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Please answer the letter of option truthfully
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A
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| Q:Which of the following coronaviruses has caused thousands of deaths around the world as an 'emergent' virus??
A:MERS;B:SARS;C:OC43;D:HKU1 |
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Please answer the letter of option truthfully
### Response:
B
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| Q:Which of the following is an unusual feature of the replication cycle in coronaviruses??
A:The RNAs all terminate in a common 3´ and produce nested set transcripts;B:They take advantage of recombination with the long RNA genome;C:They are not highly mutable;D:They use capped cellular mRNA's |
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Coronavirus is a virus that can cause acute bronchitis, eventually leading to ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome).
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| What are the potential consequences of a coronavirus infection in the respiratory system? |
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Coronavirus is a positive RNA virus with a helical shaped capsid.
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| What are the structural features of a coronavirus? |
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SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) is caused by a virus called SARS-CoV. This virus is a type of coronavirus that was first identified during an outbreak of SARS in 2002-2003. SARS-CoV is thought to have originated in bats, and it is believed that th... | What is the cause of SARS, and what is the name of the virus responsible for this disease? |
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MERS, or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, is a viral respiratory illness that was first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012. The illness is caused by a coronavirus known as MERS-CoV, which is believed to have originated in bats and then spread to camels be... | What is MERS, and what is the cause of this illness? |
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The coronavirus is the virus that causes SARS.
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| What virus is responsible for causing SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)? |
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The coronavirus is the virus that causes MERS.
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| What virus is responsible for causing Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)? |
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Coronavirus replicates in the cytoplasm of the host cell.
### Response:
| In which part of the cell does Coronavirus replicate? |
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Coronavirus is a positive-sense RNA virus, meaning its genetic material is RNA that can be directly translated into proteins.
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| What is the genetic classification of coronavirus? |
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Coronavirus is the second most common cause of the common cold after rhinoviruses. The common cold is a viral infection that affects the upper respiratory tract, including the nose, throat, and sinuses. Rhinoviruses are the most common cause of the common ... | After rhinoviruses, which virus is the second most common cause of the common cold? |
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The immune overdrive seen in ARDS in patients with coronavirus may be related to cytokine storm.
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| What may be the cause of the immune overdrive observed in patients with coronavirus who develop ARDS? |
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The fully functional virions of coronavirus are released from the cell via exocytosis, and they are transported from the Golgi to the cell membrane through a series of membranous vesicles.
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| What is the process by which fully functional virions of coronavirus are released from the cell, and how are they transported to the cell membrane? |
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Low-pathogenicity strains of coronavirus, which cause the common cold, are transmitted solely by humans. The virus is typically spread through respiratory secretions, such as coughing and sneezing, or by touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the... | How are low-pathogenicity strains of coronavirus, which cause the common cold, transmitted? |
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Low-pathogenicity coronavirus strains can cause the common cold. While the common cold is generally a mild illness, it can still cause discomfort and inconvenience for those who contract it. Symptoms may include a runny or stuffy nose, sore throat, cough, ... | What illness can low-pathogenicity coronavirus strains cause? |
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Yes, Coronavirus is enveloped. It has a lipid envelope that surrounds its protein coat, which protects its genetic material and facilitates its entry into host cells. The envelope is studded with spike proteins that give the virus its characteristic appear... | Does Coronavirus have an envelope? |
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Infection with high-pathogenicity strains of coronaviruses can lead to the development of potentially fatal pneumonia. Pneumonia is a serious respiratory infection that can cause inflammation in the lungs, leading to difficulty breathing and other complica... | What is the potential consequence of infection with high-pathogenicity strains of coronaviruses? |
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High-pathogenicity strains of coronavirus can cause a range of diseases, including Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1), and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Thes... | What are some examples of diseases caused by high-pathogenicity strains of coronavirus? |
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A characteristic of high-pathogenicity strains of coronavirus is that they are zoonotic. This means that they are capable of being transmitted from animals to humans. Many of the high-pathogenicity strains of coronavirus, including SARS-CoV-2, are believed... | What is a characteristic of high-pathogenicity strains of coronavirus? |
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Full-length negative-sense RNA is used to make new positive-sense RNA of coronavirus.
