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0 | ""Ahmed II"" | Ahmed II (; ; 25 February 1643 or 1 August 1642 – 6 February 1695) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1691 to 1695. Early life. Ahmed II was born on 25 February 1643 or 1 August 1642, the son of Sultan Ibrahim and Muazzez Sultan. On 21 October 1649, Ahmed, along with his brothers Mehmed and Suleiman was circumci... |
1 | ""Ahmed II"" | In October 1690, Fazıl Mustafa Pasha recaptured Belgrade, a key fortress that commanded the confluence of the rivers Danube and Sava; in Ottoman hands since 1521, the fortress had been conquered by the Habsburgs in 1688. Fazıl Mustafa Pasha's victory at Belgrade was a major military achievement that gave the Ottomans h... |
2 | ""Ahmed II"" | Ahmed II had three daughters: In addition to his daughters, Ahmed II was deeply attached to his niece Ümmügülsüm Sultan, daughter of his half-brother Mehmed IV, so much so that he treated her as if she were his own daughter. |
3 | ""Adamic language"" | The Adamic language, according to Jewish tradition (as recorded in the "midrashim") and some Christians, is the language spoken by Adam (and possibly Eve) in the Garden of Eden. It is variously interpreted as either the language used by God to address Adam (the divine language), or the language invented by Adam with wh... |
4 | ""Adamic language"" | Dante Alighieri addresses the topic in his "De vulgari eloquentia" (1302–1305). He argues that the Adamic language is of divine origin and therefore unchangeable. He also notes that according to Genesis, the first speech act is due to Eve, addressing the serpent, and not to Adam. In his "Divine Comedy" (c. 1308–1320), ... |
5 | ""Adamic language"" | His work influenced that of Simon Stevin (1548–1620), who espoused similar ideas in "Uytspraeck van de weerdicheyt der Duytse tael", a chapter in "De Beghinselen Der Weeghconst" (1586). Opponents. By the 17th century, the existence and nature of the alleged Adamic language was commonly discussed amongst European Jewish... |
6 | ""Adamic language"" | The Latter Day Saint endowment prayer circle once included use of the words "Pay Lay Ale". These untranslated words are no longer used in temple ordinances and have been replaced by an English version, "O God, hear the words of my mouth". Some believe that the "Pay Lay Ale" sentence is derived from the Hebrew phrase "p... |
7 | ""An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding"" | An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding is a book by the Scottish empiricist philosopher David Hume, published in English in 1748 under the title "Philosophical Essays Concerning Human Understanding" until a 1757 edition came up with the now-familiar name. It was a revision of an earlier effort, Hume's "A Treatise of... |
8 | ""An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding"" | By "impressions", he means sensations, while by "ideas", he means memories and imaginings. According to Hume, the difference between the two is that ideas are less "vivacious" than impressions. For example, the idea of the taste of an orange is far inferior to the impression (or sensation) of actually eating one. Writi... |
9 | ""An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding"" | He argues that there must be some "universal principle" that must account for the various sorts of connections that exist between ideas. However, he does not immediately show what this principle might be. (Hume 1974:320-321) 4. Sceptical doubts concerning the operations of the understanding (in two parts). In the first... |
10 | ""An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding"" | By "chance", he means all those particular comprehensible events which the viewer considers possible in accord with the viewer's experience. However, further experience takes these equal chances, and forces the imagination to observe that certain chances arise more frequently than others. These gentle forces upon the i... |
11 | ""An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding"" | Of liberty and necessity (in two parts). Here Hume tackles the problem of how liberty may be reconciled with metaphysical necessity (otherwise known as a compatibilist formulation of free will). Hume believes that all disputes on the subject have been merely verbal arguments—that is to say, arguments which are based on... |
