chunk stringlengths 0 39.4k | embedding sequencelengths 1.02k 1.02k |
|---|---|
Albedo (; ) is the measure of the diffuse reflection of solar radiation out of the total solar radiation and measured on a scale from 0, corresponding to a black body that absorbs all incident radiation, to 1, corresponding to a body that reflects all incident radiation. Surface albedo is defined as the ratio of radios... | [
-0.5493164062,
-0.4660644531,
-0.8544921875,
-0.5249023438,
0.0596923828,
0.1069335938,
0.1251220703,
0.4279785156,
-0.1079711914,
0.3039550781,
-0.5034179688,
-0.2321777344,
0.4638671875,
0.1300048828,
-0.4616699219,
0.8447265625,
0.3132324219,
-0.966796875,
0.587890625,
-0.34... |
Albedo is an important concept in climatology, astronomy, and environmental management (e.g., as part of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program for sustainable rating of buildings). The average albedo of the Earth from the upper atmosphere, its planetary albedo, is 30–35% because of cloud cove... | [
-0.1162109375,
-0.0471801758,
-0.556640625,
-0.9497070312,
0.4072265625,
-0.0125732422,
0.375,
0.4619140625,
-0.0328979492,
0.373046875,
-0.255859375,
-0.3127441406,
0.5161132812,
0.3723144531,
-1.021484375,
0.7216796875,
-0.0835571289,
-0.9438476562,
0.8076171875,
-0.344726562... |
These calculations are based on the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), which describes how the reflectance of a given surface depends on the view angle of the observer and the solar angle. BDRF can facilitate translations of observations of reflectance into albedo. Earth's average surface temperatu... | [
0.0714111328,
-0.039276123,
-0.2442626953,
-0.4829101562,
0.5791015625,
0.3168945312,
0.1307373047,
-0.0177612305,
-0.7998046875,
0.1315917969,
0.4096679688,
-0.2016601562,
0.3127441406,
0.036895752,
-0.896484375,
0.7768554688,
0.0393676758,
-0.8217773438,
0.5405273438,
-0.2120... |
with being the proportion of direct radiation from a given solar angle, and being the proportion of diffuse illumination, the actual albedo (also called blue-sky albedo) can then be given as:
This formula is important because it allows the albedo to be calculated for any given illumination conditions from a knowled... | [
0.1069946289,
-0.0699462891,
-0.003786087,
-0.9018554688,
0.3271484375,
0.0758666992,
-0.0842285156,
-0.003452301,
0.1319580078,
0.2702636719,
-0.3969726562,
-0.20703125,
0.8129882812,
0.611328125,
0.1993408203,
0.7036132812,
0.3322753906,
-0.521484375,
0.4921875,
-0.3015136719... |
This has been a concern since arctic ice and snow has been melting at higher rates due to higher temperatures, creating regions in the arctic that are notably darker (being water or ground which is darker color) and reflects less heat back into space. This feedback loop results in a reduced albedo effect. Climate and w... | [
-0.1984863281,
-0.7729492188,
-0.1189575195,
-0.4030761719,
-0.1564941406,
0.3137207031,
0.2729492188,
-0.4450683594,
-0.3227539062,
0.5205078125,
-0.3776855469,
-0.4533691406,
0.5727539062,
0.2310791016,
-0.5073242188,
0.6137695312,
0.8305664062,
-1.216796875,
1.029296875,
-0.... |
If a marginally snow-covered area warms, snow tends to melt, lowering the albedo, and hence leading to more snowmelt because more radiation is being absorbed by the snowpack (the ice–albedo positive feedback). Just as fresh snow has a higher albedo than does dirty snow, the albedo of snow-covered sea ice is far higher ... | [
-0.408203125,
-0.2568359375,
-0.3344726562,
-0.232421875,
0.0054931641,
0.4968261719,
0.0578308105,
-0.6103515625,
-0.8051757812,
0.2644042969,
-0.9448242188,
0.029800415,
0.5639648438,
0.7719726562,
-0.8549804688,
0.0127182007,
0.1086425781,
-1.40234375,
0.5771484375,
-0.07073... |
In sunlight, dark clothes absorb more heat and light-coloured clothes reflect it better, thus allowing some control over body temperature by exploiting the albedo effect of the colour of external clothing. Solar photovoltaic effects
Albedo can affect the electrical energy output of solar photovoltaic devices. For exam... | [
