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Decomposition of socioeconomic inequality in COVID‐19 mortality in Iran: A retrospective cohort study
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| This study aimed to investigate the relationship between socioeconomic status and COVID‐19 mortality in Iran. We performed a retrospective cohort study on data from the hospitalised COVID‐19 patients in Qazvin. We collected data on education, self‐reported socioeconomic status, and location of residence as a proxy for ... |
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COVID-19 Pandemic Response in a Migrant Farmworker Community: Excess Mortality, Testing Access and Contact Tracing in Immokalee, Florida
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| Introduction: We aim to estimate the impact of COVID-19 in Immokalee, FL and assess community experiences with workplace conditions, access to testing, sources of information, and contact tracing to inform and strengthen local public health sector efforts in reaching and providing high-quality care to the community. Me... |
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Inferring the true number of SARS-CoV-2 infections in Japan
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| IntroductionIn Japan, as of December 31, 2021, more than 1.73 million laboratory-confirmed cases have been reported. However, the actual number of infections is likely to be under-ascertained due to the epidemiological characteristics such as mild and subclinical infections and limited testing availability in the early... |
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Reducing contacts to stop SARS-CoV-2 transmission during the second pandemic wave in Brussels, Belgium, August to November 2020
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| To evaluate the effect of physical distancing and school reopening in Brussels between August and November 2020, we monitored changes in the number of reported contacts per SARS-CoV-2 case and associated SARS-CoV-2 transmission. The second COVID-19 pandemic wave in Brussels was the result of increased social contact ac... |
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New York State and the Nation: Trends in Firearm Purchases and Firearm Violence During the COVID-19 Pandemic.
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| BACKGROUND The impacts of social stressors on violence during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic are unknown. We hypothesized that firearm purchases and violence would increase surrounding the pandemic. This study determined the impact of COVID-19 and shelter-in-place (SIP) orders on firearm purchases and... |
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The relationship between new PCR positive cases and going out in public during the COVID-19 epidemic in Japan
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| The suppression of the first wave of COVID-19 in Japan is assumedly attributed to people’s increased risk perception after acquiring information from the government and media reports. In this study, going out in public amidst the spread of COVID-19 infections was investigated by examining new polymerase chain reaction ... |
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Local Factors and the Spread of COVID-19 in Germany
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| Due to the high level of infectivity the spread of COVID-19 is closely related to the number of daily face-to-face contacts between humans Whereas the extent i |
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Effectiveness of isolation, testing, contact tracing and physical distancing on reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in different settings
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| Isolation of symptomatic cases and tracing of contacts has been used as an early COVID-19 containment measure in many countries, with additional physical distancing measures also introduced as outbreaks have grown. To maintain control of infection while also reducing disruption to populations, there is a need to unders... |
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The effects of the first national lockdown in England on geographical inequalities in the evolution of COVID-19 case rates: An ecological study
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| Background Socio-economic inequalities in COVID-19 case rates have been noted worldwide. Previous studies have compared case rates over set phases. There has been no analysis of how inequalities in cases changed overtime and were shaped by national mitigation strategies (e.g. lock downs). This paper provides the first ... |
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Relative Concentrations and Diffusion of COVID-19 across the United States in 2020
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| In this article, we analyze the spread of COVID-19 (corona virus disease 2019) cases and deaths across the United States using county data at different levels of comparison We use the Hoover index and the differential geographical index to analyze changes in the concentration of COVID-19 at the city-system level (or ec... |
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Public acceptance of Covid-19 lockdown scenarios
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| By mid-March 2020, most countries had implemented nationwide lockdown policies aimed at decelerating the spread of SARS-CoV-2. At that time, nobody knew how long these policies would have to remain in force and whether they would have to be extended, intensified or made more flexible. The present study aimed to illumin... |
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Effect of commuting on the risk of COVID-19 and COVID-19-induced anxiety
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| Background: To prevent the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), it is important to avoid 3Cs (closed spaces, crowded places, and close-contact settings). However, the risk of contact with an unspecified number of people is inevitable while commuting to and from work. In this study, we investigated the relationship... |
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SARS-CoV-2 Surveillance System in Canada: Longitudinal Trend Analysis
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| BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 global pandemic has disrupted structures and communities across the globe. Numerous regions of the world have had varying responses in their attempts to contain the spread of the virus. Factors such as public health policies, governance, and sociopolitical climate have led to differential level... |
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The promise of direct-to-consumer COVID-19 testing: ethical and regulatory issues