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| What type of RNA is used to make new positive-sense RNA of coronavirus? |
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Coronavirus is transmitted by airborne or droplet transmission.
### Response:
| What are the modes of transmission for Coronavirus? |
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Coronavirus is a positive-sense RNA virus that is enveloped.
### Response:
| What type of RNA virus is Coronavirus and is it enveloped or non-enveloped? |
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Coronavirus has a wide range of presentations, from asymptomatic to cough and fever to pneumonia to ARDS.
### Response:
| What are the possible presentations of Coronavirus infection? |
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Coronavirus binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on type II alveolar cells in the respiratory tract via the S glycoprotein.
### Response:
| What receptor does Coronavirus bind to on respiratory tract cells and what is the name of the glycoprotein that facilitates this binding? |
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Active coronavirus infection is detected using nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT).
### Response:
| What method is used to detect active coronavirus infection? |
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Active coronavirus infection can be diagnosed by detecting antigens, such as nucleocapsid proteins.
### Response:
| How can active coronavirus infection be diagnosed, and what can be detected to confirm the diagnosis? |
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### Response:
Most people who got infected with MERS-CoV developed severe acute respiratory illness with symptoms of fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Some people were reported as initially having a mild respiratory illness.
### Response:
| What are the Symptoms of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection? |
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### Response:
MERS is caused by a coronavirus called “Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus” (MERS-CoV).
MERS-CoV has been shown to spread between people who are in close contact. Transmission from infected patients to healthcare personnel has also been observed.... | What Causes Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection? |
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Approximately 30% of patients infected with MERS-CoV died.
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| What to expect if I have Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection (Outlook/Prognosis)? |
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Since severe acute respiratory syndrome is contagious, anyone around a person with severe acute respiratory syndrome is at risk.
### Response:
| Who is at highest risk for Severe acute respiratory syndrome ? |
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MERS-CoV is caused by a lineage C betacoronavirus, an enveloped, spherical (120 nm in diameter), single-stranded, positive-strand RNA virus that belongs to the family Coronaviridae of the order Nidovirales. The natural reservoir of MERS-CoV is unknown, but... | What is the infection known as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus? |
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Symptoms of MERS-CoV typically include high-grade fever, cough, headache, dyspnea, and myalgia. Gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain may also be present.
### Response:
| What is the historical background and symptom presentation of an infection caused by Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus? |
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Laboratory confirmation of MERS-CoV infection requires a positive PCR test of ≥2 specific genomic targets or, a single positive target followed by successful sequencing of a second. Blood testing among hospitalized patients is useful. Lab findings may incl... | What laboratory results are associated with an infection of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus? |
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### Response:
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
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| What is the reason behind the infection caused by Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus? |
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In confirmed cases of illness in humans, common symptoms have been acute, serious respiratory illness with fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties. Based on current clinical experience, the infection generally presents as pneumonia. I... | What is the history of human coronavirus infection and what symptoms are discussed in the novel? |
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### Response:
Middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory illness. MERS is caused by a coronavirus called “Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus” (MERS-CoV). MERS-CoV is a beta coronavirus. It was first reported in 2012 in Saudi Arabia. MERS-Co... | What information is accessible regarding infection caused by Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus? |
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### Response:
Patients with MERS-CoV infection typically present with vital signs derangement, such as high-grade fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, and decreased oxygen saturation. Signs on physical examination may include decreased breath sounds, crackles, dullness on per... | What is involved in a physical examination for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection? |
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Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
### Response:
C: Adenovirus and rhinovirus
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| Q:A medical student is performing research on the properties of viruses in order to determine the transmission patterns of various organisms. He accidentally drops a rack of tubes and spills various virus samples on the benchtop. Upon seeing this, the laboratory technician wipes down the workbench with alcohol in order... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
### Response:
Structural maturation of the transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus.
