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The dataset generation failed because of a cast error
Error code: DatasetGenerationCastError
Exception: DatasetGenerationCastError
Message: An error occurred while generating the dataset
All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 1 new columns ({'output'}) and 1 missing columns ({'answer'}).
This happened while the json dataset builder was generating data using
hf://datasets/ChrisZhang312/law_stackexchange_cleaned/instruct.json (at revision af27c499ba49bd64f0d260b792930d48d8dbbfca)
Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)
Traceback: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 2011, in _prepare_split_single
writer.write_table(table)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/arrow_writer.py", line 585, in write_table
pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self._schema)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2302, in table_cast
return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2256, in cast_table_to_schema
raise CastError(
datasets.table.CastError: Couldn't cast
output: string
instruction: string
input: string
to
{'instruction': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'input': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'answer': Value(dtype='string', id=None)}
because column names don't match
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1321, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 935, in convert_to_parquet
builder.download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1027, in download_and_prepare
self._download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1122, in _download_and_prepare
self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1882, in _prepare_split
for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 2013, in _prepare_split_single
raise DatasetGenerationCastError.from_cast_error(
datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationCastError: An error occurred while generating the dataset
All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 1 new columns ({'output'}) and 1 missing columns ({'answer'}).
This happened while the json dataset builder was generating data using
hf://datasets/ChrisZhang312/law_stackexchange_cleaned/instruct.json (at revision af27c499ba49bd64f0d260b792930d48d8dbbfca)
Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)Need help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.
input string | answer string | instruction string |
|---|---|---|
When people drink and drive and then cause an accident especially where if someone dies they get years and years in prison but just the act of drunk driving is punished way more lenient. Shouldn't the 2, drunk driving and drunk driving then causing accident be similarly punished? I feel like a lot of times it's luck wh... | Moral luck You have raised the issue of moral luck, a long recognized problem in criminal theory. The classic expositions of this issue are by Thomas Nagel, in his chapter, Moral Luck (1979) and Bernard Williams, Moral Luck (1976). Specifically, you are describing what they call outcome luck, or consequential luck. Dri... | Why is drunk driving causing accident punished so much worse than just drunk driving? |
What counts as consideration in contract law? Does consideration from party A have to be to the benefit of the party B? | See generally Hamer v. Sidway (1891), 124 NY 538, citing indirectly Currie v Misa (1875) LR 10 Ex 893: 'A valuable consideration in the sense of the law may consist either in some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to the one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss or responsibility given, suffered or unde... | What counts as consideration in contract law? |
My high school daughter worked for about a year for an employer who owns a tutoring company in our town. Due to friction between my daughter and the employer, my daughter recently quit but she realized that she was being underpaid for much of this year (2023) because the minimum wage here in California is currently $15... | Read the terms It's quite likely that, if you took this to court, the employer would be liable to pay your daughter interest on the underpayment and possibly be fined by the state for failing to follow the law. The terms probably are offering to pay the back pay with no interest and your daughter agreeing to confidenti... | Question Concerning Responding to Employer of Minor Daughter Paid Under Minimum Wage |
Can Hawaii secede from the U.S. through legal means or is it forbidden by U.S. law? I am asking, because I doubt the U.S. would accept the result of a referendum that rules that the Hawaiians want to secede from the U.S. just like Russia or China wouldn't accept it. | Currently, there is no legal means for a state to secede form the U.S. A quick Google search yields So you want to secede from the U.S.: A four-step guide - The Washington Post: When the Confederate states seceded in 1861 and were then defeated in the Civil War, the argument is that they demonstrated that you can't sec... | Can Hawaii secede from the U.S. through legal means? |
It seems that the principal impetus of moving migrants onto barges like the Bibby Stockholm is to save the costs of renting property in which to accommodate the migrants on dry land. Rental costs are no doubt high as anyone will know. But what is the legality of mooring semi permanent barges such as the Bubby Stockholm... | england-and-wales then what stops private citizens from residing on such structures? Nothing. Anyone who can be a tenant of a house or apartment can be a tenant of a boat. The [general framework at a very broad and high level] of legality of mooring semi permanent barges such as the Bubby Stockholm off the British coas... | Legality of privately bibby Stockholming to save land costs |
In this answer to my Politics SE question *Is former president Trump out on bail as Chris Christie asserts? If so, were campaign funds used? which ends: Bail is a particular type of bond in which the defendant submits an upfront payment that will be held until he returns to court, but there's no indication Trump was as... | Here is one of the three Trump appearance bonds. As you can see, it is a personal recognizance bond, and not a dollar amount bond. He promises to appear, as required, and there is no money involved. There is a direct indication that he was not required to post bail, which is a stronger statement that no indication that... | Can defendants arraigned in federal court sometimes be out on bail secretly with no way for the public to know about or verify the bail? |
I am a minor and my mother would be signing both the incorporation documents, I am under the impression there is no problem there as she would have no role. Since she signed these documents, does she hold any additional duties or responsibilities as a result of that signature? How can she relinquish those responsibilit... | Running a C-Corp is no easy matter, I would suggest first you look very hard at why you want to do a C-Corp vs an LLC with an S-Corp election. There is a lot of documentation/formalities that if not followed allow somebody to "pierce the veil" and bind the principles legally. You also miss out on tax savings opportunit... | What role does the person who signs post incorporation paperwork have in the company? |
