qid int64 1 194k | question stringlengths 46 29.5k | answers listlengths 2 32 | date stringlengths 10 10 | metadata listlengths 3 3 |
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29,365 | <p>FIDE (the governing body of international chess competition) says <a href="https://www.fide.com/FIDE/handbook/WADA%20Anti%20Doping.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The most relevant banned substances for chess are:</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>• Amphetamines – e.g. Adderall, <a href=... | [
{
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"text": "<p>The <a href=\"https://www.rxlist.com/adderall_vs_ritalin/drugs-condition.htm\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Adderall vs.... | 2021/11/29 | [
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29,381 | <p>Based on my understanding of Blood group tables, such as the one below a child can only get O blood group when both parents have O as their blood groups. In a close relative's case, while her parents and two siblings have O+ as their blood groups, she ended up having A+. We are puzzled as how this could happen?</p>
... | [
{
"answer_id": 29382,
"author": "Polyhat",
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"text": "<p>Theoretically, if both parents are O+, there is no chance of an A+ child. Type O blood is recessive, and must b... | 2021/12/02 | [
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29,391 | <p>I am working on COVID related app. There is a scenario when I need to collect details of person who wants to have COVID tests. I want to show a label on the app whose meaning is: Details of a person who wants to have COVID test.</p>
<p>So, I want to know the term for a person who wants to have COVID test. I searched... | [
{
"answer_id": 29392,
"author": "Carey Gregory",
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"text": "<p>There isn't an English word that means pre-patient. If you call a doctor's office and ask for an appointment, y... | 2021/12/03 | [
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29,398 | <p>Is carbohydrate consumption a recommended medical treatment for any pathology in otherwise healthy, sedentary people? By sedentary, I mean sitting at a desk most of the day, with no more than 5 hours per week of physical activity. (This is not to say that sedentary people have an easy life. It's just that intense me... | [
{
"answer_id": 29434,
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"text": "<p>Carbohydrates are the main source of energy in humans.\nCarbohydrates are almost always recommended as part of a hea... | 2021/12/04 | [
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30,538 | <p>What is the name of the crease/fold/sulcus between the top of the leg and the groin?</p>
<p>Here's an image:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/hfKa2.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/hfKa2m.jpg" alt="Image of the crease" title="click for full picture" /></a></p>
| [
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"text": "<p>Carbohydrates are the main source of energy in humans.\nCarbohydrates are almost always recommended as part of a hea... | 2021/12/29 | [
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30,556 | <p>"The SARS-CoV-2 S protein on the membrane of infected cells can promote receptor-dependent syncytia formation, relating to extensive tissue damage and lymphocyte elimination." <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34410575" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Liu Wenzhong, Li Hualan, 2021, pubmed</a></p>
<p>Is it... | [
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"text": "<p>Carbohydrates are the main source of energy in humans.\nCarbohydrates are almost always recommended as part of a hea... | 2022/01/02 | [
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30,576 | <p>So regarding Omicron, the <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-03827-2" rel="nofollow noreferrer">latest research</a> shows that vaccines and convalescent immunity have no or negligible effect on Omicron, and that booster shots have very little neutralising activity.</p>
<p>On the other hand, <a href=... | [
{
"answer_id": 30577,
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"text": "<p>Your first source does not appear to support the idea that boosters are now ineffective, only that they a... | 2022/01/05 | [
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30,647 | <p>I read <a href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/381993-overview" rel="nofollow noreferrer">an overview of urinary calculi imaging</a>, but the text was not clear as to the benefits vs risks of using a contrast agent to support CT imaging. The text did discuss use of a contrast agent during non-CT radiology of... | [
{
"answer_id": 30667,
"author": "Chris Rogers",
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"pm_score": 2,
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"text": "<p><a href=\"https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437096-overview\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Nephrolithiasis... | 2022/01/14 | [
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30,651 | <p>I know that the studies done by Pfizer, et al, used standard methods with a placebo control group. If you read about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinded_experiment" rel="noreferrer">blinded experiments here</a>, it mentions:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>A common cause for unblinding is the presence of side effects... | [