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| Widespread diagnostic and serological (antibody) testing is one key to mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic While at first, the majority of COVID-19 diagnostic testing in the USA took place in healthcare settings, quickly a direct-to-consumer (DTC) testing market also emerged In these DTC provision models, the test is init... |
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Influenza season 2020–2021 did not begin in Finland despite the looser social restrictions during the second wave of COVID‐19: A nationwide register study
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| The nationwide lockdowns ended influenza seasons rapidly in Northern Hemisphere in Spring 2020. The strategy during the second wave was to minimize the restrictions set for children. Children spread influenza and therefore simultaneous influenza and COVID‐19 surges were feared. The aim of this report is to analyze the ... |
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COVID-19 Mortality in Europe, by Latitude and Obesity Status: A Geo-Spatial Analysis in 40 Countries
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| On 30 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the current novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a public health emergency of international concern and later characterized it as a pandemic. New data show that excess body mass and vitamin D deficiency might be related to the disease severity and... |
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COVID-19 infections in the Friuli Venezia Giulia Region (Northern Italy): a population-based retrospective analysis
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| OBJECTIVES: to study the cumulative incidence, the demographics and health conditions of the population tested for COVID-19, and to map the evolving distribution of individual cases in the population of the Friuli Venezia Giulia Region (North-Eastern Italy). DESIGN: population-based observational study based on a recor... |
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Restricted Prevalence Rates of COVID-19’s Infectivity, Hospitalization, Recovery, Mortality in the USA and Their Implications
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| This article constructs and demonstrates an alternate probabilistic approach (using incidence rate restricted model), compared with the deterministic mathematical models such as SIR, to capture the impact of healthcare efforts on the prevalence rate of the COVID-19’s infectivity, hospitalization, recovery, and mortalit... |
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Causal Analysis of Health Interventions and Environments for Influencing the Spread of COVID-19 in the United States of America
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| Given the lack of potential vaccines and effective medications, non-pharmaceutical interventions are the major option to curtail the spread of COVID-19 An accurate estimate of the potential impact of different non-pharmaceutical measures on containing, and identify risk factors influencing the spread of COVID-19 is cru... |
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Association between COVID-19 mortality and population level health and socioeconomic indicators
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| With the availability of multiple COVID-19 vaccines and the predicted shortages in supply for the near future, it is necessary to allocate vaccines in a manner that minimizes severe outcomes. To date, vaccination strategies in the US have focused on individual characteristics such as age and occupation. In this study, ... |
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A Modified Epidemiological Model to Understand the Uneven Impact of COVID-19 on Vulnerable Individuals and the Approaches Required to Help them Emerge from Lockdown
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| COVID-19 has shown a relatively low mortality rate in young healthy individuals, with the majority of this group being asymptomatic or having mild symptoms, while the severity of the disease among individuals with underlying health conditions has caused signiffcant mortality rates worldwide. Understanding these differe... |
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Mathematical modeling of COVID-19 in 14.8 million individuals in Bahia, Brazil
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| COVID-19 is affecting healthcare resources worldwide, with lower and middle-income countries being particularly disadvantaged to mitigate the challenges imposed by the disease, including the availability of a sufficient number of infirmary/ICU hospital beds, ventilators, and medical supplies. Here, we use mathematical ... |
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Cross-regional variations of Covid-19 mortality in Italy: an ecological study
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| BACKGROUND: Disparities in cross-regional coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) mortality remain poorly understood. The association between pre-epidemic health and epidemic mortality can inform a policy response to future outbreaks. METHOD: We conducted an ecological study of the association between the cumulative deaths... |
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Community Characteristics and COVID-19 Outcomes: A Study of 159 Counties in Georgia, United States
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| BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic affects population groups differently, worsening existing social, economic, and health inequities. PURPOSE: This study examined 159 counties within Georgia to identify community characteristics associated with county-level COVID-19 case, hospitalization, and death rates. METHODS: Data ... |
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Older age groups and country-specific case fatality rates of COVID-19 in Europe, USA and Canada
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| PURPOSE: To evaluate the association between the percentages of older age groups among confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections and the country-specific case fatality rate (CFR). METHODS: This ecological study analyzed data from the 20 most severely affected European countries, USA and Canada, in which national health authoriti... |
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Early assessment of the impact of mitigation measures to control COVID-19 in 22 French metropolitan areas, October to November 2020
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| In France, measures including curfew and lockdown were implemented to control the COVID-19 pandemic second wave in 2020. This study descriptively assesses their possible effects, also relative to their timing. A considerable decrease in incidence of COVID-19 cases and hospital admissions was observed 7 to 10 days after... |
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Comorbidity Analysis: Overlapping Semicircles with Wigner Law and Random Matrix Theory
