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Prevalence is the proportion of individuals in a population with a specific disease at a given time, while incidence is the number of new cases of the disease that occur over a specified period. The formula that relates prevalence and incidence is: prevale... | How are prevalence and incidence related in epidemiology? What is the formula that relates prevalence and incidence? |
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Prevalence is greater than incidence for chronic diseases such as diabetes. Prevalence refers to the total number of cases of a disease in a population at a given time, while incidence refers to the number of new cases of a disease that develop during a sp... | How does prevalence compare to incidence for chronic diseases such as diabetes? |
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Prevalence and incidence are two different measures of disease frequency, but they are related. Prevalence refers to the proportion of individuals in a population who have a particular disease or condition at a given point in time, while incidence refers t... | What is the relationship between prevalence and incidence? |
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Cross-sectional surveys are useful for measuring prevalence, which is the proportion of individuals in a population with a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time.
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| Which of the following can be accurately measured using cross-sectional surveys, incidence or prevalence? |
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An incidence density rate (IDR) measures the instantaneous rate of speed of the disease in a population at a given point in time.
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| What does an incidence density rate (IDR) measure in a population at a given point in time? |
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A rate is a special type of proportion that is used to measure the frequency or occurrence of an event in a specific population over a given time period. The numerator of the rate equation represents the number of affected individuals during that time peri... | What is a rate and how is it calculated? |
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UNAIDS and the World Health Organization estimate the global incidence of chancroid to be approximately 6 million cases per year. A true incidence is difficult to determine due to lack of readily available diagnostic testing. H. ducreyi is difficult to cu... | Can you provide information on the epidemiology and demographics of chancroid? |
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The fertility rate is a demographic measure of the number of children per woman. Although it has been until recently considered to be a fairly reliable indicator of population growth, it is no longer so in much of Asia. Due to selective abortion and other ... | How are fertility and demographics related? |
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The incidence and prevalence of cervicitis depends on the study population. The prevalence of cervicitis is estimated to be 18,000 per 100,000 women diagnosed with gonococcal infection. Cervicitis is relatively more prevalent in HIV-positive women than no... | What is the definition of Cervicitis and what are its epidemiological and demographic characteristics? |
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Prevalence is higher in children between ages 2-10. These age demographics are not yet sufficiently explained; possible factors include differential exposure to contaminated water and strength of immune response.
Females older than 5 years of ages have hig... | What is Oesophagostomum, and what can you tell us about its epidemiology and demographics? |
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Worldwide, 3.4 billion people live in areas at risk of malaria transmission in 106 countries and territories. The World Health Organization estimates that in 2012 malaria caused 207 million clinical episodes, and 627,000 deaths. An estimated 91% of deaths ... | How are malaria, epidemiology, and demographics related to each other? |
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Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a process, when HIV negative people who are at high risk, take antiretroviral medication daily to try to lower their chances of becoming infected with HIV if they are exposed to it.
PrEP has been shown to be effective in ... | What is the main method of preventing HIV/AIDS? |
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Currently, it is estimated that the annual prevalence of African trypanosomiasis is less than 20,000. In 2014, 3,796 cases of sleeping sickness were reported to the World Health Organization and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense accounted for >98% of cases. The... | Could you please give an overview of trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, in Africa? |
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According to WHO, tuberculosis takes an annual economic toll of around US$12 billion dollars worldwide. 3-4 months of work time are lot due to tuberculosis. The average cost of treating a person with TB disease increases with greater resistance. Direct cos... | What is the cost-effectiveness of treating multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis with therapy? |
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The overall prevalence is not accurately estimated especially in the whole population (because microsporidiosis is usually investigated in immunocompromised patients with correlating gastrointestinal tract symptoms to microsporidiosis). In HIV patients w... | What are the epidemiological and demographic characteristics of microsporidiosis? |
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The introduction of any anti-malarial therapy requires policies to regulate local distribution, access and guidelines for usage. There are many considerations when implementing the use a newly developed drug.
These include:
The known efficacy of the treatm... | What are the methods to avoid getting malaria? |
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While fluorosis is most severe and widespread in the two largest countries - India and China - UNICEF estimates that "fluorosis is endemic in at least 25 countries across the globe. The total number of people affected is not known, but a conservative estim... | Could you explain the meaning of skeletal fluorosis? |
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The prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition in children under 5 years is estimated to be 150 million cases annually. In Nigeria, the prevalence is as high as 41,600 per 100,000 children. Protein-energy malnutrition is majorly a disease of the developing ... | Can you explain what protein-energy malnutrition is? |
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Neurosyphilis is not a common disease now because syphilis is usually treated early. In 2012, the incidence of syphilis was estimated to be 6 million cases worldwide. From year 2005 to 2014, the incidence of syphilis in the United States increased from 2.9... | Could you provide me with the context of this sentence? Is there anything specific you want me to change? |
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Currently, it is estimated that the annual prevalence of African trypanosomiasis is less than 20,000. In 2014, 3,796 sleeping sickness cases were reported to the World Health Organization and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense accounted for > 98% of cases. There... | What is trypanosomiasis, and on which continent is it frequently found? |
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According to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), 19.2 million women are living with HIV/AIDS throughout the world. In many countries, the rate of HIV infection in women is rising faster than in any other group.
