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C04-1128 | Detection Of Question- Answer Pairs In Email Conversations |
While sentence extraction as an approach to summarization has been shown to work in documents of certain genres, because of the conversational nature of email communication where utterances are made in relation to one made previously, sentence extraction may not capture the necessary segments of dialogue that would ma... | [
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C04-1147 |
Fast Computation Of Lexical Affinity Models |
We present a framework for the fast computation of lexical affinity models. The framework is composed of a novel algorithm to efficiently compute the co-occurrence distribution between pairs of terms, an independence model, and a parametric affinity model. In comparison with previous models, which either use arbitrary... | [
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C04-1192 |
Fine-Grained Word Sense Disambiguation Based On Parallel Corpora, Word Alignment, Word Clustering And Aligned Wordnets |
The paper presents a method for word sense disambiguation based on parallel corpora. The method exploits recent advances in word alignment and word clustering based on automatic extraction of translation equivalents and being supported by available aligned wordnets for the languages in the corpus. The wordnets are ali... | [
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N04-1022 | Minimum Bayes-Risk Decoding For Statistical Machine Translation |
We present Minimum Bayes-Risk (MBR) decoding for statistical machine translation. This statistical approach aims to minimize expected loss of translation errors under loss functions that measure translation performance. We describe a hierarchy of loss functions that incorporate different levels of linguistic informati... | [
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N04-4028 | Confidence Estimation For Information Extraction |
Information extraction techniques automatically create structured databases from unstructured data sources, such as the Web or newswire documents. Despite the successes of these systems, accuracy will always be imperfect. For many reasons, it is highly desirable to accurately estimate the confidence the system has in ... | [
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M92-1025 |
GE NLTOOLSET: Description Of The System As Used For MUC-4
|
The GE NLToolset is a set of text interpretation tools designed to be easily adapted to new domains. This report summarizes the system and its performance on the MUC-4 task.
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P05-1028 |
Exploring And Exploiting The Limited Utility Of Captions In Recognizing Intention In Information Graphics |
This paper presents a corpus study that explores the extent to which captions contribute to recognizing the intended message of an information graphic. It then presents an implemented graphic interpretation system that takes into account a variety of communicative signals, and an evaluation study showing that evidence... | [
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P05-1057 |
Log-Linear Models For Word Alignment |
We present a framework for word alignment based on log-linear models. All knowledge sources are treated as feature functions, which depend on the source langauge sentence, the target language sentence and possible additional variables. Log-linear models allow statistical alignment models to be easily extended by incor... | [
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P05-2013 | Automatic Induction Of A CCG Grammar For Turkish |
This paper presents the results of automatically inducing a Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) lexicon from a Turkish dependency treebank. The fact that Turkish is an agglutinating free word order language presents a challenge for language theories. We explored possible ways to obtain a compact lexicon, consistent w... | [
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I05-2044 |
Two-Phase Shift-Reduce Deterministic Dependency Parser of Chinese |
In the Chinese language, a verb may have its dependents on its left, right or on both sides. The ambiguity resolution of right-side dependencies is essential for dependency parsing of sentences with two or more verbs. Previous works on shift-reduce dependency parsers may not guarantee the connectivity of a dependency ... | [
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E99-1038 | Focusing On Focus : A Formalization |
We present an operable definition of focus which is argued to be of a cognito-pragmatic nature and explore how it is determined in discourse in a formalized manner. For this purpose, a file card model of discourse model and knowledge store is introduced enabling the decomposition and formal representation of its deter... | [
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E87-1037 |
A Comparison Of Rule-Invocation Strategies In Context-Free Chart Parsing |
Currently several grammatical formalisms converge towards being declarative and towards utilizing context-free phrase-structure grammar as a backbone, e.g. LFG and PATR-II. Typically the processing of these formalisms is organized within a chart-parsing framework. The declarative character of the formalisms makes it i... | [
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E91-1043 |
A Bidirectional Model For Natural Language Processing |
In this paper I will argue for a model of grammatical processing that is based on uniform processing and knowledge sources. The main feature of this model is to view parsing and generation as two strongly interleaved tasks performed by a single parametrized deduction process. It will be shown that this view supports f... | [
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E93-1023 |
A Probabilistic Context-Free Grammar For Disambiguation In Morphological Parsing |
One of the major problems one is faced with when decomposing words into their constituent parts is ambiguity: the generation of multiple analyses for one input word, many of which are implausible. In order to deal with ambiguity, the MORphological PArser MORPA is provided with a probabilistic context-free grammar (PCF... | [
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I05-3022 | Chinese Word Segmentation in FTRD Beijing |
This paper presents a word segmentation system in France Telecom R&D Beijing, which uses a unified approach to word breaking and OOV identification. The output can be customized to meet different segmentation standards through the application of an ordered list of transformation. The system participated in all the... | [
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E93-1043 |
Coping With Derivation In A Morphological Component |
In this paper a morphological component with a limited capability to automatically interpret (and generate) derived words is presented. The system combines an extended two-level morphology [Trost, 1991a; Trost, 1991b] with a feature-based word grammar building on a hierarchical lexicon. Polymorphemic stems not explici... | [
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E99-1014 |
Full Text Parsing Using Cascades Of Rules: An Information Extraction Perspective |
This paper proposes an approach to full parsing suitable for Information Extraction from texts. Sequences of cascades of rules deterministically analyze the text, building unambiguous structures. Initially basic chunks are analyzed; then argumental relations are recognized; finally modifier attachment is performed and... | [
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H91-1010 |
New Results With The Lincoln Tied-Mixture HMM CSR System |
The following describes recent work on the Lincoln CSR system. Some new variations in semiphone modeling have been tested. A very simple improved duration model has reduced the error rate by about 10% in both triphone and semiphone systems. A new training strategy has been tested which, by itself, did not provide usef... | [
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A97-1020 | Reading more into Foreign Languages
|
GLOSSER is designed to support reading and learning to read in a foreign language. There are four language pairs currently supported by GLOSSER: English-Bulgarian, English-Estonian, English-Hungarian and French-Dutch. The program is operational on UNIX and Windows '95 platforms, and has undergone a pilot user-study. A... | [
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A97-1042 | Identifying Topics By Position |
This paper addresses the problem of identifying likely topics of texts by their position in the text. It describes the automated training and evaluation of an Optimal Position Policy, a method of locating the likely positions of topic-bearing sentences based on genre-specific regularities of discourse structure. This ... | [
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H05-1064 |
Hidden-Variable Models For Discriminative Reranking |
