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H: Analyzing A/B test results which are not normally distributed, using independent t-test I have a set of results from an A/B test (one control group, one feature group) which do not fit a Normal Distribution. In fact the distribution resembles more closely the Landau Distribution. I believe the independent t-test r...
H: Solving a system of equations with sparse data I am attempting to solve a set of equations which has 40 independent variables (x1, ..., x40) and one dependent variable (y). The total number of equations (number of rows) is ~300, and I want to solve for the set of 40 coefficients that minimizes the total sum-of-squa...
H: Avoid iterations while calculating average model accuracy I am fitting a model in R. use createFolds method to create several k folds from the data set loop through the folds, repeating the following on each iteration: train the model on k-1 folds predict the outcomes for the i-th fold calculate prediction accura...
H: Can I classify set of documents using classifying method using limited number of concepts ? I have set of documents and I want classify them to true and false My question is I have to take the whole words in the documents then I classify them depend on the similarity words in these documents or I can take only so...
H: how to impute missing values on numpy array created by train_test_split from pandas.DataFrame? I'm working on the dataset with lots of NA values with sklearn and pandas.DataFrame. I implemented different imputation strategies for different columns of the dataFrame based column names. For example NAs predictor 'var1...
H: How to implement Brown Clustering Algorithm in O(|V|k^2) I am trying to implement the Brown Clustering Algorithm. Paper details: "Class-Based n-gram Models of Natural Language" by Brown et al The algorithm is supposed to in O(|V|k^2) where |V| is the size of the vocabulary and k is the number of clusters. I am unab...
H: SUMMARIST: Automated Text Summarization There is a text summarization project called SUMMARIST. Apparently it is able to perform abstractive text summarization. I want to give it a try but unfortunately the demo links on the website do not work. Does anybody have any information regarding this? How can I test this ...
H: Which cross-validation type best suits to binary classification problem Data set looks like: 25000 observations up to 15 predictors of different types: numeric, multi-class categorical, binary target variable is binary Which cross validation method is typical for this type of problems? By default I'm using K-Fold...
H: Classifying Java exceptions We have a classification algorithm to categorize Java exceptions in Production. This algorithm is based on hierarchical human defined rules so when a bunch of text forming an exception comes up, it determines what kind of exception is (development, availability, configuration, etc.) and ...
H: What is difference between text classification and topic models? I know the difference between clustering and classification in machine learning, but I don't understand the difference between text classification and topic modeling for documents. Can I use topic modeling over documents to identify a topic? Can I use...
H: Algorithms for text clustering I have a problem of clustering huge amount of sentences into groups by their meanings. This is similar to a problem when you have lots of sentences and want to group them by their meanings. What algorithms are suggested to do this? I don't know number of clusters in advance (and as mo...
H: Coreference Resolution for German Texts Does anyone know a libarary for performing coreference resolution on German texts? As far as I know, OpenNLP and Stanford NLP are not able to perform coreference resolution for German Texts. The only tool that I know is CorZu which is a python library. AI: Here is a couple of...
H: Does scikit-learn have a forward selection/stepwise regression algorithm? I am working on a problem with too many features and training my models takes way too long. I implemented a forward selection algorithm to choose features. However, I was wondering does scikit-learn have a forward selection/stepwise regressio...
H: Why might several types of models give almost identical results? I've been analyzing a data set of ~400k records and 9 variables The dependent variable is binary. I've fitted a logistic regression, a regression tree, a random forest, and a gradient boosted tree. All of them give virtual identical goodness of fit nu...
H: What initial steps should I use to make sense of large data sets, and what tools should I use? Caveat: I am a complete beginner when it comes to machine learning, but eager to learn. I have a large dataset and I'm trying to find pattern in it. There may / may not be correlation across the data, either with known va...
H: Looking for Web scraping tool for unstructured data I want to scrape some data from a website. I have used import.io but still not much satisfied.. can any of you suggest about it.. whats the best tool to get the unstructured data from web AI: Try BeautifulSoup - http://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/ From ...
H: Extrapolating GLM coefficients for year a product was sold into future years? I've fit a GLM (Poisson) to a data set where one of the variables is categorical for the year a customer bought a product from my company, ranging from 1999 to 2012. There's a linear trend of the coefficients for the values of the variabl...