12 | ""An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding"" | Depending on its outcome, the entire treatment would give the epistemologist a degree of certitude in the treatment of miracles. True to his empirical thesis, Hume tells the reader that, though testimony does have some force, it is never quite as powerful as the direct evidence of the senses. That said, he provides som... |
13 | ""An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding"" | (Hume 1974:393-398) Still, Hume takes care to warn that historians are generally to be trusted with confidence, so long as their reports on facts are extensive and uniform. However, he seems to suggest that historians are as fallible at interpreting the facts as the rest of humanity. Thus, if every historian were to cl... |
14 | ""An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding"" | The treatment includes the arguments of atheism, Cartesian skepticism, "light" skepticism, and rationalist critiques of empiricism. Hume shows that even light skepticism leads to crushing doubts about the world which - while they ultimately are philosophically justifiable - may only be combated through the non-philosop... |
15 | ""André de Longjumeau"" | André de Longjumeau (also known as Andrew of Longjumeau in English) was a French diplomat and Dominican missionary and one of the most active Occidental diplomats in the East in the 13th century. He led two embassies to the Mongols: the first carried letters from Pope Innocent IV and the second bore gifts and letters f... |
16 | ""André de Longjumeau"" | Longjumeau went with his brother Jacques (also a Dominican) and several others – John Goderiche, John of Carcassonne, Herbert "Le Sommelier", Gerbert of Sens, Robert (a clerk), a certain William, and an unnamed clerk of Poissy. The party set out on 16 February 1249, with letters from King Louis and the papal legate, an... |
17 | ""André de Longjumeau"" | He found Christian prisoners from Germany in the heart of "Tartary" at Taraz and was compelled to observe the ceremony of passing between two fires, as a bringer of gifts to a dead Genghis Khan, gifts which were treated by the Mongols as evidence of submission. This insulting behavior, and the language of the letter wi... |
18 | ""Anatole France"" | ' (; born ' ; 16 April 1844 – 12 October 1924) was a French poet, journalist, and novelist with several best-sellers. Ironic and skeptical, he was considered in his day the ideal French man of letters. He was a member of the Académie Française, and won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Literature "in recognition of his brilliant... |
19 | ""Anatole France"" | France's later works include "Penguin Island" ("," 1908) which satirizes human nature by depicting the transformation of penguins into humans – after the birds have been baptized by mistake by the almost-blind Abbot Mael. It is a satirical history of France, starting in medieval times, going on to the author's own time... |
20 | ""Anatole France"" | Their daughter Suzanne was born in 1881 (and died in 1918). France's relations with women were always turbulent, and in 1888 he began a relationship with Madame Arman de Caillavet, who conducted a celebrated literary salon of the Third Republic. The affair lasted until shortly before her death in 1910. After his divorc... |
21 | ""Antoninus Pius"" | Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius (; ; 19 September 86 – 7 March 161) was Roman emperor from AD 138 to 161. He was the fourth of the Five Good Emperors from the Nerva–Antonine dynasty. Born into a senatorial family, Antoninus held various offices during the reign of Emperor Hadrian. He married Hadrian's niece Faust... |
22 | ""Antoninus Pius"" | Antoninus was raised by his maternal grandfather Gnaeus Arrius Antoninus, reputed by contemporaries to be a man of integrity and culture and a friend of Pliny the Younger. The Arrii Antonini were an older senatorial family from Italy, very influential during Nerva's reign. Arria Fadilla, Antoninus's mother, married aft... |