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| In December 2019 COVID-19 appeared as a new pandemic that has claimed the lives of millions of people around the world. This article presents a regional analysis of COVID-19 in Mexico. Due to the comorbidities of Mexican society, the new pandemic implies a higher risk for the population. The study period runs from Apri... |
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The relationship between Google search interest for pulmonary symptoms and COVID-19 cases using dynamic conditional correlation analysis
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| This study aims to evaluate the monitoring and predictive value of web-based symptoms (fever, cough, dyspnea) searches for COVID-19 spread. Daily search interests from Turkey, Italy, Spain, France, and the United Kingdom were obtained from Google Trends (GT) between January 1, 2020, and August 31, 2020. In addition to ... |
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Local mortality estimates during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy
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| Estimates of the real death toll of the COVID-19 pandemic have proven to be problematic in many countries, Italy being no exception. Mortality estimates at the local level are even more uncertain as they require stringent conditions, such as granularity and accuracy of the data at hand, which are rarely met. The “offic... |
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Impacts of social distancing policies on mobility and COVID-19 case growth in the US
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| Social distancing remains an important strategy to combat the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. However, the impacts of specific state-level policies on mobility and subsequent COVID-19 case trajectories have not been completely quantified. Using anonymized and aggregated mobility data from opted-in Google users,... |
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Modeling of the Weekly Variation of the Reported COVID-19 Cases as A Potential Indicator of the Surveillance System Accuracy
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| Periodical daily variation in the number of reported COVID-19 cases within weeks is a common observation in global and national statistics. This variation may imply that the day of week has a significant role in the number of reported cases. We compared the pattern in some countries with an acceptable surveillance syst... |
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Financial, food, and housing insecurity due to COVID-19 among at risk people living with HIV in a non-urban Ryan White HIV/AIDS program clinic
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| COVID-19 negatively impacts social determinants of health that contribute to disparities for people living with HIV Insecurity of food, housing, and employment increased significantly in April 2020 among patients with lower incomes at a Ryan White HIV/AIDS program clinic in the Southern United States |
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To avoid the noncausal association between environmental factor and COVID-19 when using aggregated data: Simulation-based counterexamples for demonstration
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| Abstract In infectious disease epidemiology, the association between an independent factor and disease incidence (or death) counts may fail to infer the association with disease transmission (or mortality risk). To explore the underlying role of environmental factors in the course of COVID-19 epidemic, the importance o... |
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Extending the susceptible‐exposed‐infected‐removed (SEIR) model to handle the false negative rate and symptom‐based administration of COVID‐19 diagnostic tests: SEIR‐fansy
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| False negative rates of severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 diagnostic tests, together with selection bias due to prioritized testing can result in inaccurate modeling of COVID‐19 transmission dynamics based on reported “case” counts. We propose an extension of the widely used Susceptible‐Exposed‐Infected‐Removed (S... |
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Not quite a block party: COVID-19 Street reallocation programs in Seattle, WA and Vancouver, BC
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| The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed mobility inequities within cities In response, cities are rapidly implementing street reallocation initiatives These interventions provide space for walking and cycling, however, other mobility needs (e g , essential workers, deliveries) may be impeded by these reallocation decisions I... |
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COVID-19 mortality in an area of northeast Brazil: epidemiological characteristics and prospective spatiotemporal modelling
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| This study aimed to analyse the spatial–temporal distribution of COVID-19 mortality in Sergipe, Northeast, Brazil. It was an ecological study utilising spatiotemporal analysis techniques that included all deaths confirmed by COVID-19 in Sergipe, from 2 April to 14 June 2020. Mortality rates were calculated per 100 000 ... |
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Prediction on Domestic Violence in Bangladesh during the COVID-19 Outbreak Using Machine Learning Methods
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| The COVID-19 outbreak resulted in preventative measures and restrictions for Bangladesh during the summer of 2020—these unstable and stressful times led to multiple social problems (e.g., domestic violence and divorce). Globally, researchers, policymakers, governments, and civil societies have been concerned about the ... |
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Impact of January 2021 curfew measures on SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 circulation in France
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| Following the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 variant, social distancing was strengthened in France in January 2021. Using a two-strain mathematical model calibrated on genomic surveillance, we estimated that curfew measures allowed hospitalisations to plateau by decreasing transmission of the historical strains while... |
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State-level tracking of COVID-19 in the United States
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| As of 1st June 2020, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported 104,232 confirmed or probable COVID-19-related deaths in the US. This was more than twice the number of deaths reported in the next most severely impacted country. We jointly modelled the US epidemic at the state-level, using publicly avail... |
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What can the UK learn from the impact of migrant populations on national life expectancy?