H: Using Heuristic Methods for AB Testing I've just started reading about AB testing, as it pertains to optimizing website design. I find it interesting that most of the methods assume that changes to the layout and appearance are independent of each other. I understand that the most common method of optimization is...
H: How much data space is used by all scientific articles? I was wondering if there is any research or study made to calculate the volume of space is used by all scientific articles. It could be in pdf, txt, compressed, or any other format. Is there even a way to measure it? Can some one point me towards realizing thi...
H: SAP HANA vs Exasol I am interested in knowing the differences in functionality between SAP HANA and Exasol. Since this is a bit of an open ended question let me be clear. I am not interested in people debating which is "better" or faster. I am only interested in what each was designed to do so please keep your opin...
H: Machine learning libraries for Ruby Are there any machine learning libraries for Ruby that are relatively complete (including a wide variety of algorithms for supervised and unsupervised learning), robustly tested, and well-documented? I love Python's scikit-learn for its incredible documentation, but a client woul...
H: Improve CoreNLP POS tagger and NER tagger? The CoreNLP parts of speech tagger and name entity recognition tagger are pretty good out of the box, but I'd like to improve the accuracy further so that the overall program runs better. To explain more about accuracy -- there are situations in which the POS/NER is wrongl...
H: Quick guide into training highly imbalanced data sets I have a classification problem with approximately 1000 positive and 10000 negative samples in training set. So this data set is quite unbalanced. Plain random forest is just trying to mark all test samples as a majority class. Some good answers about sub-sampli...
H: Combine multiple classifiers to build a multi-modal classifier Suppose I am interested in classifying a set of instances composed by different content types, e.g.: a piece of text an image as relevant or non-relevant for a specific class C. In my classification process I perform the following steps: Given a samp...
H: Difference between tf-idf and tf with Random Forests I am working on a text classification problem using Random Forest as classifiers, and a bag-of-words approach. I am using the basic implementation of Random Forests (the one present in scikit), that creates a binary condition on a single variable at each split. ...
H: How to do SVD and PCA with big data? I have a large set of data (about 8GB). I would like to use machine learning to analyze it. So, I think that I should use SVD then PCA to reduce the data dimensionality for efficiency. However, MATLAB and Octave cannot load such a large dataset. What tools I can use to do SVD wi...
H: Invariance Property of Vowpal Wabbit Updates - Explaination One of the discussed nice aspects of the procedure that Vowpal Wabbit uses for updates to sgd pdf is so-called weight invariance, described in the linked as: "Among these updates we mainly focus on a novel set of updates that satisfies an additional invar...
H: Versatile data structure for combined statistics Not sure if this is Math, Stats or Data Science, but I figured I would post it here to get the site used. As a programmer, when you have a system/component implemented, you might want to allow some performance monitoring. For example to query how often a function cal...
H: How to classify test objects with this ruleset in order of priority? I'm coding a program that tests several classifiers over a database weather.arff, I found rules below, I want classify test objects. I do not understand how the classification, it is described: "In classification, let R be the set of generated rul...
H: Recommended Language/Framework for Building a New Recommendation Engine Next week I'm going to begin prototyping a recommendation engine for work. I've implemented/completed the Netflix Challenge in Java before (for college) but have no real idea what to use for a production/enterprise level recommendation engine. ...
H: Career switch to Big Data Analytics I am a 35 year old IT professional who is purely technical. I am good at programming, learning new technologies, understanding them and implementing. I did not like mathematics at school, so I didn't score well in mathematics. I am very much interested in pursuing a career in Big...
H: Scikit Learn Logistic Regression Memory Leak I'm curious if anyone else has run into this. I have a data set with about 350k samples, each with 4k sparse features. The sparse fill rate is about 0.5%. The data is stored in a scipy.sparse.csr.csr_matrix object, with dtype='numpy.float64'. I'm using this as an input t...
H: Cosine Similarity for Ratings Recommendations? Why use it? Lets say I have a database of users who rate different products on a scale of 1-5. Our recommendation engine recommends products to users based on the preferences of other users who are highly similar. My first approach to finding similar users was to use C...
H: how to get the Polysemes of a word in wordnet or any other api? how to get the Polysemes of a word in wordnet or any other api. I am looking for any api. with java any idea is appreciated? AI: There are several third-party Java APIs for WordNet listed here: http://wordnet.princeton.edu/wordnet/related-projects/#Jav...