Does the following statement mean that the 3 point credit is only good for 2 years and after that the credit points will disappear? If a Government-approved defensive driving course has been successfully completed prior to accumulating 15 or more points, a 3 point credit is applied to your driving record for a 2-year p... | Yes, that's what that means. But if you continue reading the article that you referenced, you will see that demerit points themselves also expire after 2 years: When 2 years have passed from the date of a conviction, the demerit points assessed for that conviction are removed from your driver's record. | A 3 point credit is applied to your driving record for a 2-year period |
Is there a viable cause of action for exposing someone's academic misconduct from a country different than the one the exposed person lives and works. For instance if you live in a European country, the exposed person also lives in a different European country and the site that exposes him is based in America such as t... | If A defames B, the fact that the parties live and work in different countries is not a bar to a defamation lawsuit. This is not changed when platform C is headquartered in a third country. A choice of law question does arise, which is important because B can always sue A, but they might have a legally-better outcome i... | Is there a viable cause of action for exposing someone of academic misconduct? |
Bob threatens John with a gun. Alice, who is also carrying a gun (legally), draws her gun and aims at Bob, intending to shoot him in defense of John, who is unarmed. John says to her, Don't shoot him! Alice shoots Bob anyway. Is this legal? Assume that it would have been unquestionably legal had John consented or remai... | england-and-wales Alice's defence will be that she had an honest belief, given the circumstances, that force was necessary and the force she used was reasonable in defence of John (and possibly Alice). John's consent is irrelevant unless it had some bearing on that. Why did John oppose the use of force? Did John tell A... | Is use of force in defense of another legal if the person being defended opposes the use of force? |
Let's say there is a patented product A for domain A and there is a product B that does the same work but is invented for a different domain B. If a company in domain A shows its customers that they can also use product B for domain A, is it an infringement of the patent? The intention is obviously to lead users to be ... | There are several issues - one is that patents are given for specific ways of solving a problem, sometimes very narrowly different from other ways of solving a problem, not for a result. There are usually many ways to achieve a result. Another, that you bring up, is “field of use”. That comes into play in method claims... | Leading customers to use cheaper solution invented for another domain instead of expensive patented solution. Infringement? |
I have an online resume website that I created, and I list the logos of companies I've work with over the course of my career. Rather than a dry date list of work experience, I'm just listing the names and logos of the companies on the website. I even have a disclaimer stating this in no way represents endorsement or s... | No, it's not fair use. It's also not nominative fair use (the fair use equivalent for trademarks) as another answer suggests. Why is it not nominative fair use? There are three conditions for nominative fair use (taken from Wikipedia): The product or service cannot be readily identified without using the trademark (e.g... | Is it trademark fair use to use company name/logo on your resume? |
Under state law parents have a legal duty to among other things educate minor children until they graduate from high school or an approved equivalent. The state also provides for public schools which are mostly taxpayer funded (the final two years of my high school education would have cost my parents about $1,500 in u... | Contracts are routinely held to be valid even when there is negligible or literally zero financial “gain” (compensation, which they take into consideration in order to enter into the contract). A document purporting to be a contract might be held invalid if it is a bare promise like “I promise to give you $100 on Frida... | Is performing another's duty a valid form of consideration? |
At Sigma-Aldrich I can buy one liter of unadulterated ethanol for just 26.60 EUR. This ethanol contains no additives and is pure enough for analytical purposes. Its made by fermenting grain or sugarcane. The solution contains 95.5% ethanol. However, when I try to buy the same amount of consumer grade ethanol, then I su... | Because there's an exemption Which requires denaturing. But there's also an exemption to the exemption for when denaturing is not appropriate. Such as for laboratory use. | Why is research grade ethanol seemingly exempted from excise duties while pure ethanol ment for consumption isn't? |
I'm working in an office space where I don't have fixed daily hours but a weekly amount of hours in my contract. Electricity is necessary to do my job (on computers). We had a power outage due to a snow storm, resulting in ~2 hours without electricity. In those 2 hours, I took my 30 minute mandatory pause. When it seem... | If you were in the office, and ready to take instructions what to do from your manager, then you were legally working and need to be paid. There's plenty of things you can do in an office without electricity unless it's too dark. If the manager didn't ask you to do anything, it's the company's problem, not yours. If yo... | Work time when unable to work due to power outage (germany) |
A school is going on an excursion. The child is given the permission slip to take home and get signed by his legal guardian, but he forges the signature instead. On the excursion, he gets injured. Who is legally responsible for the child? Is it the school (since the waiver is void, and by default the school is responsi... | So many things were not addressed, so a precise answer is not possible. But to try to raise the proper questions you should be thinking about: Should the school have known the permission slip was forged? Was the forgery particularly bad, and the school was lax in not examining it? Did the student have a history of forg... | Who has ultimate responsibility for a child injured on a school trip? |
Donald Trump, ex-president of U.S.A., has many indictments on him, but yet he is still roaming as a free citizen. Questions: How many indictments does it take for Donald Trump to be imprisoned? Can a person who is indicted, before running for president, become president? What's the purpose of indicting Mr. Trump if ind... | How many indictments does it take for Donald Trump to be imprisoned? An unlimited amount. Imprisonment is usually authorized as a result of a conviction rather than from an indictment. Pretrial detention following an indictment but prior to a conviction is permitted, but discretionary in the judgment of the judge. Also... | How many indictments before imprisonment? |