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| Improvements in life expectancy at birth in the UK had stalled prior to 2020 and have fallen during the COVID-19 pandemic. The stagnation took place at a time of relatively high net migration, yet we know that migrants to Australia, the USA and some Nordic countries have positively impacted national life expectancy tre... |
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A descriptive analysis of 2020 California Occupational Safety and Health Administration COVID-19-related complaints
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| COVID-19 mortality disproportionately affected specific occupations and industries. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) protects the health and safety of workers by setting and enforcing standards for working conditions. Workers may file OSHA complaints about unsafe conditions. Complaints may indic... |
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A Spatio‐Temporal Analysis of the Environmental Correlates of COVID‐19 Incidence in Spain
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| The novel SARS‐CoV2 has disrupted health systems and the economy, and public health interventions to slow its spread have been costly. How and when to ease restrictions to movement hinges in part on whether SARS‐CoV2 will display seasonality due to variations in temperature, humidity, and hours of sunshine. Here, we ad... |
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Relationship between political partisanship and COVID-19 deaths: future implications for public health
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| BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has impacted more than 200 countries. However in the USA, the response to the COVID-19 pandemic has been politically polarized. The objective of this study is to investigate the association between political partisanship and COVID-19 deaths rates in the USA. METHODS: This study used longitudinal co... |
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Monitoring and predicting SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in France after deconfinement using a multiscale age-stratified rate model
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| The entire world and France were strongly impacted by the SARS-COV-2 epidemic. Finding appropriate measures that effectively contain the spread of the epidemic without putting a too severe pressure on social and economic life is major challenge for modern predictive approaches. To assess the impact of confinement (Marc... |
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Differential risk for COVID-19 in the first wave of the disease among Spaniards and migrants from different areas of the world living in Spain.
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| INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Little is known regarding the relevance of racial/ethnic background to the risk for COVID-19 infection, particularly in Europe. We evaluated the risk of COVID-19 among migrants from different areas of the world within the context of universal free access to medical care. MATERIALS AND METHOD... |
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National Population-Level Disparities in COVID-19 Mortality Across the Intersection of Race/Ethnicity and Sex in the United States
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| Males and certain racial/ethnic minority groups have borne a disproportionate burden of COVID-19 mortality in the United States, and substantial scientific research has sought to quantify and characterize population-level disparities in COVID-19 mortality outcomes by sex and across categories of race/ethnicity. However... |
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Social determinants of health and COVID-19 infection in Brazil: an analysis of the pandemic.
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| OBJECTIVE To analyze the influence of socioeconomic, demographic, epidemiological factors, and the health system structure in the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. METHODS Ecological study with variables extracted from databases, having the incidence and mortality by COVID-19 until August 23, 2020, in Brazi... |
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UK prevalence of underlying conditions which increase the risk of severe COVID-19 disease: a point prevalence study using electronic health records
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| BACKGROUND: Characterising the size and distribution of the population at risk of severe COVID-19 is vital for effective policy and planning. Older age, and underlying health conditions, are associated with higher risk of death from COVID-19. This study aimed to describe the population at risk of severe COVID-19 due to... |
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[Preliminary report on the Covid-19 outbreak in Valle d'Aosta dialysis centers].
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| Valle d'Aosta, Italy's smallest region, faced a Covid-19 epidemic trend of absolute relevance. In line with data concerning the local general population, the predominance of the illness among uremic patients has been high. The authors report here preliminary data on the spread of this disease within the region and on t... |
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COVID-19 Infections Among Students and Staff in New York City Public Schools
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| BACKGROUND: The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic led many jurisdictions to close in-person school instruction METHODS: We collected data about COVID-19 cases associated with New York City (NYC) public schools from polymerase chain reaction testing performed in each school on a sample of asymptomatic s... |
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The SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Zimbabwe: Quo vadis?