H: Hashing Trick - what actually happens When ML algorithms, e.g. Vowpal Wabbit or some of the factorization machines winning click through rate competitions (Kaggle), mention that features are 'hashed', what does that actually mean for the model? Lets say there is a variable that represents the ID of an internet add,...
H: Where to start on neural networks First of all I know the question may be not suitable for the website but I'd really appreciate it if you just gave me some pointers. I'm a 16 years old programmer, I've had experience with many different programming languages, a while ago I started a course at Coursera, titled intr...
H: What is the best Data Mining algorithm for prediction based on a single variable? I have a variable whose value I would like to predict, and I would like to use only one variable as predictor. For instance, predict traffic density based on weather. Initially, I thought about using Self-Organizing Maps (SOM), which ...
H: Regression Model for explained model(Details inside) I am kind of a newbie on machine learning and I would like to ask some questions based on a problem I have . Let's say I have x y z as variable and I have values of these variables as time progresses like : t0 = x0 y0 z0 t1 = x1 y1 z1 tn = xn yn zn Now I...
H: Scalable Outlier/Anomaly Detection I am trying to setup a big data infrastructure using Hadoop, Hive, Elastic Search (amongst others), and I would like to run some algorithms over certain datasets. I would like the algorithms themselves to be scalable, so this excludes using tools such as Weka, R, or even RHadoop. ...
H: R Script to generate random dataset in 2d space I want to analyze the effectiveness and efficiency of kernel methods for which I would require 3 different data-set in 2 dimensional space for each of the following cases: BAD_kmeans: The data set for which the kmeans clustering algorithm will not perform well. BAD_p...
H: Which packages or functions can I use in R to plot 3D data like this? There're many data points, each of which is associated with two coordinates and a numeral value, or three coordinates. And I wish it is coloured. I checked packages "scatterplot3d" and "plot3D" but I couldn't find one like the example I give. It ...
H: Masters thesis topics in big data I am looking for a thesis to complete my master M2, I will work on a topic in the big data's field (creation big data applications), using hadoop/mapReduce and Ecosystem ( visualisation, analysis ...), Please suggest some topics or project that would make for a good masters thesis ...
H: MovieLens data set I want to analyze MovieLens data set and load on my machine the M1 file. I combine actually two data files (ratings.dat and movies.dat) and sort the table according 'userId' and 'Time' columns. The head of my DataFrame looks like here (all columns values are corresponding to the original data set...
H: Clustering strings inside strings? I am not sure whether I formulated the question correctly. Basically, what I want to do is: Let's suppose I have a list of 1000 strings which look like this: cvzxcvzxstringcvzcxvz otortorotrstringgrptprt vmvmvmeopstring2vmrprp vccermpqpstring2rowerm proorororstring3potrprt mprto24...
H: Rough vs Fuzzy vs Granular Computing For my Computational Intelligence class, I'm working on classifying short text. One of the papers that I've found makes a lot of use of granular computing, but I'm struggling to find a decent explanation of what exactly it is. From what I can gather from the paper, it sounds to ...
H: Machine learning - features engineering from date/time data What are the common/best practices to handle time data for machine learning application? For example, if in data set there is a column with timestamp of event, such as "2014-05-05", how you can extract useful features from this column if any? Thanks in adv...
H: Detecting Spam using Machine Learning The most online tutorials like to use a simple example to introduce to machine learning by classify unknown text in spam or not spam. They say that this is a binary-class problem. But why is this a binary-class problem? I think it is a one-class problem! I do only need positive...
H: Text-Classification-Problem, what is the right approach? I'm planing to write a classification program that is able to classify unknown text in around 10 different categories and if none of them fits it would be nice to know that. It is also possible that more then one category is right. My predefined categories ar...
H: Best format for recording time stamp and GPS In most data acquisition settings it is useful to tag your data with time and location. If I write the data to csv file, what are the best formats that I can use for this two variables if I want to create a heatmap on Google Maps? AI: As Spacedman put it, "best" is prett...
H: Python Machine Learning Experts I'd like to apply some of the more complex supervised machine learning techniques in python - deep learning, generalized addative models, proper implementation of regularization, other cool stuff I dont even know about, etc. Any recommendations how I could find expert ML folks that w...