This question is prompted by me sitting at a green light today while multiple people streamed through from the opposite direction, turning to their left, against a red turn arrow. (Throughout this question, assume right-side traffic, as in North America, and no one-way streets.) If I have a green light and enter a clea... | The apportionment of fault will be highly case specific, based on ordinary principles of negligence. In one example, the fault was apportioned with 60% of the fault to the late left turner and 40% of the fault to the driver advancing imprudently into the intersection on a green light. See Pierce v. ING Insurance, 2006 ... | Who is at fault in a car accident when running a red light? |
In its opposition to the government's motion for a protective order in United States of America v. Donald J. Trump, Waltine Nauta, and Carlos De Oliveira, Waltine Nauta's defense refers to Donald Trump as the lead defendant. I'm wondering whether this is a precisely defined legal term. The term is apparently in common ... | england-and-wales Lead defendant is not used, unless colloquially by some, but a comparable term would be principal defendant which is more than mere style as it becomes important when establishing the hierarchy of defendants for, say, culpability and at sentencing (i.e. it has some legal implications). It could also r... | What is a lead defendant in U.S. law? |
I've noticed a typo on an investment company's disclaimer in a brochure, to the effect: This company and its research affiliate June continue to have such dealings and June also have other ongoing business dealings with other firms whose products are included herein. Clearly some one replaced all instances of may and r... | Garbled and ambiguous? I guess it took you all of 20 seconds to work out what it meant. Why do think a court can't do that too? Documents contain typos, that doesn't necessarily make them ambiguous. The automatic correction of typos is known as the Scrivener's doctrine - a scrivener being an almost archaic term for a c... | Typo in disclaimer - worst case scenario |
Bob has $100,000 in an account at First Example Bank. Bob robs the bank, taking $50,000, and he escapes. He is never caught, but the bank is 100% sure that he is the one who robbed the bank. Can they deduct $50,000 from his account to cover the loss, effectively turning the robbery into a withdrawal? Obviously, this do... | If there has been no trial establishing Bob's guilt, the bank does not know that it was Bob who did rob the bank. Even if the bank has Bob on the security video feed, claiming that, As my name is Bob, I will shoot anyone who does not follow my instructions, and Bob left behind his driver's licence at the heist, the ban... | If someone robs a bank at which (s)he has an account, can the bank deduct that amount from the robber's account? |
Someone withdrew money from my checking account (in several transactions) without my knowledge or permission. I was able to see the withdrawal slips online, and my signature was forged. I reported this to my bank as soon as I found out, and Chase said that the money would be reimbursed once they completed their investi... | I reported this to my bank as soon as I found out, and Chase said that the money would be reimbursed once they completed their investigation (within 10 business days). Chase was likely indicating that the money will be reimbursed within 10 business days of completing their investigation; not 10 business days from the d... | Someone withdrew money from my bank account - what are my rights? |
I understand that in the US, concealment of birth is against the law. I looked it up, and apparently it is a felony in most US states. (FYI I'm asking because it pertains to a work of fiction I'm writing before anyone gets the wrong idea about me!) Here's the question... What are the legal ramifications towards an indi... | Does this person have witnesses to his existence? Particularly before the age of five? Under 8 U.S. Code § 1401, native-born citizens include a person of unknown parentage found in the United States while under the age of five years, until shown, prior to his attaining the age of twenty-one years, not to have been born... | What are the legal ramifications for someone whose birth was concealed? |
According to reports, Iran may claim $18 billion in damages from Pakistan for an unfinished pipeline if Pakistan does not complete its part of it as agreed. What forum would such a claim take place in? | According to reports, one potential forum is the International Court of Arbitration. All reports I see say that the agreement specifies that the forum will be an arbitration forum. Whether it can be any arbitration forum or if it must be the ICC, or can be selected from a list, depends on the specific wording of the Ga... | In what forum would Iran sue Pakistan in for damages? |
What period did it come into regular legal usage? Did it originate as a judicial device first or did it begin as something that would be explicitly coded into statutes? | See Harold J. Berman, The Origins of Historical Jurisprudence: Coke, Selden, Hale (1994) 103 Yale Law Journal 1651, p. 1691, n. 101: the translation of reason into reasonableness and the exaltation of common sense are English developments of the seventeenth century, to which Coke contributed. At p. 1718-19: Coke had sa... | Where when and how did the idea of “reasonableness” originate? |
Criminal indictments used to use much more detailed and flowery language than they do now. I was surprised to learn, while looking at some early U.S. documents, that they had retained a feature of indictments from English common law. For some crimes, the accused was said to have done the deeds not having the fear of Go... | It appears that: This language was seen as a bit ridiculous and unnecessary even at the time, and more so as the 19th century progressed. The main objection is that the language is redundant or merely decorative. There was a general trend to make indictments describe the alleged offences in more ordinary language, with... | When did indictments stop saying people were moved and seduced by the instigation of the Devil? |
If software is saving the timestamp of the last login of a user, would that timestamp itself be considered personal data by GDPR? | You ask the wrong question first What do you save in the database? Let's take an example of a door: Do you have a legitimate interest to know/save who passed this door? Do you have a legitimate interest to know/save when the door was opened? Do you have a legitimate interest to know/save both? Only now, once you have e... | Is a login timestamp considered as personal data according to GDPR? |
https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/1164085/sidtoday-dea-the-other-warfighter.pdf This is a report explaining that DEA was aided by NSA's surveillance system at the time they were persecuting a wanted criminal Gonzalo Hinojosa while he had been in Panama by using data obtained by NSA's systems. The report suggests t... | As far as the legal powers of the organisation(s) allow By this, I mean that if what the DEA was doing was allowed under the laws that govern the DEA, and what the NSA was doing was allowed under the laws that govern the NSA, then they can cooperate as much as they want. The could investigate jaywalking together if the... | How far can cooperation between law enforcement and intelligence agencies go? |
