PCC-Pretrained
Collection
Pretraining Context Compressor for Large Language Models with Embedding-Based Memory • 13 items • Updated • 1
text stringlengths 491 1k | prompt stringlengths 53 2.14k | target stringlengths 53 2.14k | length int64 128 128 | stage stringclasses 1
value | compress_ids listlengths 128 128 | llm_ids listlengths 128 128 | next_ids listlengths 128 128 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[59, 2879, 90, 38255, 534, 59, 1530, 90, 5132, 14674, 299, 633, 59, 336, 764, 90, 30014, 20057, 2186, 477, 810, 3629, 1202, 6996, 34366, 11, 4315, 13324, 311, 198, 37751, 4500, 7640, 706, 1027, 27461, 20041, 304, 3293, 1667, 13, 763, 198, 4581, 24553, 11, 279, 9546, 315, 11, 6372, 315, 11, 323, 5663, 2727, 24368, 369, ... | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
\emph{Gender diversity}, or more often its lack thereof, among participants to
software development activities has been thoroughly studied in recent years. In
particular, the presence of, effects of, and countermeasures for \emph{gender
bias} in Free/Open Source Software (FOS... | scu2014gender,
oneil2016debiansurvey, robles2016womeninfoss, terrell2017gender,
zacchiroli2021gender}. \emph{Geographic diversity} is on the other hand the
kind of diversity that stems from participants in some global activity coming
from different world regions and cultures.
Geographic diversity in FOSS has rece... | 128 | 1 | [
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oneil2016debiansurvey, robles2016womeninfoss, terrell2017gender,
zacchiroli2021gender}. \emph{Geographic diversity} is on the other hand the
kind of diversity that stems from participants in some global activity coming
from different world regions and cultures.
Geographic diversity in FOSS has rece... | 2008fossdevs,
barahona2008geodiversity, takhteyev2010ossgeography, robles2014surveydataset,
wachs2021ossgeography}, large-scale longitudinal studies of the geographic
origin of FOSS contributors are still lacking. Such a quantitative
characterization would be useful to inform decisions related to global
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barahona2008geodiversity, takhteyev2010ossgeography, robles2014surveydataset,
wachs2021ossgeography}, large-scale longitudinal studies of the geographic
origin of FOSS contributors are still lacking. Such a quantitative
characterization would be useful to inform decisions related to global
development... | \paragraph{Contributions}
With this work we contribute to close this gap by conducting \textbf{the first
longitudinal study of the geographic origin of contributors to public code
over 50 years.} Specifically, we provide a preliminary answer to the
following research question:
\begin{researchquestion}
From which... | 128 | 1 | [
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With this work we contribute to close this gap by conducting \textbf{the first
longitudinal study of the geographic origin of contributors to public code
over 50 years.} Specifically, we provide a preliminary answer to the
following research question:
\begin{researchquestion}
From which... | analyze from it
2.2 billion\xspace commits archived from 160 million\xspace projects and authored by
43 million\xspace authors during the 1971--2021 time period.
We geolocate developers to
\DATAWorldRegions/ world regions, using as signals email country code top-level domains (ccTLDs) and
author (first/last) names c... | 128 | 1 | [
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2.2 billion\xspace commits archived from 160 million\xspace projects and authored by
43 million\xspace authors during the 1971--2021 time period.
We geolocate developers to
\DATAWorldRegions/ world regions, using as signals email country code top-level domains (ccTLDs) and
author (first/last) names c... | code has been constantly increasing.
We also identify relevant historical shifts
related to the end of the UNIX wars and the increase of coding literacy in
Central and South Asia, as well as of broader phenomena like colonialism and
people movement across countries (immigration/emigration).
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We also identify relevant historical shifts
related to the end of the UNIX wars and the increase of coding literacy in
Central and South Asia, as well as of broader phenomena like colonialism and
people movement across countries (immigration/emigration).
\paragraph{Data availab... | osh2005understanding, david2008fossdevs,
robles2014surveydataset, oneil2016debiansurvey} have characterized the
geography of Free/Open Source Software (FOSS) using \emph{developer surveys},
which provide high-quality answers but are limited in size (2-5\,K developers)
and can be biased by participant sampling.
In 20... | 128 | 1 | [
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robles2014surveydataset, oneil2016debiansurvey} have characterized the
geography of Free/Open Source Software (FOSS) using \emph{developer surveys},
which provide high-quality answers but are limited in size (2-5\,K developers)
and can be biased by participant sampling.
In 20... | repositories (MSR) techniques}. They analyzed the origin of 1\,M contributors
using the SourceForge user database and mailing list archives over the
1999--2005 period, using as signals information similar to ours: email domains
and UTC offsets.