We describe a new method for the representation of NLP structures within reranking approaches. We make use of a conditional log-linear model, with hidden variables representing the assignment of lexical items to word clusters or word senses. The model learns to automatically make these assignments based on a discrimin... | [
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I05-4008 |
Taiwan Child Language Corpus : Data Collection and Annotation |
Taiwan Child Language Corpus contains scripts transcribed from about 330 hours of recordings of fourteen young children from Southern Min Chinese speaking families in Taiwan. The format of the corpus adopts the Child Language Data Exchange System (CHILDES). The size of the corpus is about 1.6 million words. In this pa... | [
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{
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"arg1": "I05-4008.5",
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"reverse": true
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{
"label": 4,
"ar... |
P81-1032 | Dynamic Strategy Selection in Flexible Parsing
|
Robust natural language interpretation requires strong semantic domain models, fail-soft recovery heuristics, and very flexible control structures. Although single-strategy parsers have met with a measure of success, a multi-strategy approach is shown to provide a much higher degree of flexibility, redundancy, and abi... | [
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P85-1015 | Parsing with Discontinuous Constituents
|
By generalizing the notion of location of a constituent to allow discontinuous locations, one can describe the discontinuous constituents of non-configurational languages. These discontinuous constituents can be described by a variant of definite clause grammars, and these grammars can be used in conjunction with a pr... | [
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"id": "P85... | [
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"arg1": "P85-1015.7",
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] |
P91-1016 | The Acquisition and Application of Context Sensitive Grammar for English
|
A system is described for acquiring a context-sensitive, phrase structure grammar which is applied by a best-path, bottom-up, deterministic parser. The grammar was based on English news stories and a high degree of success in parsing is reported. Overall, this research concludes that CSG is a computationally and conc... | [
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"id": "P91-1016.3",
"char_start": 154,
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"arg1": "P91-1016.6",
"arg2": "P91-1016.7",
"reverse": false
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] |
P95-1027 | A Quantitative Evaluation of Linguistic Tests for the Automatic Prediction of Semantic Markedness
|
We present a corpus-based study of methods that have been proposed in the linguistics literature for selecting the semantically unmarked term out of a pair of antonymous adjectives. Solutions to this problem are applicable to the more general task of selecting the positive term from the pair. Using automatically colle... | [
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"char_start": 75,
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{
"id": "P95-1027.3",
"char_start": 116,
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{
"id": "P95-1027.4",
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{
"id": "P95... | [
{
"label": 4,
"arg1": "P95-1027.3",
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"reverse": false
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] |
P97-1015 | Probing the lexicon in evaluating commercial MT systems
|
In the past the evaluation of machine translation systems has focused on single system evaluations because there were only few systems available. But now there are several commercial systems for the same language pair. This requires new methods of comparative evaluation. In the paper we propose a black-box method for... | [
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{
"label": 3,
"arg1": "P97-1015.6",
"arg2": "P97-1015.7",
"reverse": true
}
] |
P97-1052 | On Interpreting F-Structures as UDRSs
|
We describe a method for interpreting abstract flat syntactic representations, LFG f-structures, as underspecified semantic representations, here Underspecified Discourse Representation Structures (UDRSs). The method establishes a one-to-one correspondence between subsets of the LFG and UDRS formalisms. It provides a ... | [
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"reverse": false
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{
"label": 3,
"arg1": "P97-1052.10",
"arg2": "P97-1052.11",
"reverse": false
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] |
P99-1025 | Construct Algebra : Analytical Dialog Management
|
In this paper we describe a systematic approach for creating a dialog management system based on a Construct Algebra, a collection of relations and operations on a task representation. These relations and operations are analytical components for building higher level abstractions called dialog motivators. The dialog m... | [
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{
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"arg1": "P99-1025.6",
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P99-1068 | Mining the Web for Bilingual Text
|
STRAND (Resnik, 1998) is a language-independent system for automatic discovery of text in parallel translation on the World Wide Web. This paper extends the preliminary STRAND results by adding automatic language identification, scaling up by orders of magnitude, and formally evaluating performance. The most recent en... | [
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] |
L08-1260 | Verb-Noun Collocation SyntLex Dictionary : Corpus-Based Approach
|
The project presented here is a part of a long term research program aiming at a full lexicon grammar for Polish (SyntLex). The main of this project is computer-assisted acquisition and morpho-syntactic description of verb-noun collocations in Polish. We present methodology and resources obtained in three main project... | [
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"char_start": 153,
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{
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{
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{
"label": 1,
"arg1": "L08-1260.9",
"arg2": "L08-1260.10",
"reverse": false
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] |
L08-1540 | Czech MWE Database
|
In this paper we deal with a recently developed large Czech MWE database containing at the moment 160 000 MWEs (treated as lexical units). It was compiled from various resources such as encyclopedias and dictionaries, public databases of proper names and toponyms, collocations obtained from Czech WordNet, lists of bot... | [
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{
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{
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{
"id": "L... | [
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{
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L08-1110 | Using Log-linear Models for Tuning Machine Translation Output
|
We describe a set of experiments to explore statistical techniques for ranking and selecting the best translations in a graph of translation hypotheses. In a previous paper (Carl, 2007) we have described how the hypotheses graph is generated through shallow mapping and permutation rules. We have given examples of its ... | [
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{
"id": "L08-1110.4",
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{
"id": "L... | [
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{
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"arg1": "L08-1110.5",
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{
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"a... |
L08-1154 | Chinese Term Extraction Based on Delimiters
|
Existing techniques extract term candidates by looking for internal and contextual information associated with domain specific terms. The algorithms always face the dilemma that fewer features are not enough to distinguish terms from non-terms whereas more features lead to more conflicts among selected features. This ... | [
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{
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{
"id": "L08-1154.4",
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"id": "L08... | [
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{
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] |
L08-1050 | From Sentence to Discourse : Building an Annotation Scheme for Discourse Based on Prague Dependency Treebank
|
The present paper reports on a preparatory research for building a language corpus annotation scenario capturing the discourse relations in Czech. We primarily focus on the description of the syntactically motivated relations in discourse, basing our findings on the theoretical background of the Prague Dependency Tree... | [