Is there any country in the EU that forbids ritual cattle slaughter? If so, where are the halal and kosher certified meats sourced from? | Quite the contrary. In most European countries, shechita is - at least under certain conditions - legal. Only in the blue-marked countries is it generally forbidden; in the green-marked countries prior anaesthesia is required. That is, pre-cut stunning is required in Sweden, Belgium and Denmark (and Iceland, Norway and... | Is there any country in the EU that forbids ritual cattle slaughter? |
In an episode of the medical drama 'House', a patient needing a liver transplant is offered a live donation from her girlfriend. During the episode there's a continual argument over the ethics of whether they should tell the donor that the patient was about to break up with her prior to the hospital admission. I am won... | The primary question is whether remaining silent would constitute a breech of medical ethics. The pertinent ethical principle is AMA Opinion 2.15 One of the requirements is that the donor be assigned an advocate team whose interest is the donor, not the patient, and these should generally be distinct individuals in ord... | Does withholding non-medical information affect medical consent? |
Maybe one of the fields that has the most ageism is programming and software engineering jobs. There were multiple times I hear of the CEO or SVP at the final approval stage: we want to hire a more junior person, and rejected the candidate and the 10 hours of interviews by 6 tech people and 3 manager level people. Some... | The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) protects certain applicants and employees 40 years of age and older from discrimination on the basis of age in hiring, promotion, discharge, compensation, or terms, conditions or privileges of employment. U.S. Department of Labor. State child labor laws establish ... | Is it illegal to hire by age in the US? |
Disclaimer: I do not aim to take a position on the ethics of this situation with this question. This question, and all details of the hypothetical case at hand, merely arose from a discussion I recently had, and the law surrounding it intrigued me. Facts of this hypothetical case Joanne is the mother of Jordan, who is ... | Does any American state have a statute under which Joanne would be liable for her son's death? Probably not. None of the mother's conduct seems like a basis for a homicide prosecution. Suicide is only prosecuted, in states that allow it to be prosecuted at all, for conduct with a calculated purpose to cause a suicide, ... | Was this a case of negligent homicide, and have any other offences been committed here? |
The baby was born in the United States but has been living in Brazil for 6 years. The mother is a Brazilian citizen. | Can a woman living in Brazil collect child support from someone in the United States? Yes. There would need to be first, a legal establishment of paternity if that is not already in place, and then an application to a court for a child support order. The question of whether one should proceed in a U.S. court or a Brazi... | Can a woman living in Brazil collect child support from someone in the United States? |
I know that it is forbidden by FCC regulations to deliberately interfere with radio communications, but is it a crime? | Yes. 47 U.S. Code § 333 (part of the Communications Act of 1934 as amended) bans willful or malicious interference. § 501 imposes a general penalty for any violation of the Communications Act that doesn't have a different penalty defined elsewhere in the Act. A first offense is a misdemeanor punishable by up to a $10,0... | Is deliberate radio interference a crime? |
A drone intrusion prevention product being advertised at RSA Conference this year has piqued my interest, and I'm trying to determine whether it and other drone IPS systems are illegal. For background, a WIPS is a device which looks for unexpected WiFi access points nearby and purposefully sends de-authentication packe... | For the USA, the FCC has a few words to say on the subject: “Generally, “jammers” — which are also commonly called signal blockers, GPS jammers, cell phone jammers, text blockers, etc. — are illegal radio frequency transmitters that are designed to block, jam, or otherwise interfere with authorized radio communications... | Are Drone Intrusion Prevention Systems (Drone IPS) systems illegal? |
I have a question, about 3 or 4 months ago, i was just outside chilling with some of my friends and then some girl came and slapped me, all i did was push her back in self defense. I just want to know if that is legal or not. I live in Germany, thank you. | If you pushed her back after she slapped you and it is not clear that a second slapping would occur (or she slapped you, because you pushed her) then it is not self-defence you (or she) did not prevent a present unlawful attack If it is clear that you are going to be slapped then pushing her away, in a reasonable manor... | I want to know if i have the right to push someone if they slapped me in self defense |
We have an article about someone's activities that I believe was written carefully to avoid libel: http://pdacamp.com/Sam-Wolanyk-and-Tangod-Up-In-Blues/ Now the party in question is threatening to sue (but of course refuses to point to which sections he believes are libelous) Is there an easy resource to get legal adv... | Now the party in question is threatening to sue (but of course refuses to point to which sections he believes are libelous) ... do we have to pay the $$ to lawyer up if we want to be safe? If you get sued, you will definitely want a lawyer. If you don't get sued, well, in that case you're safe. So your first question i... | Easy way to check if libel has been committed? |
Due to an unfortunate event outside of his control, Juan temporarily goes insane. Due to his insanity, he commits an extremely heinous crime (say, for example, a school shooting.) Still a raving lunatic, he surrenders to the police. While awaiting trial, Juan receives medical treatment that causes him to stop being ins... | canada The terminology in Canada not criminally responsible reason on account of mental disorder (NCRMD) (Criminal Code, s. 16). A finding of NCRMD is a special verdict that results in the accused being placed under the jurisdiction of the Review Board.1 Assuming for the sake of analysis that such an outcome is made ou... | Murder due to temporary insanity |
Would the judge in a criminal trial consider a prosecutor's statement that some evidence is representative of a defendant's guilt is a false statement by seeking the evidence to be inferred as conclusive without being thoroughly tested? | united-states The ethical standard for U.S. prosecutions, under Rule of Professional Conduct 3.8 (ethical rules have parallel numbering in every U.S. jurisdiction and there is little variation from jurisdiction to jurisdiction for this part of this ethical rule) is to refrain from prosecuting a charge that is not suppo... | In American criminal law, do prosecutors who seek to prosecute a defendant need to have evidence of the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt? |