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using the SourceForge user database and mailing list archives over the
1999--2005 period, using as signals information similar to ours: email domains
and UTC offsets.
The studied period (7 years) in~\cite{barahona2008geodiversity} is short... | 2010 by Takhteyev and
Hilts~\cite{takhteyev2010ossgeography} harvested self-declared geographic
locations of GitHub accounts recursively following their connections,
collecting information for $\approx$\,70\,K GitHub users. A very recent
work~\cite{wachs2021ossgeography} by Wachs et al.~has geolocated half a million
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Hilts~\cite{takhteyev2010ossgeography} harvested self-declared geographic
locations of GitHub accounts recursively following their connections,
collecting information for $\approx$\,70\,K GitHub users. A very recent
work~\cite{wachs2021ossgeography} by Wachs et al.~has geolocated half a million
... | , the authors compare their findings
against~\cite{barahona2008geodiversity, takhteyev2010ossgeography} to
characterize the evolution of FOSS geography over the time snapshots taken by
the three studies.
Compared with previous empirical works, our study is much larger scale---having
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679,
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713,
5814,
92,
311,
198,
19740,
553,
279,
15740,
315,
22512,
1242,
54242,
927,
2... |
[11, 279, 12283, 9616, 872, 14955, 198, 69849, 93, 59, 68175, 90, 2308, 1494, 6863, 1049, 23, 713, 347, 3050, 11, 18608, 427, 1216, 5230, 679, 15, 3746, 713, 5814, 92, 311, 198, 19740, 553, 279, 15740, 315, 22512, 1242, 54242, 927, 279, 892, 62923, 4529, 555, 198, 1820, 2380, 7978, 382, 1110, 7360, 449, 3766, 46763, 43... | , the authors compare their findings
against~\cite{barahona2008geodiversity, takhteyev2010ossgeography} to
characterize the evolution of FOSS geography over the time snapshots taken by
the three studies.
Compared with previous empirical works, our study is much larger scale---having
analyzed 43 million\xspace authors ... | period). Methodologically, our study relies on Version Control
System (VCS) commit data rather than platform-declared location information.
Other works---in particular the work by Daniel~\cite{daniel2013ossdiversity}
and, more recently, Rastogi et al.~\cite{rastogi2016geobias,
rastogi2018geobias, prana2021geogende... | 128 | 1 | [
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System (VCS) commit data rather than platform-declared location information.
Other works---in particular the work by Daniel~\cite{daniel2013ossdiversity}
and, more recently, Rastogi et al.~\cite{rastogi2016geobias,
rastogi2018geobias, prana2021geogende... | In this work we characterized geographic diversity in public code for the first
time at this scale, both in terms of contributors and observation period. We do
not tackle the bias angle, but provide empirical data and findings that can be
leveraged to that end as future work.
\emph{Global software engineering}~\cite{h... | 128 | 1 | [
4261,
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12315,... | [
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586,
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... |
[644, 420, 990, 584, 32971, 46139, 20057, 304, 586, 2082, 369, 279, 1176, 198, 1712, 520, 420, 5569, 11, 2225, 304, 3878, 315, 20965, 323, 22695, 4261, 13, 1226, 656, 198, 1962, 22118, 279, 15837, 9392, 11, 719, 3493, 46763, 828, 323, 14955, 430, 649, 387, 198, 72905, 3359, 311, 430, 842, 439, 3938, 990, 382, 59, 336, ... | In this work we characterized geographic diversity in public code for the first
time at this scale, both in terms of contributors and observation period. We do
not tackle the bias angle, but provide empirical data and findings that can be
leveraged to that end as future work.
\emph{Global software engineering}~\cite{h... | Decades later the present study provides evidence that can be used, in the
specific case of public code and at a very large scale, to verify which
promises of global software engineering have borne fruit.
\section{Methodology}
\label{sec:method}
\newif\ifgrowthfig \growthfigtrue
\ifgrowthfig
\begin{figure}
... | 128 | 1 | [
644,
420,
990,
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828,
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... | [
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656,
198,
1962,
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719,
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46763,
828,
323,
... | [
5005,
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4007,
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6029,
430,
649,
387,
1511,
11,
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311,
10356,
902,
198,
25475,
5014,
315,
3728,
3241,
15009,
617,
65162,
14098,
977... |
[5005, 3536, 3010, 279, 3118, 4007, 5825, 6029, 430, 649, 387, 1511, 11, 304, 279, 198, 52340, 1162, 315, 586, 2082, 323, 520, 264, 1633, 3544, 5569, 11, 311, 10356, 902, 198, 25475, 5014, 315, 3728, 3241, 15009, 617, 65162, 14098, 9772, 198, 1144, 2879, 90, 3607, 2508, 534, 59, 1530, 90, 5132, 25, 4492, 3818, 59, 943,... | Decades later the present study provides evidence that can be used, in the
specific case of public code and at a very large scale, to verify which
promises of global software engineering have borne fruit.