23 | ""Antoninus Pius"" | Also, as one could not have a wife and an official concubine (or two concubines) at the same time, Antoninus avoided being pressed into a marriage with a noblewoman from another family. (Later, Marcus Aurelius would also reject the advances of his former fiancée Ceionia Fabia, Lucius Verus's sister, on the grounds of p... |
24 | ""Antoninus Pius"" | Immediately after Hadrian's death, Antoninus approached Marcus and requested that his marriage arrangements be amended: Marcus's betrothal to Ceionia Fabia would be annulled, and he would be betrothed to Faustina, Antoninus's daughter instead. Faustina's betrothal to Ceionia's brother Lucius Commodus, Marcus's future c... |
25 | ""Antoninus Pius"" | It was however in Britain that Antoninus decided to follow a new, more aggressive path, with the appointment of a new governor in 139, Quintus Lollius Urbicus, a native of Numidia and previously governor of Germania Inferior as well as a new man. Under instructions from the emperor, Lollius undertook an invasion of sou... |
26 | ""Antoninus Pius"" | That this quest for some military achievement responded to an actual need is proved by the fact that, although generally peaceful, Antoninus's reign was not free from attempts at usurpation: "Historia Augusta" mentions two, made by the senators Cornelius Priscianus ("for disturbing the peace of Spain"; Priscianus had a... |
27 | ""Antoninus Pius"" | They had all heard about the spirit of justice held by this great emperor, justice that was heightened by his handsome and grave countenance, and his slim and vigorous figure." Due to the outbreak of the Antonine epidemic and wars against northern Germanic tribes, the reign of Marcus Aurelius was forced to alter the fo... |
28 | ""Antoninus Pius"" | In his dealings with Greek-speaking cities, Antoninus followed the policy adopted by Hadrian of ingratiating himself with local elites, especially with local intellectuals: philosophers, teachers of literature, rhetoricians, and physicians were explicitly exempted from any duties involving private spending for civic pu... |
29 | ""Antoninus Pius"" | The "res privata" lands could be sold and/or given away, while the "patrimonium" properties were regarded as public. It was a way of pretending that the Imperial function—and most properties attached to it—was a public one, formally subject to the authority of the Senate and the Roman people. That the distinction playe... |
30 | ""Antoninus Pius"" | As a hallmark of the increased connection between jurists and the imperial government, Antoninus's reign also saw the appearance of the "Institutes" of Gaius, an elementary legal textbook for beginners. Antoninus passed measures to facilitate the enfranchisement of slaves. Mostly, he favoured the principle of "favor li... |
31 | ""Antoninus Pius"" | Antoninus is a likely candidate for the Antoninus named multiple times in the Talmud as a friend of Rabbi Judah Ha-Nasi. In the Talmudic tractate "Avodah Zarah" 10a–b, Rabbi Judah—exceptionally wealthy and highly revered in Rome—shared a close friendship with a man named Antoninus (possibly Antoninus Pius), who frequen... |
32 | ""Antoninus Pius"" | Roman coins from the reigns of Tiberius to Aurelian have been discovered in Xi'an, China (site of the Han capital Chang'an), although the significantly greater amount of Roman coins unearthed in India suggest the Roman maritime trade for purchasing Chinese silk was centered there, not in China or even the overland Silk... |
33 | ""Antoninus Pius"" | Two days before his death, the biographer reports, Antoninus was at his ancestral estate at Lorium, in Etruria, about from Rome. He ate Alpine cheese at dinner quite greedily. In the night he vomited; he had a fever the next day. The day after that, he summoned the imperial council, and passed the state and his daughte... |
34 | ""Antoninus Pius"" | Nevertheless, it still contains information that is considered reasonably sound; for instance, it is the only source that mentions the erection of the Antonine Wall in Britain. Antoninus in many ways was the ideal of the landed gentleman praised not only by ancient Romans, but also by later scholars of classical histor... |
35 | ""Antoninus Pius"" | Ulanowski also praises Antoninus for being successful in deterrence by diplomatic means. Descendants. Although only one of his four children survived to adulthood, Antoninus came to be ancestor to four generations of prominent Romans, including the Emperor Commodus. Hans-Georg Pflaum has identified five direct descenda... |