Both of my parents signed an agreement with my high school to permit me to complete my high school graduation requirements in college. They both also signed a college enrollment form that specifically gave me permission as a minor and their dependent child to attend the college. My (high) school district is paying for ... | Washington has such laws. RCW 28A.225.010 states the exceptions to the compulsory attendance requirement, which includes: is attending private school or extension program, receiving home schooling, unable to attend including is in jail, religion, over 16 full-time employed and with parental consent. Also, also has GDE ... | If a parent withdraws a minor student from school, or prevents them from attending, is that a criminal violation of a mandatory attendance law? |
We are developing software that are sold to and used by other companies. In the software, certain types of personal data, like name, email and phone number, can be stored when a user registers. The data is stored on a server owned by our customer. Our customer owns all the data. Our software shows this data in certain ... | Alice's business sells database management software. Organisations buy or licence the software, deploy it on hardware they control and use the software to help store and, process and analyse 'personal data' within the meaning of GDPR. Alice's business has no access whatsoever to the personal data being stored and proce... | GDPR and privacy policy compliance for software used internally by customer company |
The South Korean branch of video game publisher Nexon made headlines online when it gave out a small bonus to its employees in the form of lootboxes. A monthly bonus coupon was given in August 2020 to employees. The employees would type a keyword in a chatbot to activate the coupon, which would add a random amount betw... | germany Is it legal for companies to pay salaries or bonuses as lootboxes? The German Gewerbeordnung says: § 107 Berechnung und Zahlung des Arbeitsentgelts Das Arbeitsentgelt ist in Euro zu berechnen und auszuzahlen. Arbeitgeber und Arbeitnehmer können Sachbezüge als Teil des Arbeitsentgelts vereinbaren, wenn dies dem ... | Is it legal for companies to pay salaries or bonuses as lootboxes? |
I've recently read an article about a proposed bill that would criminalise attempted copyright infringement in the US. link - https://www.wired.com/2007/05/ippa07/ I was wondering if the UK had any legislation on this. Any help is much appreciated. Cheers! | Yes australia s7 of the Crimes Act 1914: Any person who attempts to commit any offence against this Act or any other Act, whether passed before or after the commencement of this Act, shall be guilty of an offence and shall be punishable as if the attempted offence had been committed. This covers offenses under the Copy... | Is there such a thing as 'attempted copyright infringement' in the UK? |
If someone living at an embassy abroad gave birth to a child on the embassy grounds, then what country and what place will be indicated on the birth certificate? To clarify the question, let's assume that we mean the US embassy in another country. But I'm also interested in how a similar situation will occur in the emb... | The place of birth on the birth certificate is where the child was actually born. Indeed, usually it will be more specific than city and state or province and will also identify a hospital or residence or other place where the birth happened. So, for example, if a child is born to U.S. diplomats in Paris, France (in or... | What is the place of birth of a child born in the embassy? |
The only time I was ever called for jury duty while waiting with potential Jurors I spoke to one who essentially said that she believed that a trial would only happen if the cops had definitive proof and as such anyone who made it to trail was surely guilty. I tried to point out that was antithetical to the very concep... | Don't be prejudicial You have no idea if this person would be suitable to be on a jury based simply on this conversation. You need to wait until you are sharing the jury room and look at the way they actually behave. new-south-wales Once empanelled, the judge will give an opening address, the jury will be given a jury ... | How would a potential Juror report another as not suited to be in a jury? |
The court originally derived its authority solely from the supreme sovereignty of the crown. But if the royal power is so supreme, then why are subjects allowed as a matter of apparently solemn entitlement, to make such detailed submissions as to how this power should be exercised? Doesn't the idea of supreme power com... | This is just an instantiation of the ancient legal principle audi alteram partem (hear the other side). James Tully says (in Sustainable Democratic Constitutionalism and Climate Crisis (2020) 5:3 McGill LJ 545): Aeschylus introduced this legal norm in Eumenides, the third play in the Oresteia trilogy. The Roman lawyer ... | Where does the idea of entitlement to make submissions to a court originate? |
I'm renting a room from a person, not a large organization; it's a monthly rental. He claims he just saw I had missed my monthly rent payment from April of last year. I don't have an easy way to check back more then a year ago to see if I made the payment. Now realistically I don't see this going to court one way or an... | If you want to be argumentative about it, the burden of proof is on the person making the accusation. This also means the burden of production is, too. Underlying the whole matter is a claim that you've engaged in breach of contract, namely failing to pay rent. Your legal obligation is to not engage in contract fraud n... | Landlord claims I missed a rent payment from over a year ago, I don't have easy way to confirm a payment from that far back. What are my obligations? |
Does copyright law, in any jurisdiction, prevent the owner of a physical instance of a copyrighted work from destroying it? Are there other laws that allow the creator to prevent destruction of artworks by their owners? | You own it In general, if you own an object, you can do what you like with it if you otherwise comply with the law. It is possible that a particular object may be protected under heritage or similar law, but if it isn't, and you comply with environmental and safety law, you grind that thing into dust if you want to. Of... | Does copyright law prevent the destruction of works? |
For about 6 months I've been playing my brother's copy of the original DOOM and DOOM 2. He purchased it on Steam, however there is no DRM lock-in on the actual IWAD gamefiles (all that's required to play the games). I became curious, at what point is it considered piracy. Lets begin with, I am playing it on his compute... | At the point where you copy the game files, including the WADs, onto a new machine the original licensee (your brother) does not have access to, you are infringing copyright. Merely copying the files onto a Linux partition won't constitute infringement as it's the same commercial software on the same system, just with ... | Playing a game I didn't purchase (until now) |
Does the legal usage of the word court as in a court of law derive from the idea of a royal court, as an expression of the idea that the original courts of law were ultimately simple vehicles for the exercise or discharge of royal authority on behalf of the royal sovereign? If not, then what is the origin of the use of... | Does the legal usage of the word court as in a court of law derive from the idea of a royal court, as an expression of the idea that the original courts of law were ultimately simple vehicles for the exercise or discharge of royal authority on behalf of the royal sovereign? Yes: The meaning of a judicial assembly is fi... | What is the origin of the term “court” as a reference to the judicial institution? |
