and become a free man as soon as he stepped foot onto free territory. This was known as the extraterritorial emancipation doctrine. It was perfectly legal and perfectly possible for a slave sojourner, a slave who h... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | Dr. Emerson marries Eliza Irene Sanford of St. Louis. Dr. Emerson eventually dies in 1843 and he leaves the entire estate, including the Scots, to Mrs. Emerson. Mrs. Emerson decides she would like to hire Dred out to make some money for herself. Rather than be hired out, Dred offers to purchase his own freedom and the ... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | Rather than be hired out, Dred offers to purchase his own freedom and the freedom of his entire family. But Mrs. Emerson refuses to allow Dred to buy out the freedom of his family. So Dred Scott files a civil lawsuit, what was called a freedom suit back then, in the Missouri State Court. And his claim was that Mrs. Eme... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | And his claim was that Mrs. Emerson was falsely imprisoning him and his family. And he was able to do this with the help of the sons of his former owners. The lawyer is being paid by the children of Peter and Elizabeth Taylor Blow, Dred Scott's first master. In the meantime, you have a new development. Mrs. Emerson has... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | In the meantime, you have a new development. Mrs. Emerson has remarried to Republican Congressman Calvin Chafee from Massachusetts. And he can't be a slave owner and still be a Republican Congressman from Massachusetts. So Mrs. Emerson transfers title of the Scots to her brother, John Sanford, who is a resident of New ... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | So Mrs. Emerson transfers title of the Scots to her brother, John Sanford, who is a resident of New York with business ties in St. Louis. Now it was eligible for the case to go into federal court in that it involved people who lived in two different states. So now you might be thinking, well, filing a lawsuit against y... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | But as it turns out, freedom suits of this nature were not that uncommon, particularly in border states where the slavery question was hotly disputed. Indeed, there were some 300 or so of these freedom suits that were filed in Missouri during the period in which Dred Scott filed his case. Many people viewed the Missour... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | And then you've got the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which gave similar autonomy to those areas to decide the slavery question and whether or not it would be introduced into those territories. Interesting, so people in the North who opposed slavery or at the very least didn't want slavery to expand would have been looking in t... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | Right, and that was a huge issue in national politics because Northerners are starting to grow very suspicious of Southerners on the slavery issue. They're starting to speak of what they called the slave power, that Southern slaveholders sort of held all of this power in Washington and that they were sort of running th... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | All right, so we're in this incredibly tense time of the 1850s with the slavery question yet unanswered and Dred Scott and his case get to the Supreme Court. So how does the Supreme Court rule on this? In a seven to two ruling, the Supreme Court held that Dred Scott was not a citizen of the United States. And so theref... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | And so therefore he could not bring his freedom suit before federal court, which is really a jurisdictional question. But then the court also goes on to invalidate the Missouri Compromise, despite finding that it lacked jurisdiction to hear the case. What happens when the case is being argued is that one of the argumen... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | And so what the court ends up doing is not only ruling on the status of Scott, but also on the status of slavery in these federal territories in the West and the extent of the powers of Congress over slavery in the West. Interesting. So Chief Justice Roger Taney is then leading the Supreme Court and he, I guess, leads ... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | So what were some of the arguments that he eventually accepted and made in his decision? So Chief Justice Taney is a very interesting figure. He had been on the court for many years. He, in his early years, had been moderately antislavery, had freed most of his own slaves and had made antislavery statements. But by 185... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | He, in his early years, had been moderately antislavery, had freed most of his own slaves and had made antislavery statements. But by 1857, Taney reflected the larger change that had taken place within his political party. Taney was a Democrat and the Democratic Party had become more Southern dominated and more pro-sla... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | And Taney then, by 1857, really is a symbol of pro-slavery Southern thought. Justice Taney's opinion is somewhat notorious. He makes a series of arguments and one is legal, the others are really not legal arguments, as I'll explain. So what he starts out by saying is that just because you're a citizen of a state, that ... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | So what he starts out by saying is that just because you're a citizen of a state, that that does not make you a citizen of the United States. He says, basically, the federal government has exclusive authority to decide who is a citizen of the United States. Then he makes a second argument and he says, even if Dred Scot... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | And what he meant by that is that the word citizen, as used in the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, categorically excluded members of the Negro race. This is fascinating because it seems to me like Justice Taney may have been kind of ignoring a long history of free people of color in the United States ... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | Curtis had the lengthier of the two dissents and the more thorough legal argument because as you point out, that in five states at the time of the founding, that African-Americans did exercise the right to vote. That was a sign or some sort of an indication of their status as citizens. And so the argument made by Justi... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | What Justice Taney has done here has basically created a blind spot for himself. And he goes on to point out that this is not his belief, this belief in Negro inferiority, but he said that it was a fixed and universal belief within the civilized portion of the white race. He said it was an axiom, a truth. But what's in... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | But what's interesting is that he says this without a citation. He says that these aren't his views. These are the views of the framers, the great men who were high in literary accomplishment, high in their sense of honor. He said that they perfectly understood the language that they used and how it would be understood... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | He said that they perfectly understood the language that they used and how it would be understood by others. And there's this great quote in the opinion where he says that they, the framers, knew that it would not in any part of the civilized world be supposed to embrace the Negro race, which by common consent had been... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | So how did the American people respond to the Dred Scott decision at large? Were they generally for it or aghast by it? Well, as you might expect, things were split exactly down the middle. What we see in the South is white Southerners believe that the ruling is a vindication of what they had been arguing. Southerners ... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | What we see in the South is white Southerners believe that the ruling is a vindication of what they had been arguing. Southerners had been arguing for many years, going back to John C. Calhoun, that Southerners and that Southern slaveholders had a bundle of rights. And they argued that they had the right to own slaves ... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | They argued that they had a right to recapture fugitive slaves who escaped into the North. And they also argued that they had a right to take slaves into the West. And so Southerners then feel that the court and the US Constitution are on their side. You see a lot of folks in the North who are hostile to what the court... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | You see a lot of folks in the North who are hostile to what the court has done, because once again, they see it as further evidence that the court is dominated by the Democratic Party, by the slave power. And many of these folks then are going to be members of a new party, and that was of course, the Republican Party. ... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | And I think Frederick Douglass' statement, calling it a brazen misstatement of facts of history, a scandalous and devilish perversion of the Constitution resonated. And even future presidential candidate, Abraham Lincoln, that same summer that the case was decided, went out and denounced it publicly. So Lincoln, of cou... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | Do you see the Dred Scott decision as being a really important cause of the Civil War? Yeah, so these things are all linked, absolutely. Think about the ruling by Tawny and Dred Scott, ruling that slaveholders' rights are absolute. Tawny rules African Americans have no rights, slaveholders have total rights. This makes... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | Tawny rules African Americans have no rights, slaveholders have total rights. This makes it possible for Lincoln to rise as a sort of political leader in the North, because he has something that he can strongly criticize. Because Lincoln basically makes the argument that the founders had hoped for slavery to disappear ... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | So the interesting thing is, if you sort of think about how this story sort of ends, it ends in March of 1861, when Abraham Lincoln is sworn in as the 16th president, and who swears him in? Of course, Roger B. Tawny. So between the time when Lincoln was elected in November of 1860, and the time when he takes that oath ... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | Four other states, of course, will join them, but not until after the Civil War has already started. So there's no compromise of 1860. Instead, what we get is a four-year-long Civil War, where more than 620,000 Americans are killed. And at the end of that war, the North, the United States, is victorious, and slavery in... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | And at the end of that war, the North, the United States, is victorious, and slavery in the 13th Amendment is abolished forever. So how does the end of the Civil War relate back to the Dred Scott case? The 13th Amendment ends slavery. The 14th Amendment has to sort of undermine or overturn the other part of the Supreme... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | The 14th Amendment has to sort of undermine or overturn the other part of the Supreme Court's ruling, which was this issue of the rights of those who previously had been held as slaves. And the 14th Amendment then is going to do that work by stating that all who were born in this country, by virtue of their birth here,... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | And that, I would argue, is profoundly significant. So what happened to Dred Scott after this? Did he and his wife live to see the end of the Civil War and the end of slavery? Unfortunately, Dred Scott did not. The Supreme Court renders its decision in 1857, but he dies, unfortunately, in 1858. His wife, Harriet, thoug... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | Unfortunately, Dred Scott did not. The Supreme Court renders its decision in 1857, but he dies, unfortunately, in 1858. His wife, Harriet, though, lives on to about 1876. So she did live to see the end of the Civil War and the end of slavery. The Dred Scott case made clear at the time that the struggle for citizenship,... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | So she did live to see the end of the Civil War and the end of slavery. The Dred Scott case made clear at the time that the struggle for citizenship, and of course, the later struggle for civil rights, is about the desire to be treated with equal dignity, to be viewed as possessing equal humanity. And what is perhaps m... |
Dred Scott v. Sandford The Civil War era (1844-1877) US history Khan Academy.mp3 | It was ultimately Dred and Harriet who gained the respect of the nation. And it was the inhumanity of the court and the institution of slavery that was laid bare for all to see. So we've learned that the ruling in Dred Scott helped bring about the Civil War by further dividing the North and South over the issue of slav... |
The US Constitution Period 3 1754-1800 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 | And this is just one example of how the framers of the Constitution tried to introduce a notion of balance. In this video, I wanna zoom out a little bit and look at the broader Constitution, because the legislative branch was really only one part of it. In fact, there are seven more articles of the Constitution. So her... |
The US Constitution Period 3 1754-1800 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 | So here, I'd like to spend some time taking a closer look at some of the other articles, paying special attention to the executive branch and the judicial branch. But before we do that, I just wanna take a moment to marvel at the size of the Constitution, not because it's so big, but because it's so small. So this is t... |
The US Constitution Period 3 1754-1800 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 | Compare that to the constitutions of many other nations, which are hundreds of pages long. And I think the idea here in having a Constitution that's really only seven articles long was that it was gonna set down principles. This wasn't going to be a whole set of laws that outlined everything that a state should do in a... |
The US Constitution Period 3 1754-1800 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 | In a way, you could think of the Constitution as being kind of broad enough to be flexible. They spoke in larger generalities that could be applied to many different situations. And I think the proof that this was a good way to think about putting together a Constitution is just in the fact that we still have this Cons... |
The US Constitution Period 3 1754-1800 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 | The U.S. Constitution is the oldest Constitution in the world that is still in effect at the national level. I think that's a pretty big deal. So how did this Constitution work? Well, let's look a little bit more closely at these first three articles and the branches of government that they created. So one of the ways ... |