H: Clarification about Octave data size limit I'm just starting to work on a relatively large dataset after ML course in Coursera. Trying to work on https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/YearPredictionMSD. Got an accuracy of 5.2 in training and test set with linear regression using gradient descent in octave. I trie...
H: How can I create a custom tag in JPMML? I'm trying to create a logistic regression model in jpmml, then write the PMML to a file. The problem I'm having, is that I can't find any way to create a custom tag, such as "shortForm" and "longForm" in the following example: <MapValues outputColumn="longForm"> <FieldColu...
H: Classification of DNA Sequences I have a database of 3190 instances of DNA consisting of 60 sequential DNA nucleotide positions classified according to 3 types: EI, IE, Other. I want to formulate a supervised classifier. My present approach is to formulate a 2nd order Markov Transition Matrix for each instance and ...
H: Visualizing Support Vector Machines (SVM) with Multiple Explanatory Variables I was wondering if anyone was aware of any methods for visualizing an SVM model where there are more than three continuous explanatory variables. In my particular situation, my response variable is binomial, with 6 continuous explanatory ...
H: How to run R programs on multicore using doParallel package? I am running SVM algorithm in R.It is taking long time to run the algorithm.I have system with 32GB RAM.How can I use that whole RAM memory to speed my process. AI: I would add a comment but I do not have enough reputation points. I might suggest Using "R...
H: How to run R scripts without closing X11 I would like to run an R script using a single command (e.g. bat file or shortcut). This R script asks the user to choose a file and then plots information about that file. All is done via dialog boxes. I don't want the user to go inside R - because they don't know it at all...
H: DBPedia as Table not having all the properties I browsed a sample for available data at http://dbpedia.org/page/Sachin_Tendulkar. I wanted these properties as columns, so I downloaded the CSV files from http://wiki.dbpedia.org/DBpediaAsTables. Now, when I browse the data for the same entity "Sachin_Tendulkar", I fi...
H: Confused about description of YearPrediction Dataset https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/YearPredictionMSD According to the description given in the above link, the Attribute information specifies "average and covariance over all 'segments', each segment being described by a 12-dimensional timbre vector". So t...
H: Using Clustering in text processing Hi this is my first question in the Data Science stack. I want to create an algorithm for text classification. Suppose i have a large set of text and articles. Lets say around 5000 plain texts. I first use a simple function to determine the frequency of all the four and above cha...
H: Can some one explain how PCA is relevant in extracting parameters of Gaussian Mixture Models I am having some difficulty in seeing connection between PCA on second order moment matrix in estimating parameters of Gaussian Mixture Models. Can anyone connect the above?? AI: I believe the claim that you are referring t...
H: Method for solving problem with variable number of predictors I've been toying with this idea for a while. I think there is probably some method in the text mining literature, but I haven't come across anything just right... What is/are some methods for tackling a problem where the number of variables it its self a...
H: Item based and user based recommendation difference in Mahout I would like to know how exactly mahout user based and item based recommendation differ from each other. It defines that User-based: Recommend items by finding similar users. This is often harder to scale because of the dynamic nature of users. Item-base...
H: Good books for Hadoop, Spark, and Spark Streaming Can anyone suggest any good books to learn hadoop and map reduce basics? Also something for Spark, and Spark Streaming? Thanks AI: There's such an overwhelming amount of literature that with programming, databases, and Big Data I like to stick to the O'reilly series...
H: Ethically and Cost-effectively Scaling Data Scrapes Few things in life give me pleasure like scraping structured and unstructured data from the Internet and making use of it in my models. For instance, the Data Science Toolkit (or RDSTK for R programmers) allows me to pull lots of good location-based data using IP...
H: What is "data science"? In recent years, the term "data" seems to have become a term widely used without specific definition. Everyone seems to use the phrase. Even people as technology-impaired as my grandparents use the term and seem to understand words like "data breach." But I don't understand what makes "data ...
H: How to connect data-mining with machine learner process I want to write a data-mining service in Google Go which collects data through scraping and APIs. However as Go lacks good ML support I would like to do the ML stuff in Python. Having a web background I would connect both services with something like RPC but a...
H: Extract most informative parts of text from documents Are there any articles or discussions about extracting part of text that holds the most of information about current document. For example, I have a large corpus of documents from the same domain. There are parts of text that hold the key information what single...