36 | ""Accumulator (computing)"" | In a computer's central processing unit (CPU), the accumulator is a register in which intermediate arithmetic logic unit results are stored. Without a register like an accumulator, it would be necessary to write the result of each calculation (addition, multiplication, shift, etc.) to cache or main memory, perhaps onl... |
37 | ""Accumulator (computing)"" | Almost all computers were accumulator machines with only the high-performance "supercomputers" having multiple registers. Then as mainframe systems gave way to microcomputers, accumulator architectures were again popular with the MOS 6502 being a notable example. Many 8-bit microcontrollers that are still popular , suc... |
38 | ""Accumulator (computing)"" | The 1945 configuration of ENIAC had 20 accumulators, which could operate in parallel. Each one could store an eight decimal digit number and add to it (or subtract from it) a number it received. Most of IBM's early binary "scientific" computers, beginning with the vacuum tube IBM 701 in 1952, used a single 36-bit accum... |
39 | ""Accumulator (computing)"" | For instance, MUL ECX will multiply the 32-bit registers ECX and EAX and split the 64-bit result between EAX and EDX. However, MUL and DIV are special cases; other arithmetic-logical instructions (ADD, SUB, CMP, AND, OR, XOR, TEST) may specify any of the eight registers EAX, ECX, EDX, EBX, ESP, EBP, ESI, EDI as the acc... |
40 | ""Ahmed III"" | Ahmed III (, "Aḥmed-i sālis"; 30 December 16731 July 1736) was sultan of the Ottoman Empire and a son of sultan Mehmed IV (r. 1648–1687). His mother was Gülnuş Sultan, originally named Evmania Voria, who was an ethnic Greek. He was born at Hacıoğlu Pazarcık, in Dobruja. He succeeded to the throne in 1703 on the abdicat... |
41 | ""Ahmed III"" | He was brought up in the imperial harem in Edirne with a traditional princely education, studying the Qur’an, the hadiths (traditions of Muhammad), and the fundamentals of Islamic sciences, history, poetry and music under the supervision of private tutors. One of his tutors was chief mufti Feyzullah Efendi. Ahmed was a... |
42 | ""Ahmed III"" | Due to his ardent support of the new laws, Ahmed was given the title 'law-giver', a title given to only three sultans earlier, Bayezid II (r. 1481–1512), Selim I (r. 1512–1520) and Suleiman I (r. 1520–1566). In the first three years of his reign, Ahmed appointed four separate Grand Viziers. However, the government only... |
43 | ""Ahmed III"" | The unsuccessful battle, also commanded by Silahdar Ali Pasha, ended with the Treaty of Passarowitz, signed on 21 July 1718, according to which Belgrade, Banat, and Wallachia were ceded to Austria. This failure was a disappointment for Ahmed as the treaty led to Istanbul's economy suffering from increased inflation. Ne... |
44 | ""Ahmed III"" | It was in his reign that an important change in the government of the Danubian Principalities was introduced: previously, the Porte had appointed Hospodars, usually native Moldavian and Wallachian boyars, to administer those provinces; after the Russian campaign of 1711, during which Peter the Great found an ally in Mo... |
45 | ""Ahmed III"" | The “Basmala” at the Topkapi Palace apartment door with its plates in the Üsküdar Yeni Mosque are among them. A library was built by Ahmed in 1724–1725 situated next to the tomb entrance of Turhan Sultan, the structure has stone-brick alternate meshed walls, is square-shaped and covered with a flattened dome with an oc... |
46 | ""Ahmed III"" | Ahmed lived in Kafes of the Topkapi Palace for six years following his deposition, where he fell ill and died on 1 July 1736. He was buried in his grandmother's tomb in Turhan Sultan Mausoleum in New Mosque, at Eminönü in Istanbul. In fiction. In Voltaire's "Candide", the eponymous main character meets the deposed Ahme... |
47 | ""Amstrad CPC"" | The Amstrad CPC (short for "Colour Personal Computer") is a series of 8-bit home computers produced by Amstrad between 1984 and 1990. It was designed to compete in the mid-1980s home computer market dominated by the Commodore 64 and the ZX Spectrum; it successfully established itself primarily in the United Kingdom, Fr... |