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| What is the connection or correlation between HIV, AIDS, and pregnancy? |
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In 2012, the incidence of syphilis was estimated to be 6 million cases worldwide. From year 2005 to 2014, the incidence of syphilis in the United States increased from 2.9 to 6.3 cases/100,000/year. The rate of reported cases increased by 15.1% between 201... | What is the connection between Syphilis and Epidemiology, as well as Demographics? |
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Ainhum predominantly affects black people, living in West Africa, South America and India. In Nigeria it is a common disease with an incidence of 2.2%. Daccarett recorded retrospectively a rate of 1.7% in a mainly African American population in Chicago. Up... | What is the explanation for Ainhum and its epidemiology? |
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Applicable in all locations where Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus mosquitoes are endemic
To target vector control programs in priority areas/at-risk populations to suppress Zika virus transmission if local cases or an outbreak is detected.
Establish a c... | What are some suggestions for effectively planning a response to an outbreak of Zika virus infection? |
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The prevalence of tuberculous pericarditis is approximately 1-2% of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.
Patients of all age groups may develop tuberculous pericarditis. The incidence of tuberculous pericarditis increases with age. Tuberculous pericardi... | "What are the epidemiology and demographics of tuberculous pericarditis?" |
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In 2012, the incidence of gonorrhea was reported to be 106 million cases worldwide. Based on data for the period between 2005 and 2012, the estimated pooled prevalence for gonorrhea in women globally was 0.8% (0.6–1.0%) and 0.6% (0.4–0.9%) in men. In 2012... | What is the epidemiology and demographics of Gonorrhea? |
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Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?
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This is no advice
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| To investigate the relationship between poverty and pre-hospital delays for patients with acute febrile illnesses, we recruited a cross-sectional, convenience sample of 527 acutely ill adults and children aged over 6 months, with a documented fever ≥38.0 °C and symptoms of up to 14 days' duration, presenting to a te... |
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Update of transmission modelling and projections of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis in the Mandoul focus, Chad
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| Background:In recent years, an integrated programme of vector control, screening and treatment of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT) infections has led to a rapid decline in cases in the Mandoul disease focus of Chad. In this study, we assess whether elimination of transmission has already been achieved in ... |
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Employing learning health system principles to advance research on severe neonatal and paediatric illness in Kenya
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| We have worked to develop a Clinical Information Network (CIN) in Kenya as an early form of learning health systems (LHS) focused on paediatric and neonatal care that now spans 22 hospitals. CIN's aim was to examine important outcomes of hospitalisation at scale, identify and ultimately solve practical problems of serv... |
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Priorities for sexually transmitted infection vaccine research and development: Results from a survey of global leaders and representatives
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| OBJECTIVE: To determine the sexually transmitted infection (STI) vaccine research priorities of global leaders in STI vaccine research, development, and service provision. METHODS: Global representatives attending the STI Vaccines: Opportunities for Research, Development, and Implementation symposium preceding the STI ... |
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Mapping Cancer in Africa: A Comprehensive and Comparable Characterization of 34 Cancer Types Using Estimates From GLOBOCAN 2020
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| OBJECTIVE: Cancer incidence and mortality rates in Africa are increasing, yet their geographic distribution and determinants are incompletely characterized. The present study aims to establish the spatial epidemiology of cancer burden in Africa and delineate the association between cancer burden and the country-level s... |
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A Machine-Learning-Based Risk-Prediction Tool for HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections Acquisition over the Next 12 Months
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| Background: More than one million people acquire sexually transmitted infections (STIs) every day globally. It is possible that predicting an individual’s future risk of HIV/STIs could contribute to behaviour change or improve testing. We developed a series of machine learning models and a subsequent risk-prediction to... |
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Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices towards Dengue Fever among University Students of Dhaka City, Bangladesh
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| Dhaka has become the worst affected city in Bangladesh regarding dengue fever (DF). A large number of university students are residing in this city with a high DF risk. This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the DF status and responses among these students through their Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (K... |
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Tuberculosis and Public Health Care Workers: Infection Prevention and Control Practices and Associated Factors Among Governmental Health Centers and Hospitals in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia
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| PURPOSE: Institutional settings, including health care facilities, have been identified to be at high risk of tuberculosis (TB) transmissions. But no study has been conducted in hospitals and health centers concurrently in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess tuberculosis infe... |
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Epidemic preparedness: Prenatal Zika virus screening during the next epidemic
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| Zika virus (ZIKV) is a vectorborne infectious agent of global public health significance due to its potential to cause severe teratogenic outcomes. The question of whether health systems should consider adopting screening programmes for ZIKV infections during pregnancy warrants consideration. In this analysis, we apply... |
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The Burden of Typhoid Fever in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Perspective
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| While typhoid fever has largely been eliminated in high-income regions which have developed modern water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities, it remains a significant public health burden resulting in morbidity and mortality among millions of individuals in resource-constrained settings. Prevention and control efforts ... |