H: kNN - what happens if more than K observation have the same distance to the centroid of the cluster EDIT It was pointed out in the Answers-section that I am confusing k-means and kNN. Indeed I was thinking about kNN but wrote k-means since I'm still new to this topic and confuse the terms quite often. So here is th...
H: Web Framework Built for Recommendations I'm wondering if there is a web framework well suited for placing recommendations on content. In most cases, a data scientist goes through after the fact and builds (or uses) a completely different tool to create recommendations. This involves analyzing traffic logs, a histor...
H: Document classification: tf-idf prior to or after feature filtering? I have a document classification project where I am getting site content and then assigning one of numerous labels to the website according to content. I found out that tf-idf could be very useful for this. However, I was unsure as to when exactly...
H: Visualizing deep neural network training I'm trying to find an equivalent of Hinton Diagrams for multilayer networks to plot the weights during training. The trained network is somewhat similar to a Deep SRN, i.e. it has a high number of multiple weight matrices which would make the simultaneous plot of several Hi...
H: Data Science Tools Using Scala I know that Spark is fully integrated with Scala. It's use case is specifically for large data sets. Which other tools have good Scala support? Is Scala best suited for larger data sets? Or is it also suited for smaller data sets? AI: Re: size of data The short answer Scala works for ...
H: What are the best practices to anonymize user names in data? I'm working on a project which asks fellow students to share their original text data for further analysis using data mining techniques, and, I think it would be appropriate to anonymize student names with their submissions. Setting aside the better sol...
H: Exporting R model to OpenCV's Machine Learning Library I'm wonder if it's possible to export a model trained in R, to OpenCV's Machine Learning (ML) library format? The latter appears to save/read models in XML/YAML, whereas the former might be exportable via PMML. Specifically, I'm working with Random Forests, whi...
H: How does the naive Bayes classifier handle missing data in training? Naive Bayes apparently handles missing data differently, depending on whether they exist in training or testing/classification instances. When classifying instances, the attribute with the missing value is simply not included in the probability ca...
H: Machine Learning for hedging/ portfolio optimization? With increasingly sophisticated methods that work on large scale datasets, financial applications are obvious. I am aware of machine learning being employed on financial services to detect fraud and flag fraudulent activities but I have a lesser understanding of...
H: Interactive Graphing while logging data I'm looking to graph and interactively explore live/continuously measured data. There are quite a few options out there, with plot.ly being the most user-friendly. Plot.ly has a fantastic and easy to use UI (easily scalable, pannable, easily zoomable/fit to screen), but canno...
H: What software is being used in this image recognition system? I was wondering if anyone knew which piece of software is being used in this video? It is an image recognition system that makes the training process very simple. http://www.ted.com/talks/jeremy_howard_the_wonderful_and_terrifying_implications_of_compute...
H: Which Optimization method to use? I have a non-function (not in closed form) that takes in a few parameters (about 20) and returns a real value. A few of these parameters are discrete while others are continuous. Some of these parameters can only be chosen from a finite space of values. Since I don't have the func...
H: What does 'contextual' mean in 'contextual bandits'? I recently read a lot about the n-armed bandit problem and its solution with various algorithms, for example for webscale content optimization. Some discussions were referring to 'contextual bandits', I couldn't find a clear definition what the word 'contextual' ...
H: Data transposition code in R I've been working in SAS for a few years but as my time as a student with a no-cost-to-me license comes to an end, I want to learn R. Is it possible to transpose a data set so that all the observations for a single ID are on the same line? (I have 2-8 observations per unique individual...
H: Time series prediction I am trying to predict a time serie from another one. My approach is based on a moving windows. I predict the output value of the serie from the following features: the previous value and the 6 past values of the source serie. Is it usefull to add the previous value of the time serie ? I fe...
H: How to merge monthly, daily and weekly data? Google Trends returns weekly data so I have to find a way to merge them with my daily/monthly data. What I have done so far is to break each serie into daily data, for exemple: from: 2013-03-03 - 2013-03-09 37 to: 2013-03-03 37 2013-03-04 37 2013-03-05 37 2013-03-06 3...