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| During the life cycle of the transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV), two types of virus-related particles are detected in infected swine testis cells: large annular viruses and small dense viruses. We have studied the relationships between these two types of particles. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that th... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
### Response:
Forty years with coronaviruses
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| I have been researching coronaviruses for more than forty years. This viewpoint summarizes some of the major findings in coronavirus research made before the SARS epidemic and how they inform current research on the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2. |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Coronavirus Disease Spread during Summer Vacation, Israel, 2020
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| The relative increase in coronavirus disease incidence during summer 2020 in Israel was most prominent in young children. This finding contrasts with the lower increase in incidence observed in children than in adults during the school attendance period. School closure without lockdown conditions might not be independe... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Interferon-γ in the serum and effusions of cats with feline coronavirus infection
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| The aim of this study was to quantify and compare interferon-γ (IFN-γ) concentrations in the serum of clinically normal cats infected with feline coronavirus (FCoV) with its concentration in the sera and effusions of cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a disease associated with infection with a mutated form ... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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SARS-like coronaviruses in horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus spp.) in Russia, 2020
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| We found and genetically described two novel SARS-like coronaviruses in feces and oral swabs of the great (R. ferrumequinum) and the lesser (R. hipposideros) horseshoe bats in southern region of Russia. The viruses, named Khosta-1 and Khosta-2, together with related viruses from Bulgaria and Kenya, form a separate phyl... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Application of Needleman-Wunch Algorithm to identify mutation in DNA sequences of Corona virus
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| —Corona virus is a virus capable of mutating very quickly and many other viruses that arise due to mutations of this virus. To find out the location of corona virus mutations of one type to another, DNA sequences can be aligned using the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm. Corona virus data was taken from Genbank National Cent... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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SARS-CoV related Betacoronavirus and diverse Alphacoronavirus members found in western old-world()
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| The emergence of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, triggered the discovery of a high diversity of coronaviruses in bats. Studies from Europe have shown that coronaviruses circulate in bats in France but this reflects only a fraction of the whole diversity. In the current study the diversity of coronaviruses circulating in western... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Institutional Preparedness to Prevent Future Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-Like Outbreaks in Republic of Korea
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| A year has passed since the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak in the Republic of Korea. This 2015 outbreak led to a better understanding of healthcare infection control. The first Korean patient infected by Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was diagnosed on May 20, 2015, after he re... |
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The emergence of human pathogenic coronaviruses: lectins as antivirals for SARS-CoV-2. (Special Issue: Viral diseases and natural products: prospects in COVID-19 treatment (part-I).)
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| Background: Human coronaviruses (HCoV) are common viruses and known to be associated with respiratory diseases, including pneumonia Currently, seven human coronaviruses have been identified and known to cause upper and lower respiratory infections as well as nosocomial viral infections in humans The bats, palm civets, ... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Risk of feline infectious peritonitis in cats naturally infected with feline coronavirus.
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| A longitudinal survey of 820 cats in 73 households was conducted over a period of 6 years to establish the fate of pet cats that were seropositive after natural exposure to feline coronavirus (FCoV). In particular, their risk of developing feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) was determined. The seropositive cats were a... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Fecal immunoglobulin A antibodies in dogs infected or vaccinated with canine coronavirus.
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| Fecal secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies in dogs infected or vaccinated with canine coronavirus (CCV) were evaluated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The study was carried out with 32 fecal samples collected just before inoculation and at 28 days postinoculation. Five groups were studied: naturally inf... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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[Research progress on etiologic diagnosis of ocular viral diseases]
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| A large number of viruses have been found to be associated with ocular diseases, including human adenovirus, human herpesvirus (HHV), human T lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1), and newly emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) This group of diseases is prone to be misdiagnosed or missed d... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Prediction of Putative Epitope-based Vaccine Against All Corona Virus strains for Chinese Population: Approach toward Development of Vaccine.