\section{Methodology}
\label{sec:method}
\newif\ifgrowthfig \growthfigtrue
\ifgrowthfig
\begin{figure}
... | Dataset}
We retrieved from \SWH/~\cite{swh-msr2019-dataset} all commits archived until \DATALastCommitDate/.
They amount to \DATACommitsRaw/ commits, unique by SHA1 identifier, harvested from \DATATotalCommitsInSH/ public projects coming from major development forges (GitHub, GitLab, etc.) and package repositories (De... | 128 | 1 | [
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430,
649,
387,
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1162,
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902,
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3728,
3241,
15009,
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1956,
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7009,
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311,
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18253,
18461,
1220,
20613,
14,
4... |
[34463, 633, 1687, 31503, 505, 1144, 17268, 39, 54896, 59, 68175, 85486, 1336, 65189, 81, 679, 24, 1773, 8534, 92, 682, 42635, 53093, 3156, 1144, 35, 31174, 561, 34541, 1956, 76969, 7009, 3392, 311, 1144, 18253, 18461, 1220, 20613, 14, 42635, 11, 5016, 555, 22466, 16, 13110, 11, 67572, 505, 1144, 48992, 835, 2426, 1846... | Dataset}
We retrieved from \SWH/~\cite{swh-msr2019-dataset} all commits archived until \DATALastCommitDate/.
They amount to \DATACommitsRaw/ commits, unique by SHA1 identifier, harvested from \DATATotalCommitsInSH/ public projects coming from major development forges (GitHub, GitLab, etc.) and package repositories (De... | and one for authors, with the former referencing the latter via a foreign key.
\iflong
Each row in the commit table contains the following fields: commit SHA1 identifier, author and committer timestamps, author and committer identifiers (referencing the author table).
The distinction between commit authors and committ... | 128 | 1 | [
34463,
633,
1687,
31503,
505,
1144,
17268,
39,
54896,
59,
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1956,
76969,
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311,
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18253,
18461,
1220,
20613,
14,
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323,
832,
369,
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279,
4846,
57616,
279,
15629,
4669,
264,
7362,
1401,
627,
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4959,
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5151,
25,
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22466,
16,
13110,
11,
3229,
323,
1081,
3328,
49881,
11,
... |
[323, 832, 369, 12283, 11, 449, 279, 4846, 57616, 279, 15629, 4669, 264, 7362, 1401, 627, 59, 333, 4930, 198, 4959, 2872, 304, 279, 5379, 2007, 5727, 279, 2768, 5151, 25, 5379, 22466, 16, 13110, 11, 3229, 323, 1081, 3328, 49881, 11, 3229, 323, 1081, 3328, 48316, 320, 42260, 11627, 279, 3229, 2007, 4390, 791, 30296, 199... | and one for authors, with the former referencing the latter via a foreign key.
\iflong
Each row in the commit table contains the following fields: commit SHA1 identifier, author and committer timestamps, author and committer identifiers (referencing the author table).
The distinction between commit authors and committ... | we have author full name and email as two separate strings of raw bytes.
We removed implausible or unusable names that: are not decodable as UTF-8 (\DATAAuthorsRmNondecodable/ author names removed), are email addresses instead of names (\DATAAuthorsRmEmail/ ``names''), consist of only blank characters (\DATAAuthorsRm... | 128 | 1 | [
323,
832,
369,
12283,
11,
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279,
4846,
57616,
279,
15629,
4669,
264,
7362,
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333,
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198,
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2007,
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5151,
25,
5379,
22466,
16,
13110,
11,
3229,
323,
1081,
3328,
49881,
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... | [
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5151,
25,
5379,
22466,
16,
13110,
11,
3229,
323,
1081,
3328,
49881,
11,
... | [
584,
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3229,
2539,
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323,
2613,
439,
1403,
8821,
9246,
315,
7257,
5943,
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7108,
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477,
16236,
481,
5144,
430,
25,
527,
539,
1654,
70229,
439,
20677,
12,
23,
20374,
18253,
58990,
49,
76,
8284,
8332,
70229,
14... |
[584, 617, 3229, 2539, 836, 323, 2613, 439, 1403, 8821, 9246, 315, 7257, 5943, 382, 1687, 7108, 11866, 43736, 477, 16236, 481, 5144, 430, 25, 527, 539, 1654, 70229, 439, 20677, 12, 23, 20374, 18253, 58990, 49, 76, 8284, 8332, 70229, 14, 3229, 5144, 7108, 705, 527, 2613, 14564, 4619, 315, 5144, 20374, 18253, 58990, 49, ... | we have author full name and email as two separate strings of raw bytes.