-0.1767578125,
0.1263427734,
-0.1090087891,
-0.265625,
0.7065429688,
-0.2374267578,
0.0828857422,
0.1807861328,
-0.009223938,
0.123046875,
-0.4575195312,
-0.0451965332,
0.7377929688,
0.3815917969,
-0.8447265625,
0.97265625,
0.3125,
-0.7729492188,
0.21484375,
-0.1295166016,
-0... |
Scientists generally treat evapotranspiration as a net cooling impact, and the net climate impact of albedo and evapotranspiration changes from deforestation depends greatly on local climate. In seasonally snow-covered zones, winter albedos of treeless areas are 10% to 50% higher than nearby forested areas because snow... | [
-0.0387878418,
0.0992431641,
0.3374023438,
-0.1319580078,
0.8071289062,
0.1678466797,
-0.5502929688,
0.4436035156,
-0.5581054688,
0.4724121094,
-0.2049560547,
-0.3815917969,
0.994140625,
0.0430297852,
-0.7036132812,
0.65234375,
0.2113037109,
-0.642578125,
0.244140625,
0.0622558... |
At small angles of incident light, waviness results in reduced reflectivity because of the steepness of the reflectivity-vs.-incident-angle curve and a locally increased average incident angle. Although the reflectivity of water is very low at low and medium angles of incident light, it becomes very high at high angles... | [
-0.0575866699,
0.0136260986,
-0.2209472656,
-0.3466796875,
-0.1547851562,
-0.3420410156,
0.2702636719,
-0.4426269531,
0.1656494141,
0.5380859375,
-0.916015625,
-0.3635253906,
0.0364990234,
0.1965332031,
-0.5981445312,
0.3559570312,
0.0336303711,
-0.5395507812,
0.9057617188,
-0.... |
A study following the burning of the Kuwaiti oil fields during Iraqi occupation showed that temperatures under the burning oil fires were as much as colder than temperatures several miles away under clear skies. Aerosol effects
Aerosols (very fine particles/droplets in the atmosphere) have both direct and indirect eff... | [
0.6918945312,
0.3020019531,
0.1285400391,
-0.5673828125,
0.2180175781,
0.0816650391,
0.5190429688,
-0.1005859375,
0.0243530273,
0.2556152344,
-1.0966796875,
-0.8110351562,
0.6186523438,
0.3696289062,
-1.5341796875,
1.0283203125,
0.1369628906,
-0.8486328125,
0.6889648438,
0.5991... |
Black carbon is a bigger cause of the melting of the polar ice cap in the Arctic than carbon dioxide due to its effect on the albedo. Human activities
Human activities (e.g., deforestation, farming, and urbanization) change the albedo of various areas around the globe. However, quantification of this effect on the glob... | [
0.0079116821,
-0.039642334,
0.2257080078,
-0.4020996094,
-0.1749267578,
0.3190917969,
0.2736816406,
0.3237304688,
0.23046875,
-0.1905517578,
-0.8515625,
0.1867675781,
-0.2427978516,
0.5708007812,
-0.4753417969,
0.7431640625,
0.2548828125,
-0.4270019531,
0.4973144531,
-0.4978027... |
A typical comet nucleus has an albedo of 0.04. Such a dark surface is thought to be indicative of a primitive and heavily space weathered surface containing some organic compounds. The overall albedo of the Moon is measured to be around 0.14, but it is strongly directional and non-Lambertian, displaying also a strong o... | [
-0.2521972656,
-0.1671142578,
-0.4370117188,
-0.3444824219,
-0.0941772461,
0.2021484375,
0.1157226562,
0.6655273438,
-0.2410888672,
0.6474609375,
-0.1820068359,
-0.6469726562,
0.1204833984,
0.3996582031,
-0.2897949219,
0.4616699219,
0.6435546875,
-0.1312255859,
0.3735351562,
-0... |
Radar Albedo
In planetary radar astronomy, a microwave (or radar) pulse is transmitted toward a planetary target (e.g. Moon, asteroid, etc.) and the echo from the target is measured. In most instances, the transmitted pulse is circularly polarized and the received pulse is measured in the same sense of polarization as ... | [
-0.3911132812,
0.3032226562,
-0.2360839844,
-0.6879882812,
-0.5048828125,
0.4389648438,
0.7626953125,
1.2099609375,
0.21875,
1.162109375,
0.3488769531,
-0.470703125,
0.1229858398,
-0.2922363281,
-0.3288574219,
0.537109375,
0.3930664062,
-0.1202392578,
0.68359375,
-0.7065429688,... |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
README.md exists but content is empty.
- Downloads last month
- 5