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| Currently, the whole world is facing a COVID-19 pandemic. As of now, approximately 0.15 million people around the globe are infected with the novel coronavirus. In the last decade, two strains of the coronavirus family, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV also resulted in epidemics in south Asian and the Middle Eastern countries with h... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Animal models for SARS and MERS coronaviruses
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| The emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), two strains of animal coronaviruses that crossed the species barrier to infect and cause severe respiratory infections in humans within the last 12 years, have taught us that coronaviru... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
### Response:
More efforts are needed for background surveys of zoonotic coronaviruses in animals
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| Recently, a novel dog-origin coronavirus has been found in humans. The low similarity between the receptor-binding domain from this novel virus and other human-infecting coronaviruses in genus Alphacoronavirus suggests it might use a novel receptor or mechanism to enter human cells and also might trigger a novel immune... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Is coronavirus becoming less deadly?
### Response:
| The virus appears to be getting less lethal in the UK and US, but the reasons are far from clear |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection of golden Syrian hamsters.
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| Small animal models are needed in order to evaluate the efficacy of candidate vaccines and antivirals directed against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS CoV). We investigated the ability of SARS CoV to infect 5-week-old Golden Syrian hamsters. When administered intranasally, SARS CoV replicates to... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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SARS-CoV and IFN: Too Little, Too Late
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| Dysregulated type I interferon (IFN-I) expression can lead to severe pathology and disease. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Channappanavar et al. (2016) use a SARS-coronavirus animal model to describe how rapid and robust virus replication with delayed IFN-I can lead to lung immunopathology, with fatal outcomes. |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Duration of infectiousness and correlation with RT-PCR cycle threshold values in cases of COVID-19, England, January to May 2020
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| Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 viral load in the upper respiratory tract peaks around symptom onset and infectious virus persists for 10 days in mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease (nâ¯=â¯324 samples analysed). RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values correlate strongly with cultivable virus. Probability ... |
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Successful treatment of suspected organizing pneumonia in a patient with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a case report.
### Response:
| A 54-year-old man with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection was transferred to our hospital. We initiated anti-viral drugs and supportive care. The patient's fever and chills disappeared 3 days after admission and the results of serial follow-up reverse transcription-polymerase chain reacti... |
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Reduction of Coronavirus Burden With Mass Azithromycin Distribution
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| We evaluated the potential antiviral effects of azithromycin on the nasopharyngeal virome of Nigerien children who had received multiple rounds of mass drug administration. We found that the respiratory burden of non-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses was decreased with azithromycin distributions. Clinical... |
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### Response:
Infectivity and Morphology of Bovine Coronavirus Inactivated In Vitro by Cationic Photosensitizers
### Response:
| Bovine coronaviruses (BCoVs), which cause gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in cattle, and are genetically related to the human coronavirus HCoV-OC43, which is responsible for up to 10% of common colds, attract increased attention. We applied the method of photodynamic inactivation with cationic photosensitizer... |
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[Immunofluorescent diagnosis of rota-, corona- and pestivirus infections in calves].
### Response:
| Bovine hyperimmune fluorescent sera were obtained for indication of the rota- and corona-virus infections in calves, which were highly specific and of immunofluorescent titers within the 1:32-64 range. Their testing was carried out via the direct immunofluorescence method, using histologic cross-sectioned material and ... |
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Experimental infection of macaques with the human reovirus BYD1 strain: an animal model for the study of the severe acute respiratory syndrome.
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| Experimental studies were performed to determine the role of a newly isolated reovirus (ReoV) from a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) patient in the etiology of this newly described serious respiratory syndrome. Four cynomologus macaques were inoculated with this reovirus (BYD1) in an attempt to replicate the i... |
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Oligodendrocytes that survive acute coronavirus infection induce prolonged inflammatory responses in the CNS
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| Neurotropic strains of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), a coronavirus, cause acute and chronic demyelinating encephalomyelitis with similarities to the human disease multiple sclerosis. Here, using a lineage-tracking system, we show that some cells, primarily oligodendrocytes (OLs) and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs... |
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### Response:
Intranasally administered alpha/beta interferon prevents extension of mouse hepatitis virus, strain JHM, into the brains of BALB/cByJ mice
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| Summary Intranasally administered alpha/beta interferon blocked extension of the coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus, strain JHM (MHV-JHM), from the nose to the brain of BALB/cByJ mice following intranasal inoculation with the virus. Two hundred units of alpha/beta interferon were administered intranasally to BALB/cByJ ... |
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Shedding of enteric coronavirus in adult cattle.