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| The trajectory, and impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa is unclear, but it is seemingly varied between different countries, with most reporting low numbers. We use the situation in Zimbabwe to build an argument that the epidemic is likely to be attenuated in some countries with similar socio-economi... |
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Quando burocrazia è sinonimo di velocità: L’Huoshenshan di Wuhan, il Javits Center Emergency Hospital a New York e l’Ospedale Fiera di Milano
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| We analyze how the same type of public intervention (the transformation of a convention center into a hospital for Covid-19 patients) has occurred in three different contexts (Wuhan, New York and Milan) We highlight which models has led to a timely and efficient public intervention aimed at fighting Covid-19 local epid... |
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[Mortality by COVID-19 in Spain. Approximation through public health expenditure by autonomous communities.]
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| OBJECTIVE: The irruption of SARS-CoV-2 and its different incidence on the regional mortality rate could be revealing the effects of the change in the paradigm of health justice, initiated in Spain in 2010 and applied, more or less enthusiastically, by the different autonomous communities The objective of this work was ... |
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The interplay of policy, institutions, and culture in the time of COVID-19
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| This paper examines cross-country evidence of how the Covid-19 pandemic spread and the mortality rates associated with preexisting vulnerabilities, the government's mobility restriction policy, institutions (democracy), and culture (individualistic culture and trust) Preexisting vulnerabilities (that is, the share of t... |
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Testing for SARS-CoV-2 at the core of voluntary collective isolation: Lessons from the indigenous populations living in the Amazon region in Ecuador
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| Voluntary collective isolation has been proposed to be the best response to COVID-19 for indigenous populations. While the potential value of voluntary collective isolation is appealing, the feasibility of this approach needs empirical evidence to support it as the best response to protect indigenous communities from C... |
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Containing pandemics through targeted testing of households
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| BACKGROUND: While invasive social distancing measures have proven efficient to control the spread of pandemics failing wide-scale deployment of vaccines, they carry vast societal costs. The development of a diagnostic methodology for identifying COVID-19 infection through simple testing was a reality only a few weeks a... |
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Did Safe Cycling Infrastructure Still Matter During a COVID-19 Lockdown?
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| The UK government introduced strict measures (including asking people to work from home and a lockdown) to slow the spread of COVID-19 by limiting people’s movement This led to substantial reductions in traffic, making roads much safer for cyclists This provides a unique opportunity to study the role played by sa... |
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Influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on public attitudes toward bats in Arkansas and implications for bat management
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| Through a public input collection tool, we opportunistically discovered a relationship between COVID-19, attitudes toward bats, and support for bat management in Arkansas. The Arkansas Game and Fish Commission requested public input on a proposed regulation to prohibit the killing of bats except when necessary for rabi... |
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Disparities in COVID-19 deaths by country of birth in Stockholm, Sweden: A total population based cohort study
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| Preliminary evidence points to higher morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 in certain racial and ethnic groups but population-based studies using micro-level data are so far lacking. A register-based cohort including all adults living in Stockholm, Sweden (n=1,778,670) between January 31st (date of first confirmed case ... |
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Estimation of Population Prevalence of COVID-19 Using Imperfect Tests
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| I formulate three basic biomedical/statistical assumptions that should ideally guide well-designed population prevalence studies of the present or past disease including COVID-19 On the basis of these assumptions alone, I compute several probability distributions required for statistical analysis of testing data collec... |
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Covid-19 response and protracted exclusion of informal settlement residents in freetown, sierra leone*†
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| Freetown has over 1 million residents, many of whom live in about 68 crowded informal settlements Residents of these settlements struggle daily to access basic services such as water, sanitation, and health-care services We found that the government’s Covid-19 response measures (curfews, lockdowns, and travel restricti... |
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Multifaceted strategies for the control of COVID-19 outbreaks in long-term care facilities in Ontario, Canada
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| The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused severe outbreaks in Canadian long-term care facilities (LTCFs). In Canada, over 80% of COVID-19 deaths during the first pandemic wave occurred in LTCFs. We sought to evaluate the effect of mitigation measures in LTCFs including frequent testing of staff, and vacc... |
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Projecting the impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants on the COVID-19 epidemic and social restoration in the United States: a mathematical modelling study
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| Background: The SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant B.1.1.7 became prevalent in the United States (US). We aimed to evaluate the impact of vaccination scale-up and potential reduction in the vaccination effectiveness on the COVID-19 epidemic and social restoration in the US. Methods: We extended a published compartmental model an... |
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Americans' perceptions of disparities in COVID-19 mortality: Results from a nationally-representative survey
