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Every inertial body perceives itself to be at the center of the explosion of matter (see observable universe), and sees the local universe as homogeneous and isotropic in the sense of the cosmological principle. Unless the universe modeled has zero density, Milne's proposal does not follow the predictions of general re... | [
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The horizon arises naturally from length contraction seen in special relativity which is a consequence of the speed of light upper bound for physical objects. In Milne's universe, the velocities of objects approach this upper bound while the distance to these objects approaches the speed of light multiplied by the time... | [
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In computer science, a grid file or bucket grid is a point access method which splits a space into a non-periodic grid where one or more cells of the grid refer to a small set of points. Grid files (a symmetric data structure) provide an efficient method of storing these indexes on disk to perform complex data lookups.... | [
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All records in a bucket can be indexed by either their city (which is the same for all records in the bucket), and the streets in that city whose names begin with the same letter. A grid file can be used to provide an efficient index for this structure, where records come in groupings of 26, each of them relating to st... | [
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The cells in the grid file would then consist of a city header, and six (one for each continent, not including Antarctica) groupings of 26 cells relating to the streets with the same starting letter, in the same city, on the same continent and could now be thought of as a three-dimensional array. Advantages
Since a sin... | [
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SYN cookie is a technique used to resist SYN flood attacks. The technique's primary inventor Daniel J. Bernstein defines SYN cookies as "particular choices of initial TCP sequence numbers by TCP servers." In particular, the use of SYN cookies allows a server to avoid dropping connections when the SYN queue fills up. In... | [
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SYN cookies are initial sequence numbers that are carefully constructed according to the following rules:
let t be a slowly incrementing timestamp (typically logically right-shifted 6 positions, which gives a resolution of 64 seconds)
let m be the maximum segment size (MSS) value that the server would have stored i... | [
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Decodes the value m from the 3-bit encoding in the SYN cookie, which it then can use to reconstruct the SYN queue entry. From this point forward, the connection proceeds as normal. Drawbacks
The use of SYN cookies does not break any protocol specifications, and therefore should be compatible with all TCP implementation... | [
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In this case, the client assumes that the connection was established successfully and waits for the server to send its protocol banner, or resend the SYN+ACK packet; however, the server is not aware of the session and will not resend the SYN+ACK because it discarded the backlog queue entry that would enable it to do so... | [
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The original Linux kernel implementation misunderstood this part of Bernstein's description and used a single global variable to switch on SYN cookies for all ports; this was pointed out by a research student and subsequently fixed in . History
The technique was created by Daniel J. Bernstein and Eric Schenk in Septemb... | [
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A self-extracting archive (SFX or SEA) is a computer executable program which contains compressed data in an archive file combined with machine-executable program instructions to extract this information on a compatible operating system and without the necessity for a suitable extractor to be already installed on the t... | [
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Self-extracting archives cannot self-extract under a different operating system but most often can still be opened with a suitable extractor as this tool will disregard the executable part of the file and instead extract only the archive resource. In some cases this requires the self-extracting executable to be renamed... | [
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The decompression routines will be different for a LZMA 7z archive when compared with a LZMA2 7z archive, for example. Several programs can create self-extracting archives. For Windows there is WinZip, WinRAR, 7-Zip, WinUHA, KGB Archiver, Make SFX, the built-in IExpress wizard and many others, some experimental. For Ma... | [
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