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"arg1": "L08-1050.8",
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L08-1097 | Unsupervised Acquisition of Verb Subcategorization Frames from Shallow-Parsed Corpora
|
In this paper, we reported experiments of unsupervised automatic acquisition of Italian and English verb subcategorization frames (SCFs) from general and domain corpora. The proposed technique operates on syntactically shallow-parsed corpora on the basis of a limited number of search heuristics not relying on any prev... | [
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{
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{
"id": "L0... | [
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N04-2005 | A Multi-Path Architecture For Machine Translation Of English Text Into American Sign Language Animation
|
The translation of English text into American Sign Language (ASL) animation tests the limits of traditional MT architectural designs. A new semantic representation is proposed that uses virtual reality 3D scene modeling software to produce spatially complex ASL phenomena called "classifier predicates." The model acts ... | [
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{
"id": "N04-2005.4",
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{
"id": "N04-200... | [
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] |
A92-1010 | Integrating Natural Language Components Into Graphical Discourse
|
In our current research into the design of cognitively well-motivated interfaces relying primarily on the display of graphical information, we have observed that graphical information alone does not provide sufficient support to users - particularly when situations arise that do not simply conform to the users' expect... | [
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"char_end": 81
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{
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"char_start": 107,
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{
"id": "A92-1010.3",
"char_start": 163,
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},
{
"id": "A92-1010.4",
"char_start": 359,
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{
"id": "A... | [
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{
"label": 1,
"arg1": "A92-1010.6",
"arg2": "A92-1010.7",
"reverse": false
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] |
H94-1064 | The LIMSI Continuous Speech Dictation System
|
A major axis of research at LIMSI is directed at multilingual, speaker-independent, large vocabulary speech dictation. In this paper the LIMSI recognizer which was evaluated in the ARPA NOV93 CSR test is described, and experimental results on the WSJ and BREF corpora under closely matched conditions are reported. For ... | [
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"arg1": "H94-1064.12",
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A00-1024 |
Categorizing Unknown Words : Using Decision Trees To Identify Names And Misspellings
|
This paper introduces a system for categorizing unknown words. The system is based on a multi-component architecture where each component is responsible for identifying one class of unknown words. The focus of this paper is the components that identify names and spelling errors. Each component uses a decision tree arc... | [
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X96-1059 | NEC Corporation And University Of Sheffield: Description Of NEC/Sheffleld System Used For MET Japanese
|
Recognition of proper nouns in Japanese text has been studied as a part of the more general problem of morphological analysis in Japanese text processing ([1] [2]). It has also been studied in the framework of Japanese information extraction ([3]) in recent years. Our approach to the Multi-lingual Evaluation Task (MET... | [
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"char_start": 1,
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "X96-... | [
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H05-1041 | A Practically Unsupervised Learning Method To Identify Single-Snippet Answers To Definition Questions On The Web
|
We present a practically unsupervised learning method to produce single-snippet answers to definition questions in question answering systems that supplement Web search engines. The method exploits on-line encyclopedias and dictionaries to generate automatically an arbitrarily large number of positive and negative def... | [
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{
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"arg1": "H05-1041.6",
"arg2": "H05-1041.7",
"reverse": false
}
] |
W02-1403 | Lexically-Based Terminology Structuring : Some Inherent Limits
|
Terminology structuring has been the subject of much work in the context of terms extracted from corpora: given a set of terms, obtained from an existing resource or extracted from a corpus, identifying hierarchical (or other types of) relations between these terms. The present paper focusses on terminology structurin... | [
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"id": "W02-1... | [
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W02-1404 | Alignment And Extraction Of Bilingual Legal Terminology From Context Profiles
|
In this study, we propose a knowledge-independent method for aligning terms and thus extracting translations from a small, domain-specific corpus consisting of parallel English and Chinese court judgments from Hong Kong. With a sentence-aligned corpus, translation equivalences are suggested by analysing the frequency ... | [
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W02-1602 | Coedition To Share Text Revision Across Languages And Improve MT A Posteriori
|
Coedition of a natural language text and its representation in some interlingual form seems the best and simplest way to share text revision across languages. For various reasons, UNL graphs are the best candidates in this context. We are developing a prototype where, in the simplest sharing scenario, naive users inte... | [
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W03-0406 |
Unsupervised Learning Of Word Sense Disambiguation Rules By Estimating An Optimum Iteration Number In The EM Algorithm
|
In this paper, we improve an unsupervised learning method using the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm proposed by Nigam et al. for text classification problems in order to apply it to word sense disambiguation (WSD) problems. The improved method stops the EM algorithm at the optimum iteration number. To estimate... | [
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W99-0408 | Modeling User Language Proficiency In A Writing Tutor For Deaf Learners Of English
|
In this paper we discuss a proposed user knowledge modeling architecture for the ICICLE system, a language tutoring application for deaf learners of written English. The model will represent the language proficiency of the user and is designed to be referenced during both writing analysis and feedback production. We m... | [
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P98-1083 |
Using Decision Trees to Construct a Practical Parser
|
This paper describes novel and practical Japanese parsers that uses decision trees. First, we construct a single decision tree to estimate modification probabilities; how one phrase tends to modify another. Next, we introduce a boosting algorithm in which several decision trees are constructed and then combined for pr... | [
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I08-1027 |
Automatic Estimation of Word Significance oriented for Speech-based Information Retrieval
|
Automatic estimation of word significance oriented for speech-based Information Retrieval (IR) is addressed. Since the significance of words differs in IR, automatic speech recognition (ASR) performance has been evaluated based on weighted word error rate (WWER), which gives a weight on errors from the viewpoint of IR... | [
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I08-1043 |
Paraphrasing Depending on Bilingual Context Toward Generalization of Translation Knowledge
|
This study presents a method to automatically acquire paraphrases using bilingual corpora, which utilizes the bilingual dependency relations obtained by projecting a monolingual dependency parse onto the other language sentence based on statistical alignment techniques. Since the paraphrasing method is capable of clea... | [
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W04-1307 |
Statistics Learning And Universal Grammar : Modeling Word Segmentation
|
This paper describes a computational model of word segmentation and presents simulation results on realistic acquisition. In particular, we explore the capacity and limitations of statistical learning mechanisms that have recently gained prominence in cognitive psychology and linguistics.