Suppose an author sells an article to a magazine in the United States, but without a written contract and without any oral discussion of what rights were being sold. The magazine comes out containing the article, and everyone is happy. Now, many years later, the magazine wants to include the article in a new bound volu... | None Transfer of copyrights or exploitation rights always requires a written contract. Licensing does not require a written contract. HOWEVER.... An author sells an article to a magazine is a special situation: that is acceptance of the written terms of sale that were in place when the article was sold. That is a writt... | What's the default copyright transfer for a magazine article, in absence of a written contract? |
There are actually two questions here. First, why are sections not in order? You have 28 USC §1 through §6, which talk about the Supreme Court, then you have §41 to §49 (appeals courts), then §81 to §144 (district courts) immediately afterwards. Why is this? Does Congress do this sort of thing to emphasize the separati... | Many of the titles in the U.S. Code are not positive codifications. Instead they are consolidations, classifications, and editorial codifications made by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel. Title 42 (noted in phoog's answer) is not a positive codification. This means Congress did not choose its numbering scheme. On... | Why are some sections of the US Code formatted so weirdly? |
It is reported that someone was copying the trades of a noted NFT trader. This noted NFT trader profited from this by making an inflated bids on one of his own NFTs, and when the copycat replicated the trades on other NFTs they were purchased for ~10 times the usual rate. The copycat (ThinkingETH) has since described t... | This type of fraud is called shill bidding Unless the rules of the auction allow it, a vendor is not permitted to bid on their own item. Even when they are, such vendor bids may be disclosed. The relevant laws date from well before the rise of online auctions but they are just as applicable. There have been successful ... | How could someone whose trades are being copied be liable to the person who is doing the copying? |
This question came to mind reviewing this SO answer. There is this similar question here, but it's 8 years old, and covers only the UK and north America. So, I would like to know if, in the European Union, or at least in France, whether bypassing/avoiding captcha is illegal or not. | It's not “bypassing the captcha” that is the problem, but accessing a server in a way that you are not allowed to. Say you are a human being, you visit a website, there's a captcha, and your eyesight is quite bad. The website is ok with humans using the site. So asking your nephew to enter the captcha is fine. Now you ... | Is avoiding captcha illegal? |
To successfully bring a claim for maliicous falsehood in the UK, one has to show that one has suffered special damages, which are actual damages suffered as a direct consequence of a malicious, false statement. However, one does not have to do this if s3(1) of the Defamation Act 1952 applies. This is below: In an actio... | The section exempts the plaintiff from having to prove or even plead special damages when they instead plead and prove that the words were intended to cause pecuniary (even if not yet realized) damages This statutory exception has also been adopted in Canadian jurisdictions and they have turned to U.K. jurisprudence to... | When does s3(1) of the Defamation Act *not* apply in malicious falesehood cases? |
I am a girl attending a boarding high school in the US. In June, some students who returned to the dorm early saw some male teachers exiting their rooms. They reportedly ran back to the school building without answering any questions when they saw the students. That night, multiple students shared that their drawers we... | A private school in the US is not bound by the 4th Amendment requirement for searches to be reasonable, just as parents do not need a search warrant to search your room. Instead, limitations would arise from contract law. This typically means that per the contract whereby you can go to that school, you agree to certain... | Can teachers search our dorms without our explicit consent if they have suspicion? |
A retail chain my friend worked for wanted to boost sales of a membership that included benefits like free shipping and preferred pricing. They gave each employee a small bonus on 1 paycheck equal to the price of the membership and employees were told the bonus was to be used to buy a membership for themselves. Apparen... | If the employee has the choice - bonus and membership, or no bonus - then I expect the offer to be legal. Since it is a real bonus and part of your salary you will have to pay income tax on it. What might be illegal, but not your concern, is if your company tells investors how well the company is doing, and how well th... | Can a company demand employees use part of their paycheck to buy their services? |
I have an Uncle in declining years that lives a state or two away. Is there any protocol for having local emergency services call my cell should my Uncle be taken to hospital, becomes unconscious, passes away? I have spoken with him, know his wishes, and call weekly, but circumstances may arise. How would I receive a c... | How would I receive a call if he is not able to call me or communicate with emergency personal? There is no ironclad method. The law does not specify how authorities should determine contact information for next of kin. As a practical matter some of the better methods (few people use all of them) are: Create an emergen... | How can I ensure I am contacted when a specific relative dies or is hospitalised? |
I can use Chrome's inspector tools to modify my local copy of the html on websites I visit. After changing the prices on a page in this way, for some websites I believe I can actually proceed through a checkout process, and buy items at whatever new altered price I want. What kind of trouble can I get into for this - i... | You can get arrested for theft and/or fraud. This is not some new way to steal items; changing price tags started approximately the day after price tags were invented. Some state laws handle it explicitly, some implicitly; for instance, Maryland defines deception in its theft statute to include (vi) remove or alter a l... | Can I use my browser to change the prices of things I buy online? |
Suppose that a person A recently got a job in Vietnam from an international company based in Europe. FIt ism my understanding that the minimal sick leave days required in Vietnam is 30 days, but this company has it in the single digits. Is this company violating Vietnamese labor laws? If yes, what can A do about it? | Such a person is not necessarily covered by Vietnamese employment law. It is common for employees from one country to work in another - that does not automatically make them subject to the second country's employment law. Temporary overseas assignments (which can be days, weeks, months, or even years) generally do not ... | Vietnamese branch of international company with too few sick leave days |