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| Electron microscopic examination of fecal specimens from adult dairy cows indicated seasonal coronavirus shedding. Fifty-two cows from a 300 cow herd were monitored for shedding of coronavirus. Approximately 50% to 60% of the cows monitored shed coronavirus during the winter months (November to March) of the first year... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
### Response:
Direct Measurement of Rates of Asymptomatic Infection and Clinical Care-Seeking for Seasonal Coronavirus
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| The pandemic potential of the novel coronavirus (nCoV) that emerged in Wuhan, China, during December 2019 is strongly tied to the number and contagiousness of undocumented human infections. Here we present findings from a proactive longitudinal sampling study of acute viral respiratory infections that documents rates o... |
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### Response:
Genomic Sequencing and Analysis of Eight Camel-Derived Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Isolates in Saudi Arabia
### Response:
| Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes severe respiratory illness in humans; the second-largest and most deadly outbreak to date occurred in Saudi Arabia. The dromedary camel is considered a possible host of the virus and also to act as a reservoir, transmitting the virus to humans. Here, we stu... |
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Identification of coronavirus sequences in carp cDNA from Wuhan, China
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| Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)‐like coronavirus sequences were identified in two separate complementary DNA (cDNA) pools. The first pool was from a Carassius auratus (crusian carp) cell line and the second was from Ctenopharyngodon idella (grass carp) head kidney tissue. BLAST analysis suggests that these seq... |
### Instruction:
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### Response:
Lessons from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): Implications for Infection Control
### Response:
| Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the first global epidemic in the 21(st) century, affected over 8500 people in approximately 30 countries 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. With a crude mortality of 9%, its cause was quickly identified as a novel coronavirus that jumped species from animals to man. The SARS coronavirus epid... |
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### Response:
Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus of Pigs and Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus
### Response:
| Abstract TGEV and PEDV are porcine coronaviruses with typical coronavirus virion structures and replication cycles. Both viruses cause diarrhea in pigs with similar clinical symptoms. Disease severity is inversely related to the age of animals. While TGEV infections are currently under control, recent emergence of viru... |
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### Response:
Synthetic reconstruction of zoonotic and early human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus isolates that produce fatal disease in aged mice.
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| The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic was characterized by high mortality rates in the elderly. The molecular mechanisms that govern enhanced susceptibility of elderly populations are not known, and robust animal models are needed that recapitulate the increased pathogenic phenotype noted with increasin... |
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### Response:
Camels charged with passing MERS virus to people
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| Antibodies to MERS, the deadly coronavirus that sprung up in the Middle East last year, have been identified in camels from Oman |
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### Response:
Certainty of success: three critical parameters in coronavirus vaccine development.
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| Vaccines for 17 viral pathogens have been licensed for use in humans. Previously, two critical biological parameters of the pathogen and the host-pathogen interaction-incubation period and broadly protective, relative immunogenicity-were proposed to account for much of the past successes in vaccine development, and to ... |
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### Response:
New antiviral drugs, vaccines and classic public health interventions against SARS coronavirus.
### Response:
| Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by one of two recently discovered coronaviruses. The virus is emergent from South East (SE) Asian mammals: either the civet cat, a related species or a rat species. The virus has a long incubation period and low reproduction number (R0 value) and hence the first outbre... |
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### Response:
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: quantification of the extent of the epidemic, surveillance biases, and transmissibility
### Response:
| BACKGROUND: The novel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) had, as of Aug 8, 2013, caused 111 virologically confirmed or probable human cases of infection worldwide. We analysed epidemiological and genetic data to assess the extent of human infection, the performance of case detection, and the transm... |
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### Response:
Noninvasive Ventilation in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
### Response:
| Severe acute respiratory syndrome first emerged in Guangdong, China in November 2002 and then spread rapidly to many countries through Hong Kong in 2003 [1–4]. A 64-year-old physician from southern China, who had visited Hong Kong on February 21, 2003 and died 10 days later of severe pneumonia, is believed to have been... |
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### Response:
Human Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody Inhibition of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Replication in the Common Marmoset
### Response:
| Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in humans is highly lethal, with a fatality rate of 35%. New prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to combat human infections are urgently needed. We isolated a fully human neutralizing antibody, MCA1, from a human survivor. The antibody recognizes the... |
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### Response:
Molecular analysis of the S glycoprotein gene of bovine coronaviruses isolated in Japan from 1999 to 2006.