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W04-2204 |
Automatic Construction Of A Transfer Dictionary Considering Directionality
|
In this paper, we show how to construct a transfer dictionary automatically. Dictionary construction, one of the most difficult tasks in developing a machine translation system, is expensive. To avoid this problem, we investigate how we build a dictionary using existing linguistic resources. Our algorithm can be appli... | [
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W04-2703 |
Annotating Discourse Connectives And Their Arguments
|
This paper describes a new, large scale discourse-level annotation project - the Penn Discourse TreeBank (PDTB). We present an approach to annotating a level of discourse structure that is based on identifying discourse connectives and their arguments. The PDTB is being built directly on top of the Penn TreeBank and P... | [
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W05-1308 |
INTEX : A Syntactic Role Driven Protein-Protein Interaction Extractor For Bio-Medical Text
|
In this paper, we present a fully automated extraction system, named IntEx, to identify gene and protein interactions in biomedical text. Our approach is based on first splitting complex sentences into simple clausal structures made up of syntactic roles. Then, tagging biological entities with the help of biomedical a... | [
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W06-1605 |
Distributional Measures Of Concept- Distance : A Task-Oriented Evaluation
|
We propose a framework to derive the distance between concepts from distributional measures of word co-occurrences. We use the categories in a published thesaurus as coarse-grained concepts, allowing all possible distance values to be stored in a concept-concept matrix roughly.01% the size of that created by existing ... | [
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W07-0208 |
Learning to Transform Linguistic Graphs
|
We argue in favor of the the use of labeled directed graph to represent various types of linguistic structures, and illustrate how this allows one to view NLP tasks as graph transformations. We present a general method for learning such transformations from an annotated corpus and describe experiments with two applica... | [
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P08-1105 |
Credibility Improves Topical Blog Post Retrieval
|
Topical blog post retrieval is the task of ranking blog posts with respect to their relevance for a given topic. To improve topical blog post retrieval we incorporate textual credibility indicators in the retrieval process. We consider two groups of indicators: post level (determined using information about individual... | [
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"id": "P08-11... | [
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P08-2034 |
Lyric-based Song Sentiment Classification with Sentiment Vector Space Model |
Lyric-based song sentiment classification seeks to assign songs appropriate sentiment labels such as light-hearted heavy-hearted. Four problems render vector space model (VSM)-based text classification approach ineffective: 1) Many words within song lyrics actually contribute little to sentiment; 2) Nouns and verbs us... | [
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] |
C08-1118 |
Source Language Markers in EUROPARL Translations
|
This paper shows that it is very often possible to identify the source language of medium-length speeches in the EUROPARL corpus on the basis of frequency counts of word n-grams (87.2%-96.7% accuracy depending on classification method). The paper also examines in detail which positive markers are most powerful and ide... | [
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{
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}
] |
C08-1128 |
Bayesian Semi-Supervised Chinese Word Segmentation for Statistical Machine Translation
|
Words in Chinese text are not naturally separated by delimiters, which poses a challenge to standard machine translation (MT) systems. In MT, the widely used approach is to apply a Chinese word segmenter trained from manually annotated data, using a fixed lexicon. Such word segmentation is not necessarily optimal for ... | [
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"id": "C08-1128.4",
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C08-2010 |
The Impact of Reference Quality on Automatic MT Evaluation
|
Language resource quality is crucial in NLP. Many of the resources used are derived from data created by human beings out of an NLP context, especially regarding MT and reference translations. Indeed, automatic evaluations need high-quality data that allow the comparison of both automatic and human translations. The v... | [
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{
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"arg2": "C08-2010.12",
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] |
C08-3010 |
A Linguistic Knowledge Discovery Tool : Very Large Ngram Database Search with Arbitrary Wildcards
|
In this paper, we will describe a search tool for a huge set of ngrams. The tool supports queries with an arbitrary number of wildcards. It takes a fraction of a second for a search, and can provide the fillers of the wildcards. The system runs on a single Linux PC with reasonable size memory (less than 4GB) and disk ... | [
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{
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"id": "C08-3... | [
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] |
W03-2907 |
Unsupervised Learning of Bulgarian POS Tags
|
This paper presents an approach to the unsupervised learning of parts of speech which uses both morphological and syntactic information. While the model is more complex than those which have been employed for unsupervised learning of POS tags in English, which use only syntactic information, the variety of languages i... | [
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W08-2122 |
A Latent Variable Model of Synchronous Parsing for Syntactic and Semantic Dependencies
|
We propose a solution to the challenge of the CoNLL 2008 shared task that uses a generative history-based latent variable model to predict the most likely derivation of a synchronous dependency parser for both syntactic and semantic dependencies. The submitted model yields 79.1% macro-average F1 performance, for the j... | [
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P03-1034 |
Integrating Discourse Markers Into A Pipelined Natural Language Generation Architecture
|
Pipelined Natural Language Generation (NLG) systems have grown increasingly complex as architectural modules were added to support language functionalities such as referring expressions, lexical choice, and revision. This has given rise to discussions about the relative placement of these new modules in the overall ar... | [
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"id": "P03-1034.2",
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{
"id": "P03... | [
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{
"label": 4,
"arg1": "P03-1034.12",
"arg2": "P03-1034.13",
"reverse": true
}
] |
P06-1088 |
Multi-Tagging For Lexicalized-Grammar Parsing
|
With performance above 97% accuracy for newspaper text, part of speech (pos) tagging might be considered a solved problem. Previous studies have shown that allowing the parser to resolve pos tag ambiguity does not improve performance. However, for grammar formalisms which use more fine-grained grammatical categories, ... | [
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{