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| As with many other infectious and chronic conditions, the COVID-19 crisis in the United States (U.S.) reveals severe inequities in health. The objective of this study was to describe public perceptions of disparities in mortality from COVID-19 and examine correlates of those perceptions. We fielded a nationally-represe... |
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Lives saved and lost in the first six month of the US COVID-19 pandemic: A retrospective cost-benefit analysis
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| In the beginning of the COVID-19 US epidemic in March 2020, sweeping lockdowns and other aggressive measures were put in place and retained in many states until end of August of 2020; the ensuing economic downturn has led many to question the wisdom of the early COVID-19 policy measures in the US. This study’s objectiv... |
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Dying from COVID-19 or with COVID-19: a definitive answer through a retrospective analysis of mortality in Italy
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| BackgroundCOVID-19 mortality was associated with several reasons, including conspiracy theories and infodemic phenomena. However, little is known about the potential endogenous reasons for the increase in COVID-19 associated mortality in Italy. ObjectiveThis study aimed to search the potential endogenous reasons for th... |
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Disease Burden Attributable to the First Wave of COVID-19 in China and the Effect of Timing on the Cost-Effectiveness of Movement Restriction Policies
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| OBJECTIVES: Movement restriction policies (MRPs) are effective in preventing/delaying COVID-19 transmission but are associated with high societal cost. This study aims to estimate the health burden of the first wave of COVID-19 in China and the cost-effectiveness of early versus late implementation of MRPs to inform pr... |
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Using Google Health Trends to investigate COVID19 incidence in Africa
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| Objectives: In the present manuscript we used Internet-derived data to assess whether Google Health Trends (GHT) search counts are able to track COVID-19 incidences in Africa. Methods: We collected COVID-19 case and death incidence for 54 African countries from February 2020 to January 2021. We used GHT to characterize... |
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Social distancing, population density, and spread of COVID-19 in England: a longitudinal study
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| BACKGROUND: The UK government introduced social distancing measures between 16-22 March 2020, aiming to slow down transmission of COVID-19. AIM: To explore the spreading of COVID-19 in relation to population density after the introduction of social distancing measures. DESIGN & SETTING: Longitudinal design with 5-weekl... |
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Design of COVID-19 Staged Alert Systems to Ensure Healthcare Capacity with Minimal Closures
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| Community mitigation strategies to combat COVID-19, ranging from healthy hygiene to shelter-in-place orders, exact substantial socioeconomic costs. Judicious implementation and relaxation of restrictions amplify their public health benefits while reducing costs. We derive optimal strategies for toggling between mitigat... |
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Involvement of political and socio-economic factors in the spatial and temporal dynamics of COVID-19 outcomes in Brazil: A population-based study
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| Background Brazil has been severely impacted by COVID-19 pandemics that is aggravated by the absence of a scientifically-driven coordinated informative campaign and the interference in public health management, which ultimately affected health measures to avoid SARS-CoV2 spread. The decentralization and resultant confl... |
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Feds focus on naloxone and fentanyl test strips, blame COVID‐19 for OD increases
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| Last week, the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced that the predicted overdose death count for the 12‐month period ending April 2021 is more than 100,000. That's one death every five minutes, said Rahul Gupta, M.D., director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), at a Nov.... |
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Understanding how Victoria, Australia gained control of its second COVID-19 wave
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| Victoria has been Australia's hardest hit state by the COVID-19 pandemic, but was successful in reversing its second wave of infections through aggressive policy interventions. The clear reversal in the epidemic trajectory combined with information on the timing and geographical scope of policy interventions offers the... |
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Exploring the Use of Wireless Emergency Alerts for Notifications Regarding COVID-19: Initial Lines of Inquiry
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| US and international officials have sought ways to effectively use mobile technology to communicate health information to help thwart the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) This study offers a preliminary exploration into the use of the state-level (N=6) and local-level (N=53) Wireless Emergency Alert (WEA) ... |
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Geographical Information System Readiness Assessment Framework in the South African Private Health Sector for Pre- to Post-COVID-19 Pandemic Management
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| Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is fast becoming one of the most utilized tools for strategic planning within government and organizations, which in turn influences performance positively. GIS is mostly used for informed decision-making in matters like logistics, health, crime, social welfare, pattern analysis bas... |
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Racial disparity in excess mortality in Brazil during COVID-19 times
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| We evaluated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on excess mortality by race/skin color in Brazil, between epidemiological weeks 12 and 50 of 2020. We compared the 2020-point estimate and the expected point-estimate applying 2019 mortality rates to the 2020 population. There was an excess of 187,002 deaths (+20.2%) com... |
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Down, set, spread: The association between college football and COVID-19