We removed implausible or unusable names that: are not decodable as UTF-8 (\DATAAuthorsRmNondecodable/ author names removed), are email addresses instead of names (\DATAAuthorsRmEmail/ ``names''), consist of only blank characters (\DATAAuthorsRm... | ct/ of the initial dataset) remained for further analysis.
Note that the amount of public code commits (and authors) contained in the
initial dataset grows exponentially over
time~\cite{swh-provenance-emse}\ifgrowthfig, as shown for commits in
\Cref{fig:growth}\else: from $10^4$ commits in 1971, to $10^6$ in 1998, to
... | 128 | 1 | [
584,
617,
3229,
2539,
836,
323,
2613,
439,
1403,
8821,
9246,
315,
7257,
5943,
382,
1687,
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481,
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439,
20677,
12,
23,
20374,
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49,
76,
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8332,
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14... | [
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12,
23,
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18253,
58990,
49,
76,
8284,
8332,
70229,
14... | [
302,
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8,
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430,
279,
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315,
586,
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42635,
320,
438,
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8,
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279,
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10550,
28815,
75251,
927,
198,
1712,
93,
59,
68175,
85486,
1336,
10039,
1055,... |
[302, 14, 315, 279, 2926, 10550, 8, 14958, 369, 4726, 6492, 382, 9290, 430, 279, 3392, 315, 586, 2082, 42635, 320, 438, 12283, 8, 13282, 304, 279, 198, 9613, 10550, 28815, 75251, 927, 198, 1712, 93, 59, 68175, 85486, 1336, 10039, 1055, 685, 37612, 325, 11281, 333, 74189, 915, 11, 439, 6982, 369, 42635, 304, 198, 24864,... | ct/ of the initial dataset) remained for further analysis.
Note that the amount of public code commits (and authors) contained in the
initial dataset grows exponentially over
time~\cite{swh-provenance-emse}\ifgrowthfig, as shown for commits in
\Cref{fig:growth}\else: from $10^4$ commits in 1971, to $10^6$ in 1998, to
... | to statistics taken on
exponentially larger populations.
\paragraph{Geolocation}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[clip,trim=6cm 6cm 0 0,width=\linewidth]{subregions-ours}
\caption{The \DATAWorldRegions/ world regions used as geolocation targets.}
\label{fig:worldmap}
\end{figure}
As geolocation t... | 128 | 1 | [
302,
14,
315,
279,
2926,
10550,
8,
14958,
369,
4726,
6492,
382,
9290,
430,
279,
3392,
315,
586,
2082,
42635,
320,
438,
12283,
8,
13282,
304,
279,
198,
9613,
10550,
28815,
75251,
927,
198,
1712,
93,
59,
68175,
85486,
1336,
10039,
1055,... | [
302,
14,
315,
279,
2926,
10550,
8,
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369,
4726,
6492,
382,
9290,
430,
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3392,
315,
586,
2082,
42635,
320,
438,
12283,
8,
13282,
304,
279,
198,
9613,
10550,
28815,
75251,
927,
198,
1712,
93,
59,
68175,
85486,
1336,
10039,
1055,... | [
311,
13443,
4529,
389,
198,
327,
1166,
34575,
8294,
22673,
4286,
59,
28827,
90,
9688,
44306,
633,
59,
7413,
90,
18257,
534,
220,
1144,
3133,
287,
198,
220,
1144,
1012,
32785,
58,
8133,
11,
10893,
28,
21,
6358,
220,
21,
6358,
220,
15... |
[311, 13443, 4529, 389, 198, 327, 1166, 34575, 8294, 22673, 4286, 59, 28827, 90, 9688, 44306, 633, 59, 7413, 90, 18257, 534, 220, 1144, 3133, 287, 198, 220, 1144, 1012, 32785, 58, 8133, 11, 10893, 28, 21, 6358, 220, 21, 6358, 220, 15, 220, 15, 42711, 35533, 58312, 15731, 2008, 58808, 12, 2530, 534, 220, 1144, 24232, 90... | to statistics taken on
exponentially larger populations.
\paragraph{Geolocation}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[clip,trim=6cm 6cm 0 0,width=\linewidth]{subregions-ours}
\caption{The \DATAWorldRegions/ world regions used as geolocation targets.}
\label{fig:worldmap}
\end{figure}
As geolocation t... | ) within macro regions, we merged and split some regions based on geographic proximity and the sharing of preeminent cultural identification features, such as spoken language.