H: normalize identification values properly I'm building a neural network to analyze a business' sales. I'm normalizing all input values to the range {0,1}. I'm struggling with the day of the week column. Business days are identified by a number ranging {1-5} (1=Monday). Normalizing these values to the range {0,1} is ...
H: Finding unpredictability or uncertainty in a time series I am interested in finding a statistic that tracks the unpredictability of a time series. For simplicity sake, assume that each value in the time series is either 1 or 0. So for example, the following two time series are entirely predictable TS1: 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
H: Correlation threshold for Neural Network features selection I'm trying to do a correlation analysis between inputs and outputs inspecting the data in order to understand which input variables to include. What could be a threshold in the correlation value to consider a variable eligible to be an input for my Neural ...
H: Similarity measure based on multiple classes from a hierarchical taxonomy? Could anyone recommend a good similarity measure for objects which have multiple classes, where each class is part of a hierarchy? For example, let's say the classes look like: 1 Produce 1.1 Eggs 1.1.1 Duck eggs 1.1.2 Chicken eggs ...
H: Correcting Datasets with artificially low starting values I am working on a project where we would like to take the ratio of two measurements A/B and subject these ratios to a ranking algorithm. The ratio is normalized prior to ranking (though the ranking/normalization are not that import to my question). In most c...
H: Hardware requirements for Linux server to run R & RStudio I want to build a home server/workstation to run my R projects. Based on what I have gathered, it should probably be Linux based. I want to buy the hardware now, but I am confused with the many available options for processors/ram/motherboards. I want to be ...
H: Storing Big Matrix in DataBase I have a mysql database with the following format: id string 1 foo1... 2 foo2... .. ... There are >100k entries in this db. What I want to do is for each string, compare it to each other string and store some metric of the comparison. Doing this will essenti...
H: Querying DBpedia from Python How can I get information about an entity from DBpedia using Python? Eg: I need to get all DBpedia information about USA. So I need to write the query from python (SPARQL) and need to get all attributes on USA as result. I tried : PREFIX db: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/> SELECT ?p ?o ...
H: Appropriate way to store data in R I have data, which looks like this: These data are only for one subject. I will have a lot more. These data will be analyzed in R. Now I'm storing them like this: subject <- rep(1, times = 24) measurement <- factor(x = rep(x = 1:3, each = 8), labels = c("Di...
H: What are the current killing machine learning methods? I was wondering whether we could list machine learning winning methods to apply in many fields of interest: NLP, image, vision, medical, deep package inspection, etc. I mean, if someone will get started a new ML project, what are the ML methods that cannot be f...
H: What is the difference between feature generation and feature extraction? Can anybody tell me what the purpose of feature generation is? And why feature space enrichment is needed before classifying an image? Is it a necessary step? Is there any method to enrich feature space? AI: Feature Generation -- This is the ...
H: Does high error rate in regression imply the data set is unpredictable? I have a data set of video watching records in a 3G network. In this data set, 2 different kind of features are included: user-side information, e.g., age, gender, data plan and etc; Video watching records of these users, each of which asso...
H: Could someone please offer me some guidance on some kind of particular, SPECIFIC project that I could attemp, to "get my feet wet, so to speak" I am COMPLETELY new to the field of Data Science, mainly because every employer I have worked for, simply COULDN'T sell any customers anything that would use techniques lea...
H: Where did this NY Times op-ed get his Google Search data? I hope this is a question appropriate for SO. The article in question: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/25/opinion/sunday/seth-stephens-davidowitz-searching-for-sex.html As far as I can tell, the only publicly available data from Google Search is through their...
H: What is advantage of using Dryad instead of Spark? I found that Apache-Spark very powerful in Big-Data processing. but I want to know about Dryad (Microsoft) benefits. Is there any advantage for this framework than Spark? Why we must use Dryad instead of Spark? AI: Dryad is an academic project, whereas Spark is wid...
H: Machine learning toolkit for Excel Do you know of any machine learning add-ins that I could use within Excel? For example I would like to be able to select a range of data and use that for training purposes and then use another sheet for getting the results of different learning algorithms. AI: As far as I know, cu...
H: What are the differences between Apache Spark and Apache Flink? Both Apache-Spark and Apache-Flink projects claim pretty much similar capabilities. what is the difference between these projects. Is there any advantage in either Spark or Flink? Thanks AI: Flink is the Apache renaming of the Stratosphere project from...