### Response:
| In total, 55 isolates of Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) were collected from cases of enteric and respiratory disease occurring between 1999 and 2006 in Japan. Phylogenetic analysis of the polymorphic region of the S glycoprotein gene of these isolates, together with those of other known strains, classified the BCoV strains ... |
### Instruction:
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### Response:
Human coronaviruses: Clinical features and phylogenetic analysis
### Response:
| Strains of human coronavirus (HCoV), namely HCoV-OC43, HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1, primarily infect the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts and are the most common cause of non-rhinovirus-induced common cold in humans. Although the manifestations of coronavirus infection (i.e., rhinorrhea, sneezing, ... |
### Instruction:
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### Response:
Toward Understanding Molecular Bases for Biological Diversification of Human Coronaviruses: Present Status and Future Perspectives
### Response:
| Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are of zoonotic origins, and seven distinct HCoVs are currently known to infect humans. While the four seasonal HCoVs appear to be mildly pathogenic and circulate among human populations, the other three designated SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 can cause severe diseases in some cases. T... |
### Instruction:
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### Response:
Murine coronavirus with an extended host range uses heparan sulfate as an entry receptor.
### Response:
| Only a relatively few mutations in its spike protein allow the murine coronavirus to switch from a murine-restricted tropism to an extended host range by being passaged in vitro. One such virus that we studied had acquired two putative heparan sulfate-binding sites while preserving another site in the furin-cleavage mo... |
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### Response:
[Replication and transmission mechanisms of highly pathogenic human coronavirus]
### Response:
| The three known highly pathogenic human coronaviruses are severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Human highly pathogenic coronaviruses are composed of non-structural proteins, st... |
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### Response:
Design and validation of consensus-degenerate hybrid oligonucleotide primers for broad and sensitive detection of corona- and toroviruses
### Response:
| The ssRNA+ family Coronaviridae includes two subfamilies prototyped by coronaviruses and toroviruses that cause respiratory and enteric infections. To facilitate the identification of new distantly related members of the family Coronaviridae, we have developed a molecular assay with broad specificity. The consensus-deg... |
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### Response:
Health Care Worker Contact with MERS Patient, Saudi Arabia
### Response:
| To investigate potential transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) to health care workers in a hospital, we serologically tested hospital contacts of the index case-patient in Saudi Arabia, 4 months after his death. None of the 48 contacts showed evidence of MERS-CoV infection. |
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### Response:
Research progress on antiviral innate immunity in bats
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| In recent years, many viruses that are associated with human infectious diseases have been detected in healthy bats, including the Rabies virus, Ebola virus (EBoV), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus(SARS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) Unlike other mammals, bats do not a... |
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Asymptomatic Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus infection using a serologic survey in Korea
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| OBJECTIVES: The rates of asymptomatic infection with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus vary. A serologic study was conducted to determine the asymptomatic MERS infection rate in healthcare workers and non-healthcare workers by exposure status. METHODS: Study participants were selected from contacts of... |
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Genomic determinants of pathogenicity in SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses
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| Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses an immediate, major threat to public health across the globe. Here we report an in-depth molecular analysis to reconstruct the evolutionary origins of the enhanced pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses that are severe human pathogens. Usin... |
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Isolation and Characterization of Coronavirus and Rotavirus Associated with Calves in Central Part of Oromia, Ethiopia
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| BACKGROUND: Coronavirus and rotavirus are most commonly associated etiologies for calves' diarrhoea, resulting in loss of productivity and economy of farmers. However, various facets of diarrheal disease caused by coronavirus and rotavirus in calves in Ethiopia are inadequately understood. A cross-sectional study was c... |
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In vitro interaction of coronaviruses with primate and human brain microvascular endothelial cells.