48 | ""Amstrad CPC"" | Secondly, Amstrad founder Alan Sugar wanted the machine to resemble a "real computer, similar to what someone would see being used to check them in at the airport for their holidays", and for the machine to not look like "a pregnant calculator" – in reference presumably to the ZX81 and ZX Spectrum with their low cost, ... |
49 | ""Amstrad CPC"" | Compared to the CPC 464's multicoloured keyboard, the CPC 664's keys are kept in a much quieter grey and pale blue colour scheme. The back of the CPC 664 main unit features the same connectors as the CPC 464, with the exception of an additional 12V power lead. Unlike the CPC 464's cassette tape drive that could be powe... |
50 | ""Amstrad CPC"" | The main goals were numerous enhancements to the existing CPC hardware platform, to restyle the casework to provide a contemporary appearance, and to add native support of cartridge media. The new model palette includes three variants, the "464plus" and "6128plus" computers and the "GX4000" video game console. The "CPC... |
51 | ""Amstrad CPC"" | In order to simplify the EMC screening process, the edge connectors of the previous models have been replaced with micro-ribbon connectors as previously used on the German Schneider CPC 6128. As a result, a wide range of extensions for the original CPC range are connector-incompatible with the 464 plus and 6128 plus. I... |
52 | ""Amstrad CPC"" | To circumvent this, Amstrad's Spanish distributor "Indescomp" (later to become "Amstrad Spain") created and distributed the "CPC 472", a modified version of the CPC 464. Its main differences are a small additional daughter board containing a CPC 664 ROM chip and an 8 KB memory chip, and a keyboard with a ñ key (althoug... |
53 | ""Amstrad CPC"" | Reception. "Your Computer" concluded that the CPC 464 had "Superior graphics and sound, an excellent Basic coupled with a flexible operating system" and that Amstrad's target sales of 200,000 by the end of 1984 were realistic. A "BYTE" columnist in January 1985 called the CPC 464 "the closest yet to filling" his criter... |
54 | ""Amstrad CPC"" | The original CPC video hardware supports a colour palette of 27 colours, generated from RGB colour space with each colour component assigned as either off, half on, or on (3 level RGB palette). The plus range extended the palette to 4096 colours, also generated from RGB with 4 bits each for red, green and blue (12-bit ... |
55 | ""Amstrad CPC"" | The interface with the drives is an NEC 765 FDC, used for the same purpose in the IBM PC/XT, PC/AT and PS/2 machines. Its features are not fully used in order to cut costs, namely DMA transfers and support for single density disks; they were formatted as double density using modified frequency modulation. Discs were sh... |
56 | ""Amstrad CPC"" | Such extra ROM chips do not plug directly into the CPC itself, but into extra plug-in "rom boxes" which contain sockets for the ROM chips and a minimal amount of decoding circuitry for the main machine to be able to switch between them. These boxes were either marketed commercially or could be built by competent hobbyi... |
57 | ""Amstrad CPC"" | Other unusual features include timed event handling with the AFTER and EVERY commands, and text-based windowing. CP/M. Digital Research's CP/M operating system was supplied with the 664 and 6128 disk-based systems, and the DDI-1 disk expansion unit for the 464. 64k machines shipped with CP/M 2.2 alone, while the 128k m... |
58 | ""Amstrad CPC"" | The Roland character was named after Roland Perry, one of the lead designers of the original CPC range. Schneider Computer Division. In order to market its computers in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland where Amstrad did not have any distribution structures, Amstrad entered a partnership with "Schneider Rundfunkwerke A... |
59 | ""Amstrad CPC"" | CPC Magazines appeared during the 1980s including publications in countries such as Britain, France, Spain, Germany, Denmark, Australia, and Greece. Titles included the official Amstrad Computer User publication, as well as independent titles like "Amstrad Action", "Amtix!", "Computing with the Amstrad CPC", "CPC Attac... |