The US Constitution Period 3 1754-1800 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 | Well, let's look a little bit more closely at these first three articles and the branches of government that they created. So one of the ways that the framers of the Constitution attempted to remedy the problems caused by the single-branch government under the Articles of Confederation was creating a three-branch gover... |
The US Constitution Period 3 1754-1800 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 | And this would be, in the eyes of the framers, really the most powerful of the branches. They gave Congress the power to make law, to tax, to raise an army, to coin money. They really envisioned that most of the day-to-day operations and most of the power of government would fall under the duties of Congress. But one t... |
The US Constitution Period 3 1754-1800 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 | But one thing that the Articles of Confederation had lacked was a powerful executive. So the second branch of government established in Article II is the executive branch, the head of which is the president. And the job of the executive would be to enforce or carry out the laws made by Congress. And that would include ... |
The US Constitution Period 3 1754-1800 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 | And that would include doing things like waging war. Remember that the first president was George Washington, who had been the general of the Revolutionary Armies. But the president could also kind of have the front lines on dealing with foreign nations, so negotiating treaties. And would also have the power of appoint... |
The US Constitution Period 3 1754-1800 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 | And would also have the power of appointing many government officials. And lastly, the third branch would be the judicial branch of government, established in Article III. And the head of the judicial branch would be the Supreme Court, the highest court in the land. Of course, there are many other smaller courts below ... |
The US Constitution Period 3 1754-1800 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 | Of course, there are many other smaller courts below it at the state and district level. And the Supreme Court's job, along with other courts, would be to interpret the law, to see whether or not things done by Congress and the president fell within the bounds of the Constitution. And the framers really thought that th... |
The US Constitution Period 3 1754-1800 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 | Now, this is an incredibly brief overview of these three branches. These articles include lots more in them about the specific powers of each of these branches and the kinds of requirements one would need to become a representative or president. So I highly recommend that you read more about the Constitution and check ... |
The US Constitution Period 3 1754-1800 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 | But what I want you to get out of this is that the framers here were trying to separate the powers of government. So they wanted to make sure that to avoid having too much power in government, remember that they are trying to escape from the monarchy, they want to make sure that government power is kind of diffused amo... |
The US Constitution Period 3 1754-1800 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 | So the separation of powers is one of the key principles of the Constitution. Another key principle is checks and balances. So what do I mean by checks and balances? Well, this is the idea that each of the branches of government has the power to check in the sense of stop, like checkmate in chess, the other branches of... |
The US Constitution Period 3 1754-1800 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 | Well, this is the idea that each of the branches of government has the power to check in the sense of stop, like checkmate in chess, the other branches of government. And I think of this as kind of like a giant governmental game of rock, paper, scissors. Now, there are many ways that these branches can check each other... |
The US Constitution Period 3 1754-1800 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 | All right, well, say that Congress makes a law, and the President doesn't like that law. Well, the President can use the power of the veto to kill that law. And if Congress gets annoyed enough with the President, they might use their power to impeach the President. All right, well, what about the judicial branch? So th... |
The US Constitution Period 3 1754-1800 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 | All right, well, what about the judicial branch? So the judicial branch's main checking function is declaring laws unconstitutional. So the President or Congress may put through a law that the Supreme Court says is not consistent with the Constitution. The judicial branch can then kill that law by declaring it unconsti... |
The US Constitution Period 3 1754-1800 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 | The judicial branch can then kill that law by declaring it unconstitutional. All right, well, what happens if the other branches are unhappy with the judicial branch? One way that the President can check the judicial branch is through appointing judges. This would kind of change the composition of the court, the people... |