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| Primary human and primate brain microvascular endothelial cells were tested for permissiveness to coronaviruses JHM and 229E. While sub-genomic viral RNAs could be detected up to 72 hours post-infection, primate cells were abortively infected and neither virus caused cytopathology. Human cells were non-permissive for J... |
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Induction of the Antiviral Immune Response and Its Circumvention by Coronaviruses
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| Some coronaviruses are zoonotic viruses of human and veterinary medical importance. The novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory symptoms coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), associated with the current global pandemic, is characterized by pneumonia, lymphopenia, and a cytokine storm in humans that has caused catastrophic im... |
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Coronavirus-like particles in Aboriginals and non-Aboriginals in Western Australia.
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| Pleomorphic virus-like particles which resemble coronaviruses in morphology were found in faecal specimens from Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children in Western Australia. They were equally prevalent in those with or without symptoms of diarrhoea. A much greater proportion of Aboriginal than non-Aboriginal children we... |
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SARS-CoV and Emergent Coronaviruses: Viral Determinants of Interspecies Transmission
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| Most new emerging viruses are derived from strains circulating in zoonotic reservoirs. Coronaviruses, which had an established potential for cross-species transmission within domesticated animals, suddenly became relevant with the unexpected emergence of the highly pathogenic human SARS-CoV strain from zoonotic reservo... |
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Virus, bats and drugs.
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| Apart from SARS-Co-V-2 coronavirus, bats also host many highly virulent zoonotic pathogens. A matter of rising concern is the detrimental impact of pharmaceuticals in the environment, as they can have major impact at low concentrations. Insectivorous bats are among the wildlife animals likely to be exposed due to the b... |
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Close relationship between SARS-coronavirus and group 2 coronavirus.
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| The sudden appearance and potential lethality of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in humans has resulted in a focusing of new attention on the determination of both its origins and evolution. The relationship existing between SARS-CoV and other groups of coronaviruses was deter... |
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Not all viruses in nature are human enemies: a perspective on aquatic virus ecology in Brazil
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| Viruses cause various diseases in humans through vector-borne (e g , Zika and dengue fever), airborne (e g , measles) and water-borne (e g , hepatitis) transmission, as well as direct physical contact (e g , AIDS and herpes) Recently, the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has triggered the greatest global health cr... |
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Zoonotic disease and virome diversity in bats
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| The emergence of zoonotic viral diseases in humans commonly reflects exposure to mammalian wildlife. Bats (order Chiroptera) are arguably the most important mammalian reservoir for zoonotic viruses, with notable examples including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronaviruses 1 and 2, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome... |
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An overview of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus vaccines in preclinical studies
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| INTRODUCTION: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes high mortality in humans. No vaccines are approved for use in humans; therefore, a consistent effort to develop safe and effective MERS vaccines is needed. AREAS COVERED: This review describes the structure of MERS-CoV and the function of its ... |
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(The possibility of using biologically extracted chemical compounds as anti-corona virus.)
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| Corona virus is a virus that has the ability to penetrate the wall of the inner epithelial lining of the lungs, and thus spread fear and panic in the hearts of ordinary people, as well as researchers. And once this virus began to be active in infecting people, starting with China and the rest of the world, scientists a... |
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Molecular Characterization of Major Structural Protein Genes of Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus Isolates in Southern China
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| To gain comprehensive genetic information of circulating avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) isolates in China, analysis of the phylogenetic tree, entropy of the amino acid sequences, and the positive selection as well as computational recombinations of S1, M and N genes of 23 IBV isolates was conducted... |
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Live, attenuated coronavirus vaccines through the directed deletion of group-specific genes provide protection against feline infectious peritonitis.
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| Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal immunity-mediated disease caused by mutants of a ubiquitous coronavirus. Since previous attempts to protect cats under laboratory and field conditions have been largely unsuccessful, we used our recently developed system of reverse genetics (B. J. Haijema, H. Volders, and ... |
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