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| OBJECTIVES: Before the Fall 2020 semester, college presidents and the NCAA made decisions about playing college football. The current study aims to examine the association between college football games and COVID-19 infections at universities. PARTICIPANTS: More than 1,800 college campuses nationwide from The New York ... |
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No Place Like Home: Cross-National Data Analysis of the Efficacy of Social Distancing During the COVID-19 Pandemic
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| BACKGROUND: In the absence of a cure in the time of a pandemic, social distancing measures seem to be the most effective intervention to slow the spread of disease. Various simulation-based studies have been conducted to investigate the effectiveness of these measures. While those studies unanimously confirm the mitiga... |
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Social Class, Race/Ethnicity, and COVID-19 Mortality Among Working Age Adults in the United States
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| Importance: Substantial racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19 mortality have been documented. Social class is a likely explanation of mortality disparities across and within racial/ethnic groups. This is the first U.S. study of social class and COVID-19 mortality in working age adults. Objectives: To determine the join... |
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The first month of the COVID-19 outbreak in 46 sub-Saharan African countries; a comparative analysis of growth rates
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| BackgroundThe COVID-19 outbreak in sub-Saharan African countries started after those in Asia, Europe and North America, on 28th February 2020. The susceptibility to infection of populations in that region has been debated. Outbreaks on the scale of those seen elsewhere would pose substantial challenges. There are reaso... |
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Long-Term Care, Residential Facilities, and COVID-19: An Overview of Federal and State Policy Responses
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| The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected residents and staff at long-term care (LTC) and other residential facilities in the United States. The high morbidity and mortality at these facilities has been attributed to a combination of a particularly vulnerable population and a lack of resources to mitigate t... |
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Living environment matters: Unravelling the spatial clustering of COVID-19 hotspots in Kolkata megacity, India
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| The emergence of COVID-19 has brought a serious global public health threats especially for most of the cities across the world even in India more than 50 % of the total cases were reported from large ten cities. Kolkata Megacity became one of the major COVID-19 hotspot cities in India. Living environment deprivation i... |
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Risk factors for Covid-19 in India.
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| Like many developing countries, India was devastated by the raging pandemic of Covid 19. With the active involvement of the government and the community, the disaster was fought with. However, the impact was uneven across the country. The present study aimed to identify the factors responsible for variation in case bur... |
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A population-based controlled experiment assessing the epidemiological impact of digital contact tracing
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| While Digital contact tracing (DCT) has been argued to be a valuable complement to manual tracing in the containment of COVID-19, no empirical evidence of its effectiveness is available to date. Here, we report the results of a 4-week population-based controlled experiment that took place in La Gomera (Canary Islands, ... |
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COVID-19 prevention and outbreak control in a large Spanish prison: an intersectoral approach
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| ISSUE: The COVID-19 pandemic poses a challenge for prison settings, given their population vulnerability and the complexity of their internal functioning. We summarize the actions and outcomes concerning outbreak prevention and control in the Antoni Asunción Hernández (AAH) Prison (Valencian Region, Spain), one of the ... |
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The global viralization of policies to contain the spreading of the COVID-19 pandemic: analyses of school closures and first reported cases.
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| Background With the exposure to the COVID-19 pandemic, countries swiftly implemented a variety of health policies. In this work we examine how rapid countries responded to this pandemic using two events: the day in which the first case of COVID-19 was reported, and first day in which countries used school closure as on... |
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A Comparison of the Leading Indicators of COVID-19 Deceased Rates in New Delhi, India during the First Quarter of the Novel Coronavirus Pandemic in 2020
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| This paper analyzes the 5-, 14- and 21-day cumulative positivity rate vis-à-vis the COVID-19 deceased rate of each time period for the first four months of COVID-19 from April 2020 to September 2020 in New Delhi, India with the intention of getting insight into the relationship between the two and to evaluate the leadi... |
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How Many SARS-CoV-2-Infected People Require Hospitalization? Using Random Sample Testing to Better Inform Preparedness Efforts
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| CONTEXT: Existing hospitalization ratios for COVID-19 typically use case counts in the denominator, which problematically underestimates total infections because asymptomatic and mildly infected persons rarely get tested. As a result, surge models that rely on case counts to forecast hospital demand may be inaccurately... |
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Projecting COVID-19 isolation bed requirements for people experiencing homelessness
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| As COVID-19 spreads across the United States, people experiencing homelessness (PEH) are among the most vulnerable to the virus. To mitigate transmission, municipal governments are procuring isolation facilities for PEH to utilize following possible exposure to the virus. Here we describe the framework for anticipating... |
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Do Weather Temperature and Median-age affect COVID-19 Transmission?