60 | ""Astoria, Oregon"" | Astoria is a port city in and the county seat of Clatsop County, Oregon, United States. Founded in 1811, Astoria is the oldest city in the state and was the first permanent American settlement west of the Rocky Mountains. The county is the northwest corner of Oregon, and Astoria is located on the south shore of the Col... |
61 | ""Astoria, Oregon"" | The fort constructed by the "Tonquin" party established Astoria as a U.S., rather than a British, settlement and became a vital post for American exploration of the continent. It was later used as an American claim in the Oregon boundary dispute with European nations. The Pacific Fur Company, a subsidiary of John Jacob... |
62 | ""Astoria, Oregon"" | Astoria also had a significant population of Indians, especially Sikhs from Punjab; the Ghadar Party, a political movement among Indians on the West Coast of the U.S. and Canada to overthrow British rule in India, was officially founded on July 15, 1913, in Astoria. 20th and 21st centuries. In 1883, and again in 1922, ... |
63 | ""Astoria, Oregon"" | From 1921 to 1966, a ferry route across the Columbia River connected Astoria with Pacific County, Washington. In 1966, the Astoria–Megler Bridge was opened. The bridge completed U.S. Route 101 and linked Astoria with Washington on the opposite shore of the Columbia, replacing the ferry service. Today, tourism, Astoria'... |
64 | ""Astoria, Oregon"" | Now Fort George Brewery hosts the event, which draws hundreds of visitors and tour buses from Seattle. Astoria is the western terminus of the TransAmerica Bicycle Trail, a coast-to-coast bicycle touring route created in 1976 by the Adventure Cycling Association. At least two United States Coast Guard cutters: the "Davi... |
65 | ""Astoria, Oregon"" | The most rainfall in one month was in December 1933, and the most in 24 hours was on November 25, 1998. The most snowfall in one month was in January 1950, and the most snow in 24 hours was on December 11, 1922. Demographics. 2010 census. As of the 2010 census, 9,477 people, 4,288 households, and 2,274 families were re... |
66 | ""Astoria, Oregon"" | The racial makeup of the city was 91.08% White, 0.52% Black or African American, 1.14% Native American, 1.94% Asian, 0.19% Pacific Islander, 2.67% from other races, and 2.46% from two or more races. About 5.98% of the population were Hispanics or Latinos of any race. By ethnicity, 14.2% were German, 11.4% Irish, 10.2% ... |
67 | ""Astoria, Oregon"" | "Shanghaied in Astoria" is a musical about Astoria's history that has been performed in Astoria every year since 1984. Government. Astoria operates under a council–manager form of city government. Voters elect four councilors by ward and a mayor, who each serve four-year terms. The mayor and council appoint a city mana... |
68 | ""Astoria, Oregon"" | Route 101, the primary coastal highway in Oregon, and U.S. Route 30, which follows the Columbia River inland to Portland and into Eastern Oregon. The Astoria–Megler Bridge carries U.S. Route 101 across the Columbia River into neighboring Washington state. It opened in 1966 and carries an average of 7,000 vehicles per d... |
69 | ""Astoria, Oregon"" | Two U.S. Navy cruisers were named USS "Astoria": A New Orleans-class heavy cruiser (CA-34) and a Cleveland class light cruiser (CL-90). The former was lost in the Pacific Ocean in combat at the Battle of Savo Island in August 1942, during World War II, and the latter was scrapped in 1971 after being removed from active... |
70 | ""Alarums and Excursions"" | Alarums and Excursions (A&E) was an amateur press association (APA) started in June 1975 by Lee Gold; the final issue, #593, was published in April 2025. It was one of the first publications to focus solely on role-playing games. History. In 1964, Bruce Pelz of the Los Angeles Science Fiction Society (LASFS) began a we... |
71 | ""Alarums and Excursions"" | In the February 1976 issue of "Strategic Review" (Issue 6), Gary Gygax complimented the new APA, calling it "an excellent source of ideas, inspirations and fun." Although Gygax felt some of the contributors were "woefully lacking in background", and the quality of printing varied dramatically from issue to issue, he co... |