The Gilded Age part 2 The Gilded Age (1865-1898) US History Khan Academy.mp3 | So, we were talking about the wealth inequality that characterized the Gilded Age, but you were telling me that that's not the only thing, Kim, that characterizes this period. Right, what really makes the Gilded Age happen is what we call the Second Industrial Revolution. Are you familiar with the First Industrial Revo... |
The Gilded Age part 2 The Gilded Age (1865-1898) US History Khan Academy.mp3 | But of course. So that was the revolution where they had steamships and canals and kind of this early creation of the market system in the United States, say like 1820s, 1830s. The Second Industrial Revolution is more of a revolution of mass production, I would say, and ways of making and shipping and communicating abo... |
The Gilded Age part 2 The Gilded Age (1865-1898) US History Khan Academy.mp3 | So what are some of these disruptive technologies that are really poised to change the shipment paradigm? So, okay, so off the top of my head, trains, probably a huge deal, right, in this period? So we've got all this coal going, and that means that there's a lot of smelting happening, and that means that there's also ... |
The Gilded Age part 2 The Gilded Age (1865-1898) US History Khan Academy.mp3 | Steel. I think if I had to choose one most important technology of the Gilded Age, it would have to be steel. Now, it's not like steel didn't actually exist before this. Steel has been around for like millennia. Yeah, I think so. Millennium. But what happens in this time period is there's a new process for making steel... |
The Gilded Age part 2 The Gilded Age (1865-1898) US History Khan Academy.mp3 | Steel has been around for like millennia. Yeah, I think so. Millennium. But what happens in this time period is there's a new process for making steel. It's called the Bessemer process. And the Bessemer process basically makes steel faster and it makes it cheaper. Okay. |
The Gilded Age part 2 The Gilded Age (1865-1898) US History Khan Academy.mp3 | But what happens in this time period is there's a new process for making steel. It's called the Bessemer process. And the Bessemer process basically makes steel faster and it makes it cheaper. Okay. And in this time period, you know, Andrew Carnegie, we talked about being this major steel baron, railroads throughout th... |
The Gilded Age part 2 The Gilded Age (1865-1898) US History Khan Academy.mp3 | Okay. And in this time period, you know, Andrew Carnegie, we talked about being this major steel baron, railroads throughout the United States, partly supported, majorly supported by the US government. And during this period, they lay 40,000 miles of new tracks of rail. That is so many miles. That is so many miles. How... |
The Gilded Age part 2 The Gilded Age (1865-1898) US History Khan Academy.mp3 | That is so many miles. That is so many miles. How long is the United States from Los Angeles to New York? Like 3,000 miles, 3,100 miles? Yes, so just imagine a nation where most railroad tracks had gone through sort of eastern coastal cities up until 1865. Now the entire country is connected by rail. There's more rail ... |
The Gilded Age part 2 The Gilded Age (1865-1898) US History Khan Academy.mp3 | Like 3,000 miles, 3,100 miles? Yes, so just imagine a nation where most railroad tracks had gone through sort of eastern coastal cities up until 1865. Now the entire country is connected by rail. There's more rail in the United States in 1900 than all of Europe combined. So steel is this, so the Bessemer process of mak... |
The Gilded Age part 2 The Gilded Age (1865-1898) US History Khan Academy.mp3 | There's more rail in the United States in 1900 than all of Europe combined. So steel is this, so the Bessemer process of making steel is this foundational technology that enables a lot of the Gilded Age to happen. Right, so it enables the United States to move out and also to connect markets, right? So you can now take... |
The Gilded Age part 2 The Gilded Age (1865-1898) US History Khan Academy.mp3 | So you can now take raw materials from the West, which is really important, right? That's where the gold lives. And also cattle ranching, right? You take those things from the West, you take them to the cities to be processed, then you take the finished goods and send them back out into the smaller towns. So rail facil... |
The Gilded Age part 2 The Gilded Age (1865-1898) US History Khan Academy.mp3 | You take those things from the West, you take them to the cities to be processed, then you take the finished goods and send them back out into the smaller towns. So rail facilitates all of that. So this is how my hometown became notorious of Chicago. So there would be cattle drives, I guess, then that came from the Wes... |
The Gilded Age part 2 The Gilded Age (1865-1898) US History Khan Academy.mp3 | So there would be cattle drives, I guess, then that came from the West, and then they would all be slaughtered and processed in Chicago. Right, yeah. I'm a native Pennsylvanian, you're a native Chicagoan, and we are born from steel places, as the steel industry really grew up in Pittsburgh. And what I think is really i... |