\Cref{fig:worldmap} shows the final list of \DATAWorldRegions/ world regions used as geolocation targets in this study.
Geolocation of commit a... | 128 | 1 | [
311,
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4529,
389,
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327,
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90,
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2235,
92,
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279,
... |
[8, 2949, 18563, 13918, 11, 584, 27092, 323, 6859, 1063, 13918, 3196, 389, 46139, 37843, 323, 279, 11821, 315, 864, 336, 14168, 13042, 22654, 4519, 11, 1778, 439, 22066, 4221, 627, 24864, 1116, 90, 915, 25, 14957, 2235, 92, 5039, 279, 1620, 1160, 315, 1144, 18253, 10343, 80384, 14, 1917, 13918, 1511, 439, 3980, 44306, ... | ) within macro regions, we merged and split some regions based on geographic proximity and the sharing of preeminent cultural identification features, such as spoken language.
\Cref{fig:worldmap} shows the final list of \DATAWorldRegions/ world regions used as geolocation targets in this study.
Geolocation of commit a... | texttt{.ru}, \texttt{.cn}, etc.
We started from the IANA list of Latin character ccTLDs~\cite{wikipedia-cctld} and manually mapped each corresponding territory to a target world region.
The second geolocation technique uses the UTC offset of commit timestamps (e.g., UTC-05:00) and author names to determine the most li... | 128 | 1 | [
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We started from the IANA list of Latin character ccTLDs~\cite{wikipedia-cctld} and manually mapped each corresponding territory to a target world region.
The second geolocation technique uses the UTC offset of commit timestamps (e.g., UTC-05:00) and author names to determine the most li... | key here, as country UTC offsets vary over time due to timezone changes.
To make this determination we use the IANA time zone database~\cite{tzdata}.
Then we assign to each place a score that captures the likelihood that a given author name is characteristic of it.
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To make this determination we use the IANA time zone database~\cite{tzdata}.
Then we assign to each place a score that captures the likelihood that a given author name is characteristic of it.
To this end we use the Forebears dataset of the freq... | % of living people in 2014). As of September 2019 it covers \num{27 662 801} forenames and \num{27 206 821} surnames in 236 jurisdictions.''}
As in our dataset authors are full name strings (rather than split by first/family name), we first tokenize names (by blanks and case changes) and then lookup individual tokens i... | 128 | 1 | [
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As in our dataset authors are full name strings (rather than split by first/family name), we first tokenize names (by blanks and case changes) and then lookup individual tokens i... | token) in the specific place.
\footnotetext{To obtain population totals---as the notion of ``place'' is heterogeneous: full countries v.~slices of large countries spanning multiple timezones---we use a mixture of primary sources (e.g., government websites), and non-primary ones (e.g., Wikipedia articles).}
We sum this ... | 128 | 1 | [
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\footnotetext{To obtain population totals---as the notion of ``place'' is heterogeneous: full countries v.~slices of large countries spanning multiple timezones---we use a mixture of primary sources (e.g., government websites), and non-primary ones (e.g., Wikipedia articles).}
We sum this ... | score, corresponding to the likelihood that the commit belongs to a given world region.
We assign the starting commit as coming from the world region with the highest score.
The email-based technique suffers from the limited and unbalanced use of ccTLDs: most developers use generic TLDs such as \texttt{.com}, \texttt... | 128 | 1 | [
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We assign the starting commit as coming from the world region with the highest score.
The email-based technique suffers from the limited and unbalanced use of ccTLDs: most developers use generic TLDs such as \texttt{.com}, \texttt... | on the UTC offset of the commit timestamps.
Due to tool configurations on developer setups, a large number of commits in the dataset has an UTC offset equal to zero.
This affects less recent commits (\DATACommitsTZZTwoThousandTwenty/ of 2020s commits have a zero offset) than older ones (\DATACommitsTZZTwoThousand/ in ... | 128 | 1 | [
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Due to tool configurations on developer setups, a large number of commits in the dataset has an UTC offset equal to zero.
This affects less recent commits (\DATACommitsTZZTwoThousandTwenty/ of 2020s commits have a zero offset) than older ones (\DATACommitsTZZTwoThousand/ in ... | to all commits with a non-zero UTC offset, and the email-based on to all other commits.
\section{Results and Discussion}
\label{sec:results}
\begin{figure*}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{stacked.pdf}
\caption{Ratio of commits (above) and active authors (below) by world zone over the 1971--202... | 128 | 1 | [
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\section{Results and Discussion}
\label{sec:results}
\begin{figure*}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{stacked.pdf}
\caption{Ratio of commits (above) and active authors (below) by world zone over the 1971--202... | {figure*}
To answer \cref{rq:geodiversity} we gathered the number of commits and distinct authors per year and per world zone.