72 | ""Amputation"" | Amputation is the removal of a limb or other body part by trauma, medical illness, or surgery. As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as malignancy or gangrene. In some cases, it is carried out on individuals as a preventive surgery for such problems. A special... |
73 | ""Amputation"" | In some rare cases when a person has become trapped in a deserted place, with no means of communication or hope of rescue, the victim has amputated their own limb. The most notable case of this is Aron Ralston, a hiker who had amputated his own right forearm after it was pinned by a boulder in a hiking accident and he ... |
74 | ""Amputation"" | The preferred stabilisation technique is myodesis where the muscle is attached to the bone or its periosteum. In joint disarticulation amputations tenodesis may be used where the muscle tendon is attached to the bone. Muscles are attached under similar tension to normal physiological conditions. An experimental techniq... |
75 | ""Amputation"" | Traumatic amputation of a human limb, either partial or total, creates the immediate danger of death from blood loss. Orthopedic surgeons often assess the severity of different injuries using the Mangled Extremity Severity Score. Given different clinical and situational factors, they can predict the likelihood of amput... |
76 | ""Amputation"" | A large proportion of amputees (from 50 to 80% to 80-100%, according to different studies) experience the phenomenon of phantom limbs; they feel body parts that are no longer there. These limbs can itch, ache, burn, feel tense, dry or wet, locked in or trapped or they can feel as if they are moving. Some scientists bel... |
77 | ""Amputation"" | This is higher than the five year mortality rates for breast cancer, colon cancer, and prostate cancer. Of persons with diabetes who have a lower extremity amputation, up to 55% will require amputation of the second leg within two to three years. Etymology. The word amputation is borrowed from Latin "amputātus," past p... |
78 | ""Animal Farm"" | Animal Farm (originally Animal Farm: A Fairy Story) is a satirical allegorical novella, in the form of a beast fable, by George Orwell, first published in England on 17 August 1945. It tells the story of a group of anthropomorphic farm animals who rebel against their human farmer, hoping to create a society where the a... |
79 | ""Animal Farm"" | It became a great commercial success when it did appear, as international relations and public opinion were transformed as the wartime alliance gave way to the Cold War. "Time" magazine chose the book as one of the 100 best English-language novels (1923 to 2005); it also featured at number 31 on the Modern Library List... |
80 | ""Animal Farm"" | Through a young porker named Squealer, who is a skilled orator, Napoleon claims credit for the idea of building the windmill, claiming that Snowball was only trying to win animals to his side. The animals work harder with the promise of easier lives with the windmill. When the animals find the windmill collapsed after ... |
81 | ""Animal Farm"" | Years pass, the windmill is rebuilt and another windmill is constructed, which makes the farm a good amount of income. However, the ideals that Snowball discussed—including stalls with electric lighting, heating, and running water, along with a three-day work week for all animals—are forgotten, with Napoleon now advoca... |
82 | ""Animal Farm"" | Furthermore, these two prominent works seem to suggest Orwell's bleak view of the future for humanity; he seems to stress the potential/current threat of dystopias similar to those in "Animal Farm" and "Nineteen Eighty-Four". In these kinds of works, Orwell distinctly references the disarray and traumatic conditions of... |
83 | ""Animal Farm"" | Immediately before writing the book, Orwell quit the BBC. He was also upset about a booklet for propagandists the Ministry of Information had put out. The booklet included instructions on how to quell ideological fears of the Soviet Union, such as directions to claim that the Red Terror was a figment of Nazi imaginatio... |
84 | ""Animal Farm"" | Anti-Russian books do appear, but mostly from Catholic publishing firms and always from a religious or frankly reactionary angle". The publisher Jonathan Cape, who had initially accepted "Animal Farm", subsequently rejected the book after an official at the British Ministry of Information warned him off – although the ... |