I am a Math teacher in a private school in the US. A majority of students consider probability and statistics a very boring topic and tend to focus significantly less compared to other topics. So last semester I reworked the curriculum and started playing games with decks of playing cards. I encouraged students to calc... | england Quite the opposite; although playing cards are not specifically mentioned, gambling education is actively encouraged in schools: but through the support of charities and the voluntary sector - not by statute. The key players are: PSHE Association (standing forPersonal, Social, Health and Economic) who, in partn... | Does any state legislature explicitly prohibit the use of playing cards in school? |
One of the peculiarities of Texas is that it's normal for people to drive 5-10 MPH over the speed limit while on the interstate. Provided they're not doing a speed trap, the police generally don't care. Another of Texas's peculiarities is that most drivers don't respect reduced speed limits for construction zones unles... | The situation in Texas is complicated. Driving faster than the posted maximum speed limit is not in and of itself a crime; rather, per Texas Transportation Code 545.352(a), it is prima facie evidence that the speed is a violation of 545.351(a): An operator may not drive at a speed greater than is reasonable and prudent... | Theoretical vs. Actual Speed Limit |
I visited Cologne last year. I was taking a selfie with my phone's inner camera in front of a monument. I was unaware that my phone's outer camera was facing police officers conducting checks. One of them noticed it and approached me. He saw the picture of me with the monument instead of them, apologized for his misund... | No, but... It is not an offense to photograph people, especially if they are just caught at the edge or out of the center of the photography. However you do not have a right to photograph people either. In fact, under German law, you have to gain the consent of people that are the centerpiece of a photo for publication... | Is it illegal to take pictures of the police in public in Germany? |
Jurisdiction: India Legislation: Central Motor Vehicles Act Sub-jurisdiction: Maharashtra Legislation: Mumbai Motor Vehicles Act Speed limits in India are according to the referenced article below. In many nations, there is actually a grace of +5km/hr, or similar value so that any inadvertent gain (e.g. slope of carria... | What, if any, is the tolerance built into speed limits in India? None in statute (that I can find), but the police may have an informal policy1 to allow for other factors like inaccuracies in one's speedometer and misreading the needle due to parallax. 1The one I am aware of is 10% +2 where, say, anyone going over 35mp... | What, if any, is the tolerance built into speed limits in India? |
I have a motorcycle in France that is insured. For clarification, I do ride on road and not on a circuit. Doing some maintenance, I changed the air filter to a racing one that says to increase air flow (and therefore performances). In the description of the filter is written Competition use on closed circuit only. and ... | Racing parts generally lack EWG certification and thus roadworthiness certificates A part needs to have an EWG registration number matching to the type of vehicle to be allowed to be used on a street-legal motorcycle. If a part has non street-legal parts, its whole registration usually is void. Driving a vehicle withou... | In France, can the insurance not apply if my motorcycle has racing parts? |
ABC News reports: Trump on Friday afternoon had posted a message to his social media platform, Truth Social, saying, IF YOU GO AFTER ME, I'M COMING AFTER YOU! I am curious as to how the legal community will process the tweet. I'd like to understand if there is a bright line so as to determine if it has been crossed. | The only bright line regards the First Amendment. 18 USC 1512 articulates a line that is not to be crossed, but it is not clear where the line is as regards speech (subsection (a)(1) sets forth a bright line, viz kills or attempts to kill, irrelevant to the present question). Otherwise, the remaining categories fall in... | Is there a bright line for witness, prosecutor & judge intimidation? |
Generally speaking can one count on the words coming out of a British police officer in uniforms mouth as truthful? Under what circumstances is it permitted not to be? Is there any special circumstances or authorizations that are required for them to be permitted to lie? If so, what are these? | It seems to not be allowed for a UK police to lie. The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 makes it illegal for the police to mislead a suspect in order to make them believe that the police have evidence which they do not or that the evidence they have is stronger than it is, or that there is a possibility of lenienc... | Is it generally legally allowed for UK police to lie to people in the regular course of discharging their policing duties? |
If the record of a UK civil hearing identifies a party as being in person, does that mean that the defendant was physically present or that the court had not been informed that the defendant had professional representation? There are actually three hearings involved. In (1), a court ruled in favour of the plaintiff in ... | I don't think the record keeping of the lower courts that grant the majority of default judgments is consistent enough to confidently say what in person means, especially without a copy of the document to read in its full context. However, it probably means that the defendant physically attended the courtroom and was n... | In person in UK practice |
In relation to real property, what is a strata lot? | A strata lot is a unit of real property resulting from the division of property into lots as per a strata plan under the Strata Property Act. This division may be stratified in that it can describe horizontal divisions of the property by reference to floors and/or ceilings of a building. This is a niche terminology onl... | What is a strata lot? |
§7 (1) of the current german KWK-G (Law concerning co-generation plants) makes a huge difference for power fed into the grid, or not. Say an installation consumes 150-200 kW contiually, and operates a 100kW el CHP - so there's never any net backfeed into the net. This describes a typical sewage gas CHP at a wastewater ... | (1) Der Zuschlag für KWK-Strom, der in ein Netz der allgemeinen Versorgung eingespeist wird und auf den die §§ 61e bis 61g und 104 Absatz 4 des Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetzes in der am 31. Dezember 2022 geltenden Fassung nicht anzuwenden sind, beträgt... The german is - unlike Ohwilleke complains with the english transl... | When does a cogeneration plant feed power to the net, according to the german KWK-G 2015? |
Within the boundaries of the United States there were at various times organized incorporated territories, that were not a part of any of the states and whose governments were organized by acts of Congress rather than by a state constitution drafted by statesmen within the state and enacted by the voters of the state, ... | Art. I Sec. 8 Cl. 17 states that The Congress shall have Power To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of Government of the United States, and to exercise like ... | Is the District of Columbia a territory? |