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"a... |
P06-3008 |
Discursive Usage Of Six Chinese Punctuation Marks
|
Both rhetorical structure and punctuation have been helpful in discourse processing. Based on a corpus annotation project, this paper reports the discursive usage of 6 Chinese punctuation marks in news commentary texts: Colon, Dash, Ellipsis, Exclamation Mark, Question Mark, and Semicolon. The rhetorical patterns of t... | [
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... |
C90-3007 | Partial Descriptions And Systemic Grammar
|
This paper examines the properties of feature-based partial descriptions built on top of Halliday's systemic networks. We show that the crucial operation of consistency checking for such descriptions is NP-complete, and therefore probably intractable, but proceed to develop algorithms which can sometimes alleviate the... | [
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] |
C94-1091 | Classifier Assignment By Corpus-Based Approach
|
This paper presents an algorithm for selecting an appropriate classifier word for a noun. In Thai language, it frequently happens that there is fluctuation in the choice of classifier for a given concrete noun, both from the point of view of the whole speech community and individual speakers. Basically, there is no ex... | [
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"arg1": "C94-1091.11",
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... |
C02-1120 |
An Unsupervised Learning Method For Associative Relationships Between Verb Phrases
|
This paper describes an unsupervised learning method for associative relationships between verb phrases, which is important in developing reliable Q&A systems. Consider the situation that a user gives a query "How much petrol was imported to Japan from Saudi Arabia?" to a Q&A system, but the text given to the ... | [
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] |
C04-1022 | Automatic Learning Of Language Model Structure
|
Statistical language modeling remains a challenging task, in particular for morphologically rich languages. Recently, new approaches based on factored language models have been developed to address this problem. These models provide principled ways of including additional conditioning variables other than the precedin... | [
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] |
E85-1004 |
Montagovian Definite Clause Grammar
|
This paper reports a completed stage of ongoing research at the University of York. Landsbergen's advocacy of analytical inverses for compositional syntax rules encourages the application of Definite Clause Grammar techniques to the construction of a parser returning Montague analysis trees. A parser MDCC is presente... | [
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E89-1040 |
An Approach To Sentence-Level Anaphora In Machine Translation
|
Theoretical research in the area of machine translation usually involves the search for and creation of an appropriate formalism. An important issue in this respect is the way in which the compositionality of translation is to be defined. In this paper, we will introduce the anaphoric component of the Mimo formalism. ... | [
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"... |
C96-1062 | Interpretation Of Nominal Compounds : Combining Domain-Independent And Domain-Specific Information
|
A domain independent model is proposed for the automated interpretation of nominal compounds in English. This model is meant to account for productive rules of interpretation which are inferred from the morpho-syntactic and semantic characteristics of the nominal constituents. In particular, we make extensive use of P... | [
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"id": "C96-1062.2",
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{
"id": "C96-1062.3",
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"id": "C96-1062.4",
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"id": "C96-106... | [
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... |
P05-1018 | Modeling Local Coherence: An Entity-Based Approach
|
This paper considers the problem of automatic assessment of local coherence. We present a novel entity-based representation of discourse which is inspired by Centering Theory and can be computed automatically from raw text. We view coherence assessment as a ranking learning problem and show that the proposed discourse... | [
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{
"label": 6,
"arg1": "P05-1018.10",
"arg2": "P05-1018.12",
"reverse": false
}
] |
P05-1056 |
Using Conditional Random Fields For Sentence Boundary Detection In Speech
|
Sentence boundary detection in speech is important for enriching speech recognition output, making it easier for humans to read and downstream modules to process. In previous work, we have developed hidden Markov model (HMM) and maximum entropy (Maxent) classifiers that integrate textual and prosodic knowledge sources... | [
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"id": "P05-1056.2",
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"id": "P05-1056.3",
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{
"id": "P05-1056.4",
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"id": "P05-10... | [
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"arg1": "P05-1056.10",
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{
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... |
P05-2008 |
Using Emoticons To Reduce Dependency In Machine Learning Techniques For Sentiment Classification
|
Sentiment Classification seeks to identify a piece of text according to its author's general feeling toward their subject, be it positive or negative. Traditional machine learning techniques have been applied to this problem with reasonable success, but they have been shown to work well only when there is a good match... | [
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"id": "P05-2008.2",
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"id": "P05-2008.3",
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{
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{
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{
"label": 3,
"arg1": "P05-2008.7",
"arg2": "P05-2008.8",
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}
] |
I05-2043 | Trend Survey on Japanese Natural Language Processing Studies over the Last Decade
|
Using natural language processing, we carried out a trend survey on Japanese natural language processing studies that have been done over the last ten years. We determined the changes in the number of papers published for each research organization and on each research area as well as the relationship between research... | [
{
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{
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] |
E99-1034 |
Finding Content-Bearing Terms Using Term Similarities
|
This paper explores the issue of using different co-occurrence similarities between terms for separating query terms that are useful for retrieval from those that are harmful. The hypothesis under examination is that useful terms tend to be more similar to each other than to other query terms. Preliminary experiments ... | [
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E85-1041 |
The Structure Of Communicative Context Of Dialogue Interaction
|
We propose a draft scheme of the model formalizing the structure of communicative context in dialogue interaction. The relationships between the interacting partners are considered as system of three automata representing the partners of the dialogue and environment.