We present the obtained results in \Cref{fig:results} as two stacked bar charts, showing yearly breakdowns for commits and authors respectively.
Every bar represents a year and is partition... | 128 | 1 | [
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To answer \cref{rq:geodiversity} we gathered the number of commits and distinct authors per year and per world zone.
We present the obtained results in \Cref{fig:results} as two stacked bar charts, showing yearly breakdowns for commits and authors respectively.
Every bar represents a year and is partition... | .
While observing trends in the charts remember that the total numbers of commits and authors grow exponentially over time.
Hence for the first years in the charts, the number of data points in some world regions can be extremely small, with negative consequences on the stability of trends.
\paragraph{Geographic d... | 128 | 1 | [
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11,
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315,
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[382, 8142, 46071, 18845, 304, 279, 27223, 6227, 430, 279, 2860, 5219, 315, 42635, 323, 12283, 3139, 75251, 927, 892, 627, 39, 768, 369, 279, 1176, 1667, 304, 279, 27223, 11, 279, 1396, 315, 828, 3585, 304, 1063, 1917, 13918, 649, 387, 9193, 2678, 11, 449, 8389, 16296, 389, 279, 20334, 315, 18845, 75223, 59, 28827, 90,... | .
While observing trends in the charts remember that the total numbers of commits and authors grow exponentially over time.
Hence for the first years in the charts, the number of data points in some world regions can be extremely small, with negative consequences on the stability of trends.
\paragraph{Geographic d... | code development includes Central and South Asia (comprising India), Russia, Africa, Central and South America,
Notice that also zones that do not seem to follow this trend, such as Australia and New Zealand, are also increasing their participation, but at a lower speed with respect to other zones.
For example, Austra... | 128 | 1 | [
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Notice that also zones that do not seem to follow this trend, such as Australia and New Zealand, are also increasing their participation, but at a lower speed with respect to other zones.
For example, Austra... | increasing their share.
An analysis of the main contributions in the years right before the contraction shows that nine out of ten have \texttt{ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU} as author email domain, and the tenth is Keith Bostic, one of the leading Unix BSD developers, appearing with email \texttt{bostic}.
No developer with the... | 128 | 1 | [
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An analysis of the main contributions in the years right before the contraction shows that nine out of ten have \texttt{ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU} as author email domain, and the tenth is Keith Bostic, one of the leading Unix BSD developers, appearing with email \texttt{bostic}.
No developer with the... | , partially as a consequence of the so-called UNIX wars~\cite{kernighan2019unixhistory}, and this contributes significantly---also because of the relatively low amount of public code circulating at the time---to the sudden drop of contributions from North America in subsequent years.
Descendant UNIX operating systems b... | 128 | 1 | [
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Descendant UNIX operating systems b... | 1975--79.
A preliminary analysis shows that these ratios are erratic due to the very limited number of commits in those time period, but we were unable to detect a specific root cause.
Trends for those years should be subject to further studies, in collaboration with software historians.
\paragraph{Colonialism}
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A preliminary analysis shows that these ratios are erratic due to the very limited number of commits in those time period, but we were unable to detect a specific root cause.
Trends for those years should be subject to further studies, in collaboration with software historians.
\paragraph{Colonialism}
Ano... | results show that the offset/name-based approach assigns 22.7\% of the commits to Africa whereas the email-based one only assigns 2.7\% of them.
While a deeper investigation is in order, it is our opinion that the phenomenon we are witnessing here is a consequence of colonialism, specifically the adoption of Europeans... | 128 | 1 | [
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... |
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While a deeper investigation is in order, it is our opinion that the phenomenon we are witnessing here is a consequence of colonialism, specifically the adoption of Europeans... | offset/name-based method could detect European names as originating from Africa.
While this cuts both way, the likelihood of a random person contributing to public code is very different between European countries, all having a well-developed software industry, and African countries that do not all share this trait.
... | 128 | 1 | [
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While this cuts both way, the likelihood of a random person contributing to public code is very different between European countries, all having a well-developed software industry, and African countries that do not all share this trait.
... | among the top-ten US-based entities in terms of overall contributions (estimated in turn by analyzing the most frequent email domains and manually selecting those belonging to US-based entities).
In 1971 no author with an email from top US-based entities is detected as belonging to Central and South America, whereas i... | 128 | 1 | [
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In 1971 no author with an email from top US-based entities is detected as belonging to Central and South America, whereas i... | what we are witnessing probably includes long-term consequences of it, such as second and third generation immigrants employed in white-collar jobs, such as software development.