85 | ""Animal Farm"" | Preface. Orwell originally wrote a preface complaining about British self-censorship and how the British people were suppressing criticism of the USSR, their World War II ally: Although the first edition allowed space for the preface in the author's proof, it was not included, and the page numbers had to be renumbered ... |
86 | ""Animal Farm"" | It seems to me that a reviewer should have the courage to identify Napoleon with Stalin, and Snowball with Trotsky, and express an opinion favourable or unfavourable to the author, upon a political ground. In a hundred years perhaps, "Animal Farm" may be simply a fairy story; today it is a political satire with a good ... |
87 | ""Animal Farm"" | Amy Hawkins and Jeffrey Wasserstrom of "The Atlantic" stated in 2019 that the book is widely available in mainland China for several reasons: censors believe the general public is unlikely to read a highbrow book, because the elites who do read books feel connected to the ruling party anyway, and because the Communist ... |
88 | ""Animal Farm"" | Orwell biographer Jeffrey Meyers has written, "virtually every detail has political significance in this allegory". Orwell himself wrote in 1946, "Of course I intended it primarily as a satire on the Russian revolution ... [and] "that kind" of revolution (violent conspiratorial revolution, led by unconsciously power-hu... |
89 | ""Animal Farm"" | During the battle, Orwell first wrote, "All the animals, including Napoleon" took cover. Orwell had the publisher alter this to "All the animals except Napoleon" in recognition of Stalin's decision to remain in Moscow during the German advance. Orwell requested the change after he met Józef Czapski in Paris in March 19... |
90 | ""Animal Farm"" | According to Masha Gessen, the metamorphosis of the eighth commandment ("some animals are more equal") was likely inspired by similar change of a party line which declared all Soviet people equal: the Russian nation and language suddenly became "first among equals" in official CPSU publications in 1936–1937. Adaptation... |
91 | ""Animal Farm"" | In 1950, Norman Pett and his writing partner Don Freeman were secretly hired by the Information Research Department, a secret department of the Foreign Office, to adapt "Animal Farm" into a comic strip. This comic was not published in the United Kingdom but ran in Brazilian and Burmese newspapers. Video game. Developer... |
92 | ""André Gide"" | André Paul Guillaume Gide (; 22 November 1869 – 19 February 1951) was a French writer and author whose writings spanned a wide variety of styles and topics. He was awarded the 1947 Nobel Prize in Literature. Gide's career ranged from his beginnings in the symbolist movement, to criticising imperialism between the two W... |
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en-wiki-250508
데이터셋 요약 (Dataset Summary)
본 데이터셋은 위키미디어(Wikimedia)에서 제공하는 영어 위키피디아(Wikipedia)의 최신 덤프 파일(2025년 5월 8일 기준)을 기반으로 구축되었습니다. 최신 정보가 반영된 영어 자연어 처리(NLP) 연구 및 모델 학습을 위해 문장 단위로 분할하고, 일정 길이의 세그먼트로 재구성하여 사용 편의성을 높였습니다.
- 데이터 소스: 영어 위키피디아 덤프
- 지식 기준일 (Knowledge Cutoff): 2025년 5월 8일 05:00 (UTC)
- 언어: 영어 (en)
데이터셋 구축 (Dataset Creation)
최신 영어 위키피디아 데이터를 활용하고자 하는 필요성에 의해 직접 데이터를 정제하고 분할하여 본 데이터셋을 구축했습니다. 위키미디어의 원본 덤프 데이터를 다운로드하여 불필요한 마크업과 태그를 제거한 후, 자연어 문장을 기준으로 텍스트를 분할했습니다.
전처리 (Preprocessing)
- 분할 단위 (Chunking Strategy): 문장 (sentence)
- 세그먼트 크기 (Segment Size): 10개 문장 (
--seg_size 10) - 스트라이드 (Stride): 1개 문장 (
--stride 1)
각 데이터 샘플은 10개의 연속된 문장으로 구성되며, 다음 샘플은 1개 문장씩 겹치도록 구성하여 문맥 정보의 손실을 최소화하고 데이터의 양을 증강했습니다.
데이터 구조 (Data Structure)
데이터 필드 (Data Fields)
text(string): 전처리 과정을 거친 텍스트 데이터. 10개의 문장으로 구성된 하나의 문자열입니다.
사용 방법 (How to Use)
from datasets import load_dataset
dataset = load_dataset("Chang-Su/en-wiki-250508")
print(dataset['train'][0])
라이선스 (License)
원본 위키피디아 데이터는 국제 라이선스(CC BY-SA 4.0)를 따릅니다. 본 데이터셋 또한 동일한 라이선스 정책을 준수합니다.
인용 정보 (Citation)
본 데이터셋을 연구에 사용하실 경우, 다음과 같이 인용을 부탁드립니다.
@dataset{
author = "ChangSu Choi",
title = "en-wiki-250508",
year = "2025",
url = "https://huggingface.co/datasets/Chang-Su/en-wiki-250508"
}
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