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"answer_id": 30669,
"author": "Ian Campbell",
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"text": "<h4>Of the three vaccine products that have been approved or had emergency use authorization in the United State... | 2022/01/14 | [
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30,665 | <p>Apparently, it takes only about an hour for barium-based oral contrast agents to coat the intestines.</p>
<p>I find this kind of surprising because it generally takes the body about 24 hours to digest a meal, and in fact, according to one <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/digestive-system/expert-answers/faq-200583... | [
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"text": "<h4>Of the three vaccine products that have been approved or had emergency use authorization in the United State... | 2022/01/17 | [
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30,772 | <p>I'm aware of two body fat percentage formulas I'm using to track my own health, both described <a href="https://www.calculator.net/body-fat-calculator.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>:</p>
<ol>
<li>the <em>US Navy method</em> which takes into account your waist, neck,
and height (and hips for women); and</li... | [
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"answer_id": 30776,
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"text": "<p>I don't know if there are canonical references for these measurements. I've found a couple references that seem... | 2022/02/16 | [
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30,801 | <p>One approach to reduce long-term health effects from a nuclear radiation emergency is to take <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_iodide" rel="nofollow noreferrer">potassium iodine</a>. The typical dosage is 130 mg daily.</p>
<p>As the need for iodine pills is very rare and their typical shelf life is o... | [
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"text": "<p>Here is a potential option that should at least be better than nothing and not particularly risky.</p>\n<p><strong>Re... | 2022/02/25 | [
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30,842 | <p>Can one use iodine tablets made of tetraglycine hydroperiodide to protect yourself from radiation poisoning in an emergency? If so, how much should one take?</p>
<p>The CDC recommends adults take 130mg of Potassium Iodide in the event of a radioactive emergency to saturate the thyroid with iodine and prevent absorpt... | [
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"text": "<p>The answer is yes. I found a couple of studies looking at hydroperiodide function in the thyroid. Both of them were ... | 2022/03/07 | [
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30,864 | <p>I'm aware that the U.S. CDC <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/downloads/bmiforpactitioners.pdf" rel="noreferrer">defines BMI</a> (Body Mass Index) as mass (in kg) divided by height squared (in meters squared.) The CDC then defines what ranges are considered underweight, healthy, or overweight broadly based on BMI... | [
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"text": "<p>It turns out the answer to this is fairly simple, and but not terribly easy to find.</p>\n<p>In the 1800s a Belgian n... | 2022/03/10 | [
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30,980 | <p>What is the basic sequence of pre-, pro- and prepro- hormones leading to the formation of the final mature and active hormone?</p>
<p>I am asking because this PowerPoint slide in my Endocrinology Introductory course makes no sense to me. What I understood is that PreProHormones are the long precursors, which are spl... | [
{
"answer_id": 30981,
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"text": "<h2>These terms do not appear to be used consistently in the literature</h2>\n<p>In this classification, it seems ... | 2022/04/06 | [
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31,051 | <p>Yesterday I had a minor procedure involving anesthetic and being "on the table". As the blood pressure cuff inflated, it occurred to me that on medical TV shows, where they are doing far more significant surgeries, the doctors are depicted as having instant and constant measures of the patient's blood pre... | [
{
"answer_id": 31052,
"author": "MonsieurWave",
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"text": "<p>In certain cases an arterial line can be placed to allow continuous pressure monitoring.</p>\n<p>Tiru, B., J... | 2022/04/26 | [
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31,156 | <p>I am looking at buying a new batch of masks, since I still prefer to use a mask for my travelling. I am close to running out again, and the company that I previously got masks from now has a 'new' mask with a different standard. However, I can't find what the difference would be between the different mentioned stand... | [
{
"answer_id": 31157,
"author": "Carey Gregory",
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"text": "<p>The FFPx standards refer to the efficiency of the mask and the minimum particle size it filters out:</p>\n<p><a... | 2022/05/20 | [