| [
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E91-1012 |
Non-Deterministic Recursive Ascent Parsing
|
A purely functional implementation of LR-parsers is given, together with a simple correctness proof. It is presented as a generalization of the recursive descent parser. For non-LR grammars the time-complexity of our parser is cubic if the functions that constitute the parser are implemented as memo-functions, i.e. fu... | [
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{
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{
"id": "E9... | [
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{
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{
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] |
P05-1010 |
Probabilistic CFG With Latent Annotations
|
This paper defines a generative probabilistic model of parse trees, which we call PCFG-LA. This model is an extension of PCFG in which non-terminal symbols are augmented with latent variables. Finegrained CFG rules are automatically induced from a parsed corpus by training a PCFG-LA model using an EM-algorithm. Becaus... | [
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{
"id": "P05-10... | [
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{
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... |
P05-1053 |
Exploring Various Knowledge In Relation Extraction
|
Extracting semantic relationships between entities is challenging. This paper investigates the incorporation of diverse lexical, syntactic and semantic knowledge in feature-based relation extraction using SVM. Our study illustrates that the base phrase chunking information is very effective for relation extraction and... | [
{
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{
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{
"id": "P05-1053.4",
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{
"id": "P0... | [
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"arg2": "P05-1053.17",
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{
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... |
P05-1076 | Automatic Acquisition Of Adjectival Subcategorization From Corpora
|
This paper describes a novel system for acquiring adjectival subcategorization frames (scfs) and associated frequency information from English corpus data. The system incorporates a decision-tree classifier for 30 scf types which tests for the presence of grammatical relations (grs) in the output of a robust statistic... | [
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"id": "P05-1... | [
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I05-2013 | Automatic recognition of French expletive pronoun occurrences
|
We present a tool, called ILIMP, which takes as input a raw text in French and produces as output the same text in which every occurrence of the pronoun il is tagged either with tag [ANA] for anaphoric or [IMP] for impersonal or expletive. This tool is therefore designed to distinguish between the anaphoric occurrence... | [
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},
{
"id": "I05-2013.2",
"char_start": 27,
"char_end": 32
},
{
"id": "I05-2013.3",
"char_start": 57,
"char_end": 65
},
{
"id": "I05-2013.4",
"char_start": 69,
"char_end": 75
},
{
"id": "I05-201... | [
{
"label": 3,
"arg1": "I05-2013.3",
"arg2": "I05-2013.4",
"reverse": true
},
{
"label": 3,
"arg1": "I05-2013.6",
"arg2": "I05-2013.7",
"reverse": true
},
{
"label": 3,
"arg1": "I05-2013.15",
"arg2": "I05-2013.16",
"reverse": false
},
{
"label": 2,
... |
E85-1037 | A PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACH TO GENERATING TEXT FROM SYSTEMIC GRAMMARS
|
Systemic grammar has been used for AI text generation work in the past, but the implementations have tended be ad hoc or inefficient. This paper presents an approach to systemic text generation where AI problem solving techniques are applied directly to an unadulterated systemic grammar. This approach is made possible... | [
{
"id": "E85-1037.1",
"char_start": 1,
"char_end": 17
},
{
"id": "E85-1037.2",
"char_start": 36,
"char_end": 54
},
{
"id": "E85-1037.3",
"char_start": 81,
"char_end": 96
},
{
"id": "E85-1037.4",
"char_start": 179,
"char_end": 194
},
{
"id": "E85-10... | [
{
"label": 1,
"arg1": "E85-1037.1",
"arg2": "E85-1037.2",
"reverse": false
},
{
"label": 1,
"arg1": "E85-1037.5",
"arg2": "E85-1037.6",
"reverse": false
},
{
"label": 1,
"arg1": "E85-1037.10",
"arg2": "E85-1037.11",
"reverse": true
}
] |
E89-1016 | User Studies And The Design Of Natural Language Systems
|
This paper presents a critical discussion of the various approaches that have been used in the evaluation of Natural Language systems. We conclude that previous approaches have neglected to evaluate systems in the context of their use, e.g. solving a task requiring data retrieval. This raises questions about the valid... | [
{
"id": "E89-1016.1",
"char_start": 23,
"char_end": 42
},
{
"id": "E89-1016.2",
"char_start": 58,
"char_end": 68
},
{
"id": "E89-1016.3",
"char_start": 96,
"char_end": 134
},
{
"id": "E89-1016.4",
"char_start": 162,
"char_end": 172
},
{
"id": "E89-... | [
{
"label": 5,
"arg1": "E89-1016.1",
"arg2": "E89-1016.3",
"reverse": false
},
{
"label": 1,
"arg1": "E89-1016.6",
"arg2": "E89-1016.7",
"reverse": true
},
{
"label": 1,
"arg1": "E89-1016.9",
"arg2": "E89-1016.10",
"reverse": true
},
{
"label": 3,
"... |
E93-1013 |
LFG Semantics Via Constraints
|
Semantic theories of natural language associate meanings with utterances by providing meanings for lexical items and rules for determining the meaning of larger units given the meanings of their parts. Traditionally, meanings are combined via function composition, which works well when constituent structure trees are ... | [