The Gilded Age part 2 The Gilded Age (1865-1898) US History Khan Academy.mp3 | And what I think is really interesting about steel, too, is that it's like a self-sustaining industry, right? Because you need the steel to make the railroads, right? And then the railroad industry pays for the creation of steel, which facilitates the creation of more railroads, which necessitates the creation of more ... |
The Gilded Age part 2 The Gilded Age (1865-1898) US History Khan Academy.mp3 | So steel facilitates the United States moving outward, but it also facilitates the United States moving upward. Oh, I see what you did, that was good. Yeah, you like that? Yeah. So steel allows for the construction of buildings that are taller than ever before. So what is this building here? This building here is the H... |
The Gilded Age part 2 The Gilded Age (1865-1898) US History Khan Academy.mp3 | Yeah. So steel allows for the construction of buildings that are taller than ever before. So what is this building here? This building here is the Home Insurance Building in Chicago. I don't believe it is there anymore. And do you know what is special about the Home Insurance Building? No, what's special about it? |
The Gilded Age part 2 The Gilded Age (1865-1898) US History Khan Academy.mp3 | This building here is the Home Insurance Building in Chicago. I don't believe it is there anymore. And do you know what is special about the Home Insurance Building? No, what's special about it? The Home Insurance Building is considered to be the world's first skyscraper. What? Yeah, it looks pretty short for a skyscra... |
The Gilded Age part 2 The Gilded Age (1865-1898) US History Khan Academy.mp3 | No, what's special about it? The Home Insurance Building is considered to be the world's first skyscraper. What? Yeah, it looks pretty short for a skyscraper by modern standards. I mean, I couldn't build a building that tall. It's 10 stories tall. And what you can do with steel is build these steel frame structures tha... |
The Gilded Age part 2 The Gilded Age (1865-1898) US History Khan Academy.mp3 | Yeah, it looks pretty short for a skyscraper by modern standards. I mean, I couldn't build a building that tall. It's 10 stories tall. And what you can do with steel is build these steel frame structures that allow you, without using stone, there's kind of like a steel cage underneath the facade of this. And so you can... |
The Gilded Age part 2 The Gilded Age (1865-1898) US History Khan Academy.mp3 | And what you can do with steel is build these steel frame structures that allow you, without using stone, there's kind of like a steel cage underneath the facade of this. And so you can build buildings that are taller while having windows. It's like a Faraday cage, I bet there was terrible cell phone reception in there... |
The Gilded Age part 2 The Gilded Age (1865-1898) US History Khan Academy.mp3 | I imagine so, yeah. There were no cell phones at this time. All right, so you know what else made these tall buildings possible except for the steel structures? Was it elevators? It was totally elevators. Yes! Yes, see, you're better at this than you thought. |
The Gilded Age part 2 The Gilded Age (1865-1898) US History Khan Academy.mp3 | Was it elevators? It was totally elevators. Yes! Yes, see, you're better at this than you thought. Yeah. Ah, this is the time of the invention of the Otis Elevator. And this is my little elevator entrance. |
The Gilded Age part 2 The Gilded Age (1865-1898) US History Khan Academy.mp3 | Yes, see, you're better at this than you thought. Yeah. Ah, this is the time of the invention of the Otis Elevator. And this is my little elevator entrance. Nice. That you could go to the top of a tall building without having to walk up 37 flights of stairs, which is pretty sweet for our efficiency if not maybe our wai... |
The Gilded Age part 2 The Gilded Age (1865-1898) US History Khan Academy.mp3 | And this is my little elevator entrance. Nice. That you could go to the top of a tall building without having to walk up 37 flights of stairs, which is pretty sweet for our efficiency if not maybe our waistlines. Okay, so but we've got this steel process which enables the construction of tons and tons of rail and tons ... |
The Gilded Age part 2 The Gilded Age (1865-1898) US History Khan Academy.mp3 | Okay, so but we've got this steel process which enables the construction of tons and tons of rail and tons and tons of buildings, of new buildings where you can put more industry and more people. And that enables cities to grow and wealth to grow. Yeah, exactly. So there are more and more people flooding into cities. B... |
The Gilded Age part 2 The Gilded Age (1865-1898) US History Khan Academy.mp3 | So there are more and more people flooding into cities. By 1870, there are more people working for other people for wages living in cities than people who work for themselves, which is a new era in the American economic system. There's some other really important business technologies that grow up in this time period a... |
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