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| It was observed that the coldest countries and the eldest in terms of median-age were most distressed by COVID-19 pandemic, while the warmest countries and that have younger-aged population were the least affected. Therefore, this study utilized the non-linear least squares method to estimate the impact of weather temp... |
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Towards an understanding of inequalities in accessing residential and nursing home provision: The role of geographical approaches
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| Suggestions of the existence of so-called 'social care deserts' in England in the years leading up to the COVID-19 pandemic drew attention to the potential impact of geographical inequalities on the availability of residential, nursing and domiciliary care. To date, much of this analysis has been conducted at spatially... |
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The Use of Penalized Regression Analysis to Identify County-Level Demographic and Socioeconomic Variables Predictive of Increased COVID-19 Cumulative Case Rates in the State of Georgia
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| Systemic inequity concerning the social determinants of health has been known to affect morbidity and mortality for decades. Significant attention has focused on the individual-level demographic and co-morbid factors associated with rates and mortality of COVID-19. However, less attention has been given to the county-l... |
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Evaluating the massive underreporting and undertesting of COVID-19 cases in multiple global epicenters
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| BACKGROUND: With continuous global COVID-19 outbreak, differing case numbers and mortality rates are observed. While actual case numbers appear vague, mortality numbers related to COVID-19 seem more precise. In this study, we used the mortality rate as the main indicator to evaluate the extent of underreporting and und... |
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Built Environment, Transport, and COVID-19: a Review
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| PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted daily-life activities around the world. Multiple countries and cities are implementing different mitigation strategies to reduce their transmission (e.g., physical distancing, stay-at-home orders, avoiding large gatherings). Such interventions have been related to p... |
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Test for Covid-19 seasonality and the risk of second waves
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| Eight months into the Covid-19 pandemic it remains unclear whether transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is affected by climate factors. Using a dynamic epidemiological model with Covid-19 climate sensitivity in the likely range, we demonstrate why attempts to detect a climate signal in Covid-19 have thus far been inconclusive. T... |
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Large-scale sport events and COVID-19 infection effects: evidence from the German professional football ‘experiment’
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| This paper studies the effects of large-scale sport events with live spectators on COVID-19 infection trends at the local population level. Specifically, we compare the development of incidence rates in 41 German Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics level 3 (NUTS-3) districts hosting a professional football... |
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Trends in US Alcohol Consumption Frequency During the First Wave of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic
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| BACKGROUND: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic created disruptions and stressors which may have influenced alcohol consumption frequency trends. Varying COVID-19 health burden and alcohol policies may have contributed to different consumption trends between states. The aim of this study is to assess trends in alcohol consumption ... |
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Descriptive Analysis of the Impact of COVID-19 and Anti-Pandemic Measures on Mortality Rates in the Spanish Population in 2020 Using Graduation Techniques (preprint)
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| In this paper, we measure the impact, in relative terms, of Covid-19 pandemic and the actions implemented to deal with it, on the Spanish mortality rates during year 2020. This study has been carried out age by age, distinguishing between male and female populations. The methodology we propose consists of directly comp... |
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Are official confirmed cases and fatalities counts good enough to study the COVID-19 pandemic dynamics? A critical assessment through the case of Italy
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| As the COVID-19 outbreak is developing the two most frequently reported statistics seem to be the raw confirmed case and case fatalities counts. Focusing on Italy, one of the hardest hit countries, we look at how these two values could be put in perspective to reflect the dynamics of the virus spread. In particular, we... |
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SARS-CoV-2 Spread Dynamics in Italy: The Calabria Experience.
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| INTRODUCTION The first case of infection by SARS-CoV-2 (i.e., COVID-19) has been officially recorded by the Italian National Health Service on February 21st, 2020. Lombardy was the first Italian region to be affected by the pandemic. Subsequently, the entire Northern part of Italy recorded a high number of cases, while... |
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