{
"id": "E93-1013.1",
"char_start": 1,
"char_end": 18
},
{
"id": "E93-1013.2",
"char_start": 22,
"char_end": 38
},
{
"id": "E93-1013.3",
"char_start": 49,
"char_end": 57
},
{
"id": "E93-1013.4",
"char_start": 63,
"char_end": 73
},
{
"id": "E93-1013... | [
{
"label": 5,
"arg1": "E93-1013.1",
"arg2": "E93-1013.2",
"reverse": false
},
{
"label": 3,
"arg1": "E93-1013.3",
"arg2": "E93-1013.4",
"reverse": false
},
{
"label": 3,
"arg1": "E93-1013.5",
"arg2": "E93-1013.6",
"reverse": false
},
{
"label": 3,
... |
E95-1036 | Splitting The Reference Time: Temporal Anaphora And Quantification In DRT
|
This paper presents an analysis of temporal anaphora in sentences which contain quantification over events, within the framework of Discourse Representation Theory. The analysis in (Partee, 1984) of quantified sentences, introduced by a temporal connective, gives the wrong truth-conditions when the temporal connective... | [
{
"id": "E95-1036.1",
"char_start": 36,
"char_end": 53
},
{
"id": "E95-1036.2",
"char_start": 57,
"char_end": 66
},
{
"id": "E95-1036.3",
"char_start": 81,
"char_end": 107
},
{
"id": "E95-1036.4",
"char_start": 133,
"char_end": 164
},
{
"id": "E95-... | [
{
"label": 4,
"arg1": "E95-1036.2",
"arg2": "E95-1036.3",
"reverse": true
},
{
"label": 4,
"arg1": "E95-1036.5",
"arg2": "E95-1036.6",
"reverse": true
},
{
"label": 4,
"arg1": "E95-1036.8",
"arg2": "E95-1036.9",
"reverse": false
},
{
"label": 5,
"a... |
H89-2019 |
A Proposal For SLS Evaluation
|
This paper proposes an automatic, essentially domain-independent means of evaluating Spoken Language Systems (SLS) which combines software we have developed for that purpose (the "Comparator") and a set of specifications for answer expressions (the "Common Answer Specification", or CAS). The Comparator checks whether ... | [
{
"id": "H89-2019.1",
"char_start": 47,
"char_end": 115
},
{
"id": "H89-2019.2",
"char_start": 131,
"char_end": 139
},
{
"id": "H89-2019.3",
"char_start": 181,
"char_end": 191
},
{
"id": "H89-2019.4",
"char_start": 207,
"char_end": 221
},
{
"id": "... | [
{
"label": 1,
"arg1": "H89-2019.1",
"arg2": "H89-2019.2",
"reverse": true
},
{
"label": 3,
"arg1": "H89-2019.4",
"arg2": "H89-2019.5",
"reverse": false
},
{
"label": 3,
"arg1": "H89-2019.12",
"arg2": "H89-2019.13",
"reverse": false
},
{
"label": 4,
... |
H93-1076 | Speech and Text-Image Processing in Documents
|
Two themes have evolved in speech and text image processing work at Xerox PARC that expand and redefine the role of recognition technology in document-oriented applications. One is the development of systems that provide functionality similar to that of text processors but operate directly on audio and scanned image d... | [
{
"id": "H93-1076.3",
"char_start": 28,
"char_end": 60
},
{
"id": "H93-1076.4",
"char_start": 69,
"char_end": 79
},
{
"id": "H93-1076.5",
"char_start": 117,
"char_end": 139
},
{
"id": "H93-1076.6",
"char_start": 143,
"char_end": 173
},
{
"id": "H93... | [
{
"label": 5,
"arg1": "H93-1076.3",
"arg2": "H93-1076.4",
"reverse": true
},
{
"label": 4,
"arg1": "H93-1076.5",
"arg2": "H93-1076.6",
"reverse": false
},
{
"label": 6,
"arg1": "H93-1076.7",
"arg2": "H93-1076.8",
"reverse": false
},
{
"label": 1,
"... |
A97-1028 |
A Statistical Profile Of The Named Entity Task
|
In this paper we present a statistical profile of the Named Entity task, a specific information extraction task for which corpora in several languages are available. Using the results of the statistical analysis, we propose an algorithm for lower bound estimation for Named Entity corpora and discuss the significance o... | [
{
"id": "A97-1028.1",
"char_start": 28,
"char_end": 47
},
{
"id": "A97-1028.2",
"char_start": 55,
"char_end": 72
},
{
"id": "A97-1028.3",
"char_start": 85,
"char_end": 112
},
{
"id": "A97-1028.4",
"char_start": 123,
"char_end": 130
},
{
"id": "A97-... | [
{
"label": 3,
"arg1": "A97-1028.1",
"arg2": "A97-1028.2",
"reverse": false
},
{
"label": 3,
"arg1": "A97-1028.4",
"arg2": "A97-1028.5",
"reverse": true
},
{
"label": 2,
"arg1": "A97-1028.6",
"arg2": "A97-1028.7",
"reverse": true
},
{
"label": 1,
"a... |
H05-1115 |
Using Random Walks For Question-Focused Sentence Retrieval
|
We consider the problem of question-focused sentence retrieval from complex news articles describing multi-event stories published over time. Annotators generated a list of questions central to understanding each story in our corpus. Because of the dynamic nature of the stories, many questions are time-sensitive (e.g.... | [
{
"id": "H05-1115.1",
"char_start": 28,
"char_end": 63
},
{
"id": "H05-1115.2",
"char_start": 77,
"char_end": 90
},
{
"id": "H05-1115.3",
"char_start": 102,
"char_end": 141
},
{
"id": "H05-1115.4",
"char_start": 143,
"char_end": 153
},
{
"id": "H05... | [
{
"label": 1,
"arg1": "H05-1115.1",
"arg2": "H05-1115.2",
"reverse": false
},
{
"label": 4,
"arg1": "H05-1115.6",
"arg2": "H05-1115.7",
"reverse": false
},
{
"label": 4,
"arg1": "H05-1115.11",
"arg2": "H05-1115.12",
"reverse": true
},
{
"label": 1,
... |
J89-4003 |
A Formal Model For Context-Free Languages Augmented With Reduplication
|
A model is presented to characterize the class of languages obtained by adding reduplication to context-free languages. The model is a pushdown automaton augmented with the ability to check reduplication by using the stack in a new way. The class of languages generated is shown to lie strictly between the context-free... | [
{
"id": "J89-4003.1",
"char_start": 3,
"char_end": 8
},
{
"id": "J89-4003.2",
"char_start": 42,
"char_end": 60
},
{
"id": "J89-4003.3",
"char_start": 80,