The townhome is in Port Coquitlam, BC, Canada and the strata by-law states Secondary suites within Strata Lots are prohibited. Should any Owner of a Strata Lot be found to have constructed a secondary suite within his or her or any other Strata Lot located in the Strata Plan, the Strata Council shall be entitled to tak... | You will need look up the definition of a secondary suite and include that in your question for a better answer. Where I live this is called an ADU, for Auxiliary Dwelling Unit. The definition of an ADU specifies permanent facilities for sleeping, sanitation, and food preparation. Since you can add bedrooms and bathroo... | Strata bylaw about secondary suite in Lower mainland area |
The federal government has the power of administrative wage garnishment. This allows it to complete a levy by filling a form rather than filing a collection lawsuit and using courts. It is still an administrative procedure, there is still a form to issue. The California Franchise Tax Board bypasses this entirely. It is... | Your premise that California's tax collection powers are greater than federal tax collection powers is basically wrong. Both California and the federal government carry out most of their due process functions within their respective tax collection agencies in an administrative process rather than in the courts. In the ... | California being more powerful than the federal government |
In the interest of cross vendor compatibility, the method by which different technologies interoperate is often standardized. This means that a non binding agreement is made between multiple parties to abide by rules set forth in a documented standard. Examples of this include The USB Device Working Group, Jedec, The C... | Standards-setting by industry groups is not inherently anti-competitive and these groups do not require a licence from the government to operate. They are a prototypical example of private ordering (see David J. Teece & Edward F. Sherry, Standards Setting and Antitrust (2003) 87 Minn. L.R. 1913, p. 1987). What can ... | Are Technological Standards bodies required to be approved by the government? |
I graduated from some private high school a long time ago. During my years there, I have experienced and witnessed a variety of dubious practices that violate students' rights. I always wanted to leave but never had the necessary resources nor support to execute my plan. Due to this I never associate myself with my sch... | The privacy rule is spelled out here. Subpart D addresses disclosure of personally identifiable information from education records, saying when consent is required vs. not required (there being 16 conditions under which consent is not required). Mostly this refers to required by law exceptions, or for school-internal u... | Can privacy regulations prevent my alma mater from sharing the fact that I graduated there? |
Under the town and country planning act, flags have three possible designations. What is the designation of the Ukrainian flag, and what has been its most recent changes of status? | The flag of Ukraine is a Class H advertisement under Schedule 1 of the The Town and Country Planning (Control of Advertisements) (England) Regulations 2007, secondary to the Town and Country Planning Act. Schedule 1 of the regulation lists under Class H Any country's national flag and it has included this since its inc... | What legal designation status does the Ukrainian flag possess, and what recent changes has it had to its status? |
Where does it say that polygraph tests (lie detector tests) are inadmissible under law in England and Wales? I am mostly interested in their usage being disallowed for criminal (both Magistrates' Court and Crown Court) and civil matters. However, if they were allowed elsewhere, such as for employment tribunals, that wo... | canada See R. v. Béland, [1987] 2 S.C.R. 398: It is therefore my opinion that evidence of the results of a polygraph examination would clearly offend the rule against the admission of past or out‑of‑court statements by a witness. All of the considerations upon which the rule is based are as applicable to polygraph evid... | Which law rules polygraphs inadmissible in UK? |
Tam lost his wireless airpods in the campus. He advertised online and near the campus, a reward of $50 to who returns the lost earphones. Sania found them and went to return it. But next day she saw the advertisement and claim the reward. Advise Tam. | Sania is entitled to a reward of 7,50€. germany In Germany, to reward honest finders, the finder of an item is entitled to 5% of a lost item's value of up to 500€ under § 971 BGB. Airpods cost about 150 €, so Sania is entitled to a Fider's reward of 7,50 €. Anything more would be at the discretion of Tam, accepting les... | whether entitled to reward or not |
I am 100% aware of what a no confidence motion is. This is emphatically not what I am referring to. Impeachment is an unambiguous right of the Parliament of the United Kingdom to have, having been used for centuries even though nobody has been convicted in the last 200, starting in the Good Parliament of 1376 with the ... | Section 18 of the Constitution Act 1867 states: The privileges, immunities, and powers to be held, enjoyed, and exercised by the Senate and by the House of Commons, and by the members thereof respectively, shall be such as are from time to time defined by Act of the Parliament of Canada, but so that any Act of the Parl... | If for some reason the Canadian Parliament had the idea to impeach and convict someone, what would be the legal implications of that? |
My high school life was subpar at the very least. I was constantly bullied and never received the necessary protection from school staff. This coupled with dwindling grades created a negative feedback loop. My health was degrading both mentally and physically so I consulted the school counselor. She was unwilling to pr... | The primary question is whether the target school can/must accept you. A private school is not compelled to accept you, a public school might be. Because of the law compelling you (as a minor) to go to school, some public school will have to accept you as a student. However, as a minor, your preference is low on the li... | Can students transfer to a new high school purely on their will? |
On the 10th of July the EU Commission adopted a new adequacy decision, as a successor to the failed Safe Harbour and Privacy Shield agreements, to allow data transfers from the EU to the USA. The two areas this covers are legal redress if data is wrongly handled, and the question if the surveillance laws that allow the... | These are only tangentially related to the GDPR A government entity processing data in accordance with a member state law is ipso facto in compliance with the GDPR. That's because lawful government data processing is a legitimate reason for processing data under the GDPR. If Germany, for example, passes a law saying Ge... | Are surveillance laws in EU member states necessary and proportionate? |
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