\section{Limitations and Future Work}
\label{sec:conclusion}
We have performed an exploratory, yet very large scale, empirical study o... | 128 | 1 | [
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\section{Limitations and Future Work}
\label{sec:conclusion}
We have performed an exploratory, yet very large scale, empirical study o... | geographic diversity in public code is increasing over time, and markedly so over the past 20--25 years.
Observed trends also co-occur with historical events and macro phenomena like the end of the UNIX wars, increase of coding literacy around the world, colonialism, and immigration.
\medskip
\emph{Limitations.}
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Observed trends also co-occur with historical events and macro phenomena like the end of the UNIX wars, increase of coding literacy around the world, colonialism, and immigration.
\medskip
\emph{Limitations.}
Thi... | to commits with a zero UTC offset.
As a consequence, for most commits in the dataset the offset/name-based method is used.
With such method, the frequencies of forenames and surnames are used to rank candidate zones that have a compatible UTC offset at commit time.
A practical consequence of this is that for commits ... | 128 | 1 | [
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As a consequence, for most commits in the dataset the offset/name-based method is used.
With such method, the frequencies of forenames and surnames are used to rank candidate zones that have a compatible UTC offset at commit time.
A practical consequence of this is that for commits ... | the set of popular forenames and surnames from candidate zones can exhibit more substantial overlaps, negatively impacting detection accuracy.
We have discussed some of these cases in \Cref{sec:results}, but other might be lingering in the results impacting observed trends.
The choice of using the email-based method ... | 128 | 1 | [
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We have discussed some of these cases in \Cref{sec:results}, but other might be lingering in the results impacting observed trends.
The choice of using the email-based method ... | potential bias in this study could be introduced by the fact that the name database used for offset/name-based geolocation only contains names formed using Latin alphabet characters.
We looked for names containing Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters in the original dataset, finding only a negligible amount of aut... | 128 | 1 | [
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We looked for names containing Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters in the original dataset, finding only a negligible amount of aut... | introduce bias in author trends the distribution of identity merges around the world should be uneven, which seems unlikely; and (b) the observed commit trends (which would be unaffected by identity merging) are very similar to observed author trends.
We did not systematically remove known bot accounts~\cite{lebeuf20... | 128 | 1 | [
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We did not systematically remove known bot accounts~\cite{lebeuf20... | unfiltered data.
\medskip
\emph{Future work.}
To some extent the above limitations are the price to pay to study such a large dataset: there exists a trade-off between large-scale analysis and accuracy.
We plan nonetheless to further investigate and mitigate them in future work.
Multi-method approaches, merging data... | 128 | 1 | [
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\medskip
\emph{Future work.}
To some extent the above limitations are the price to pay to study such a large dataset: there exists a trade-off between large-scale analysis and accuracy.
We plan nonetheless to further investigate and mitigate them in future work.
Multi-method approaches, merging data... | aspects related to sociocultural evolution emerge when analyzing its evolution at this scale.
\clearpage
\section{Introduction}
One of the fundamental ingredients in the theory of non-commutative or
quantum geometry is the notion of a differential calculus.
In the framework of quantum groups the natural noti... | 128 | 1 | [
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\clearpage
\section{Introduction}
One of the fundamental ingredients in the theory of non-commutative or
quantum geometry is the notion of a differential calculus.
In the framework of quantum groups the natural noti... | s or ``first
order differential calculus'' to which we will restrict our attention
in the following. (From this point on we will use the term
``differential calculus'' to denote a
bicovariant first order differential calculus).
Much attention has been devoted to the investigation of differential
calculi on quantum gro... | 128 | 1 | [
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order differential calculus'' to which we will restrict our attention
in the following. (From this point on we will use the term
``differential calculus'' to denote a
bicovariant first order differential calculus).
Much attention has been devoted to the investigation of differential
calculi on quantum gro... | of the same
dimension as the natural ones
was obtained by
Schm\"udgen and Sch\"uler \cite{ScSc2}.
More recently, a classification theorem for factorisable
cosemisimple quantum groups was obtained by Majid \cite{Majid_calculi},
covering the general $C_q(G)$ case. A similar result was
obtained later by Baumann and Schmi... | 128 | 1 | [
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dimension as the natural ones
was obtained by
Schm\"udgen and Sch\"uler \cite{ScSc2}.
More recently, a classification theorem for factorisable
cosemisimple quantum groups was obtained by Majid \cite{Majid_calculi},
covering the general $C_q(G)$ case. A similar result was
obtained later by Baumann and Schmi... | p(N))$.