"char_end": 93
},
{
"id": "J89-4003.4",
"char_start": 97,
"char_end": 119
},
{
"id": "J89-4003... | [
{
"label": 3,
"arg1": "J89-4003.1",
"arg2": "J89-4003.2",
"reverse": false
},
{
"label": 4,
"arg1": "J89-4003.3",
"arg2": "J89-4003.4",
"reverse": false
},
{
"label": 1,
"arg1": "J89-4003.6",
"arg2": "J89-4003.8",
"reverse": true
},
{
"label": 4,
"... |
I05-6010 |
Some remarks on the Annotation of Quantifying Noun Groups in Treebanks
|
This article is devoted to the problem of quantifying noun groups in German. After a thorough description of the phenomena, the results of corpus-based investigations are described. Moreover, some examples are given that underline the necessity of integrating some kind of information other than grammar sensu stricto i... | [
{
"id": "I05-6010.1",
"char_start": 43,
"char_end": 66
},
{
"id": "I05-6010.2",
"char_start": 70,
"char_end": 76
},
{
"id": "I05-6010.3",
"char_start": 140,
"char_end": 167
},
{
"id": "I05-6010.4",
"char_start": 297,
"char_end": 318
},
{
"id": "I05... | [
{
"label": 4,
"arg1": "I05-6010.1",
"arg2": "I05-6010.2",
"reverse": false
},
{
"label": 3,
"arg1": "I05-6010.4",
"arg2": "I05-6010.5",
"reverse": true
},
{
"label": 4,
"arg1": "I05-6010.6",
"arg2": "I05-6010.7",
"reverse": false
},
{
"label": 1,
"... |
P83-1004 | Formal Constraints on Metarules
|
Metagrammatical formalisms that combine context-free phrase structure rules and metarules (MPS grammars) allow concise statement of generalizations about the syntax of natural languages. Unconstrained MPS grammars, unfortunately, are not computationally safe. We evaluate several proposals for constraining them, basing... | [
{
"id": "P83-1004.1",
"char_start": 1,
"char_end": 27
},
{
"id": "P83-1004.2",
"char_start": 41,
"char_end": 76
},
{
"id": "P83-1004.3",
"char_start": 81,
"char_end": 105
},
{
"id": "P83-1004.4",
"char_start": 159,
"char_end": 165
},
{
"id": "P83-1... | [
{
"label": 4,
"arg1": "P83-1004.1",
"arg2": "P83-1004.2",
"reverse": true
},
{
"label": 4,
"arg1": "P83-1004.4",
"arg2": "P83-1004.5",
"reverse": false
}
] |
P87-1022 | A CENTERING APPROACH TO PRONOUNS
|
In this paper we present a formalization of the centering approach to modeling attentional structure in discourse and use it as the basis for an algorithm to track discourse context and bind pronouns. As described in [GJW86], the process of centering attention on entities in the discourse gives rise to the intersenten... | [
{
"id": "P87-1022.1",
"char_start": 28,
"char_end": 41
},
{
"id": "P87-1022.2",
"char_start": 49,
"char_end": 67
},
{
"id": "P87-1022.3",
"char_start": 80,
"char_end": 114
},
{
"id": "P87-1022.4",
"char_start": 146,
"char_end": 155
},
{
"id": "P87-... | [
{
"label": 3,
"arg1": "P87-1022.1",
"arg2": "P87-1022.3",
"reverse": false
},
{
"label": 1,
"arg1": "P87-1022.4",
"arg2": "P87-1022.5",
"reverse": false
},
{
"label": 1,
"arg1": "P87-1022.12",
"arg2": "P87-1022.13",
"reverse": false
}
] |
P95-1013 | Compilation of HPSG to TAG
|
We present an implemented compilation algorithm that translates HPSG into lexicalized feature-based TAG, relating concepts of the two theories. While HPSG has a more elaborated principle-based theory of possible phrase structures, TAG provides the means to represent lexicalized structures more explicitly. Our objectiv... | [
{
"id": "P95-1013.1",
"char_start": 27,
"char_end": 48
},
{
"id": "P95-1013.2",
"char_start": 65,
"char_end": 69
},
{
"id": "P95-1013.3",
"char_start": 75,
"char_end": 104
},
{
"id": "P95-1013.4",
"char_start": 135,
"char_end": 143
},
{
"id": "P95-... | [
{
"label": 4,
"arg1": "P95-1013.5",
"arg2": "P95-1013.6",
"reverse": true
},
{
"label": 1,
"arg1": "P95-1013.8",
"arg2": "P95-1013.9",
"reverse": false
},
{
"label": 4,
"arg1": "P95-1013.10",
"arg2": "P95-1013.11",
"reverse": false
}
] |
P97-1002 | Fast Context-Free Parsing Requires Fast Boolean Matrix Multiplication
|
Valiant showed that Boolean matrix multiplication (BMM) can be used for CFG parsing. We prove a dual result: CFG parsers running in time O(|G||w|3-e) on a grammar G and a string w can be used to multiply m x m Boolean matrices in time O(m3-e/3). In the process we also provide a formal definition of parsing motivated b... | [
{
"id": "P97-1002.1",
"char_start": 21,
"char_end": 56
},
{
"id": "P97-1002.2",
"char_start": 73,
"char_end": 84
},
{
"id": "P97-1002.3",
"char_start": 110,
"char_end": 121
},
{
"id": "P97-1002.4",
"char_start": 133,
"char_end": 150
},
{
"id": "P97... | [
{
"label": 1,
"arg1": "P97-1002.1",
"arg2": "P97-1002.2",
"reverse": false
},
{
"label": 3,
"arg1": "P97-1002.3",
"arg2": "P97-1002.4",
"reverse": true
},
{
"label": 3,
"arg1": "P97-1002.9",
"arg2": "P97-1002.10",
"reverse": false
},
{
"label": 2,
... |
P97-1040 | Efficient Generation in Primitive Optimality Theory
|
This paper introduces primitive Optimality Theory (OTP), a linguistically motivated formalization of OT. OTP specifies the class of autosegmental representations, the universal generator Gen, and the two simple families of permissible constraints. In contrast to less restricted theories using Generalized Alignment, OT... | [
{
"id": "P97-1040.1",
"char_start": 23,
"char_end": 56
},
{
"id": "P97-1040.2",
"char_start": 102,
"char_end": 104
},
{
"id": "P97-1040.3",
"char_start": 106,
"char_end": 109
},
{
"id": "P97-1040.4",
"char_start": 124,
"char_end": 162
},
{
"id": "P... | [
{
"label": 3,
"arg1": "P97-1040.1",
"arg2": "P97-1040.2",
"reverse": false
},
{
"label": 1,
"arg1": "P97-1040.7",
"arg2": "P97-1040.8",
"reverse": true
},
{
"label": 1,
"arg1": "P97-1040.10",
"arg2": "P97-1040.11",
"reverse": true
},
{
"label": 3,
... |
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