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31,215 | <p>Suppose a doctor prescribes a family member (who lives in the same home) some test for an infectious disease, and then that family member tests positive. Is it a violation of medical ethics to fail to disclose this illness to other members of the household, given that the illness is highly contagious?</p>
<p><a href... | [
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"text": "<p>Whether it's ethical or not is a moot question because in the US it would be illegal under federal law to do so... | 2022/06/09 | [
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31,219 | <p>Supposedly the World Health Organization is the top authority worldwide for public health. One would hope that they base their decisions on empirical data and not beliefs. However, from my perspective, they appear to be treating COVID-19 and influenza differently. In particular, according to their own figures, now C... | [
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"text": "<p>In general, a <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">pandemic is a disease</... | 2022/06/10 | [
"https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/31219",
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31,275 | <p>(Edited to clarify question, I am a math professor not a biologist so I appreciate help clarifying the language to match the knowledge base present here.)</p>
<p>As I understanding nutrition labels, if a label claims a product P (e.g. an orange) has 50% of a recommended daily diet of some nutrient N (e.g. Vit. C), ... | [
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"answer_id": 31276,
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"text": "<p>As Bryan Krause notes in the comments:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>The nutrition guidelines are based on some recom... | 2022/06/24 | [
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31,338 | <p>Some pills have the milligrams of active substance engraved and often there is a lot of room to engrave more information, but I never saw a pill that had, for example, an abbreviation of the name of the substance or the trade name of the medicament engraved.</p>
<p>Is there some regulatory reason or another compelli... | [
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"answer_id": 31339,
"author": "Bryan Krause",
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"text": "<p>Every government is going to have their own regulations for this sort of thing.</p>\n<p>For the US, <a href=\"... | 2022/07/13 | [
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31,358 | <p>I was reading the <em>The right drug for the right patient</em> section of the University of Sydney <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/unpublished/covid-drugs-in-australia-wha-s-available-and-how-to-get-them.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">website</a>, which provides these <a href="https://covid19e... | [
{
"answer_id": 31359,
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"author_id": 8728,
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"text": "<p>From <em>Chauhan, V. M., Zhang, H., Dalby, P. A., & Aylott, J. W. (2020). Advancements in the co-formulatio... | 2022/07/19 | [
"https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/31358",
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31,376 | <p>During a literature search I stumbled upon <a href="https://doi.org/10.1308/003588411x12851639107070" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this paper</a>, which evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography for the detection of gallstones (compared to the gold standard cholecystectomy).</p>
<p>Their data looks as follow... | [
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"selected": true,
"text": "<p>From <em>Chauhan, V. M., Zhang, H., Dalby, P. A., & Aylott, J. W. (2020). Advancements in the co-formulatio... | 2022/07/25 | [
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31,410 | <p>The CDC (and other sources) say that 20 minutes or so if sunlight right when you wake up resets your circadian rhythm, which helps with sleep, etc.</p>
<p>Does the light need to hit your <strong>eye</strong> or your <strong>skin</strong>?</p>
<p>i.e, Is this via seeing the light (eye, receptors in your eyes) or on y... | [
{
"answer_id": 31411,
"author": "Clay Nichols",
"author_id": 6607,
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"text": "<p><a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/emres/longhourstraining/clock.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">From the C... | 2022/08/01 | [
"https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/31410",
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31,856 | <p><strong>The Question</strong>: Can N95 face masks filter out benzopyrene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or formaldehyde?</p>
<p><strong>Background</strong>: Pan-frying, stir-frying, and deep-frying typically involve heating oil to a high temperature, resulting in a great amount of smoke [1]. According to previous... | [
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"answer_id": 31859,
"author": "David West",
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"text": "<p>No.</p>\n<p>No, no, no.</p>\n<p>Covid face masks help prevent contagious disease. They are not meant for anythi... | 2022/12/24 | [
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