In contrast, for $G$ not simple or semisimple the differential calculi
on $C_q(G)$
are largely unknown. A particularly basic case is the Lie group $B_+$
associated with the Lie algebra $\lalg{b_+}$ generated by two elements
$X,H$ with the relation $[H,X]=X$. The quantum enveloping algebra
\ensuremath{U_q(\la... | 128 | 1 | [
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In contrast, for $G$ not simple or semisimple the differential calculi
on $C_q(G)$
are largely unknown. A particularly basic case is the Lie group $B_+$
associated with the Lie algebra $\lalg{b_+}$ generated by two elements
$X,H$ with the relation $[H,X]=X$. The quantum enveloping algebra
\ensuremath{U_q(\la... | : \ensuremath{U_q(\lalg{b_+})}{} may be identified with (a
certain algebraic model of) \ensuremath{C_q(B_+)}. The differential calculi on this
quantum group and on its ``classical limits'' \ensuremath{C(B_+)}{} and \ensuremath{U(\lalg{b_+})}{}
will be the main concern of this paper. We pay hereby equal attention
to the... | 128 | 1 | [
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certain algebraic model of) \ensuremath{C_q(B_+)}. The differential calculi on this
quantum group and on its ``classical limits'' \ensuremath{C(B_+)}{} and \ensuremath{U(\lalg{b_+})}{}
will be the main concern of this paper. We pay hereby equal attention
to the... |
calculi on \ensuremath{C_q(B_+)}{}. It turns out that (finite
dimensional) differential
calculi are characterised by finite subsets $I\subset\mathbb{N}$.
These
sets determine the decomposition into coirreducible (i.e.\ not
admitting quotients) differential calculi
characterised by single integers. For the coirreducibl... | 128 | 1 | [
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calculi on \ensuremath{C_q(B_+)}{}. It turns out that (finite
dimensional) differential
calculi are characterised by finite subsets $I\subset\mathbb{N}$.
These
sets determine the decomposition into coirreducible (i.e.\ not
admitting quotients) differential calculi
characterised by single integers. For the coirreducibl... | {C(B_+)}{}. It is essentially the same as in the
$q$-deformed setting and we stress this by giving an almost
one-to-one correspondence of differential calculi to those obtained in
the previous section. In contrast, however, the decomposition and
coirreducibility properties do not hold at all. (One may even say that
the... | 128 | 1 | [
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$q$-deformed setting and we stress this by giving an almost
one-to-one correspondence of differential calculi to those obtained in
the previous section. In contrast, however, the decomposition and
coirreducibility properties do not hold at all. (One may even say that
the... | _+})}{} as a quantum function algebra with quantum enveloping
algebra \ensuremath{C(B_+)}{}. This is investigated in section \ref{sec:dual}. It
turns out that in this setting we have considerably more freedom in
choosing a
differential calculus since the bicovariance condition becomes much
weaker. This shows that this ... | 128 | 1 | [
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algebra \ensuremath{C(B_+)}{}. This is investigated in section \ref{sec:dual}. It
turns out that in this setting we have considerably more freedom in
choosing a
differential calculus since the bicovariance condition becomes much
weaker. This shows that this ... | {sec:q}. The
decomposition properties are conserved while the coirreducibility
properties are not.
We give the
formulas for the calculi corresponding to coirreducible ones.
Another interesting aspect of viewing \ensuremath{U(\lalg{b_+})}{} as a quantum function
algebra is the connection to quantum deformed models of s... | 128 | 1 | [
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decomposition properties are conserved while the coirreducibility
properties are not.
We give the
formulas for the calculi corresponding to coirreducible ones.
Another interesting aspect of viewing \ensuremath{U(\lalg{b_+})}{} as a quantum function
algebra is the connection to quantum deformed models of s... | cite{MaRu} is just a simple generalisation of \ensuremath{U(\lalg{b_+})}.
We use this in section \ref{sec:kappa} to give
a natural $4$-dimensional differential calculus. Then we show (in a
formal context) that integration is given by
the usual Lesbegue integral on $\mathbb{R}^n$ after normal ordering.
This is obtained ... | 128 | 1 | [
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We use this in section \ref{sec:kappa} to give
a natural $4$-dimensional differential calculus. Then we show (in a
formal context) that integration is given by
the usual Lesbegue integral on $\mathbb{R}^n$ after normal ordering.
This is obtained ... | ensuremath{U(\lalg{b_+})}{} and \ensuremath{C(B_+)}{} is the relation of those objects to the Planck-scale
Hopf algebra \cite{Majid_Planck}\cite{Majid_book}. This shall be
developed elsewhere.
In the remaining parts of this introduction we will specify our
conventions and provide preliminaries on the quantum group \en... | 128 | 1 | [
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90,... |
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