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Involvement of Tunisian General Practitioners in the Management of Patients at Risk of Infective Endocarditis: A Cross-Sectional Study
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| OBJECTIVES: This work aimed to estimate the knowledge and practice of general dentists in the governorate of Manouba regarding the management of patients at risk of infective endocarditis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey involving private sector general dentists in the governorate of Manouba was performed. It contained... |
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Schistosomiasis in Gabon from 2000 to 2021 - A review
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| INTRODUCTION: Schistosomiasis is a public health issue of concern in Gabon, with the disease being reported from all regions of the country. The topic has been of interest for the local researchers and physicians for over two decades. The objective of this narrative review was to provide an overview of the research act... |
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Adolescents Accessing School-Based versus Family Planning Clinics: Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Testing and Treatment Outcomes
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| SIMPLE SUMMARY: Sexually Transmitted Infections, such as gonorrhea and chlamydia, are common in school-aged youths. These infections can cause significant health problems if not identified and treated early. Current estimates of how widespread these infections are among students receiving healthcare in schools, the rol... |
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Effects of pay-for-performance system on tuberculosis default cases control and treatment in Taiwan
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| OBJECTIVES: In order to make tuberculosis (TB) treatment more effective and to lower the default rate of the disease, the Bureau of National Health Insurance (BNHI) in Taiwan implemented the “pay-for-performance on Tuberculosis” program (P4P on TB) in 2004. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness ... |
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Anisotropic patterns of liver cancer prevalence in Guangxi in Southwest China: is local climate a contributing factor?
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| Geographic information system (GIS) technology has useful applications for epidemiology, enabling the detection of spatial patterns of disease dispersion and locating geographic areas at increased risk. In this study, we applied GIS technology to characterize the spatial pattern of mortality due to liver cancer in the ... |
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Establishment of a no-notice drill mode evaluation system for public health emergencies
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| OBJECTIVE: At present, there are some no-notice drill mode evaluation systems for public health emergencies in Chinese hospitals, which are the subjects of assessment in this study. However, there is a lack of CDC. This study builds a set of no-notice drill mode evaluation systems for public health emergencies that inv... |
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Feasibility, Acceptability, and Effectiveness of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control in Crisis-Affected Settings and Informal Settlements: A Scoping Review
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| Introduction Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are a crucial suite of measures to prevent and control infectious disease outbreaks. They are particularly important for crisis-affected populations that typically reside in settings characterised by overcrowding, inadequate access to healthcare and resource limitati... |
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A systematic review and meta-analysis of the aetiological agents of non-malarial febrile illnesses in Africa
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| BACKGROUND: The awareness of non-malarial febrile illnesses (NMFIs) has been on the rise over the last decades. Therefore, we undertook a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of causative agents of non-malarial fevers on the African continent. METHODOLOGY: We searched for literature in African Journals Online... |
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Current trends in the application of causal inference methods to pooled longitudinal observational infectious disease studies—A protocol for a methodological systematic review
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| INTRODUCTION: Pooling (or combining) and analysing observational, longitudinal data at the individual level facilitates inference through increased sample sizes, allowing for joint estimation of study- and individual-level exposure variables, and better enabling the assessment of rare exposures and diseases. Empirical ... |
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Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices towards Infectious Diseases Related to Travel of Community Pharmacists in Italy
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| Pharmacists should be educated about travel medicine, since they could influence their own choices and those of the individuals they encounter. This study aims to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors towards infectious diseases related to travel among community pharmacists in Italy. The data was collecte... |
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An approach for improving the quality of country-level TB modelling
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| Mathematical modelling is increasingly used to inform budgeting and strategic decision-making by national TB programmes. Despite the importance of these decisions, there is currently no mechanism to review and confirm the appropriateness of modelling analyses. We have developed a benchmarking, reporting, and review (BR... |
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A survey of nurses' awareness of infection control measures in Baranya County, Hungary
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| AIM: This study aimed to assess nurses' awareness of infection control (IC) measures in Baranya County, Hungary. DESIGN: A cross‐sectional survey. METHODS: The study used the infection control standardized questionnaire to assess nurses' awareness in standard precautions (SP), healthcare‐associated infections (HAIs) an... |
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Landscape analysis of pharmacovigilance and related practices among 34 vaccine manufacturers’ from emerging countries
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| Developing Countries’ Vaccine Manufacturers Network was tasked with the strategic goal of seeking solutions, jointly with manufacturers, for enabling the stable, sustainable supply of quality vaccines to developing countries to increase global immunization. As vaccines are given to millions of healthy people, including... |
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Awareness, Knowledge, Attitude and Preventive Practice of Leptospirosis Among Healthy Malaysian and Non-Malaysian Wet Market Workers in Selected Urban Areas in Selangor, Malaysia
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| Leptospirosis has been reported as an endemic in most tropical countries. Among high risk occupations, leptospirosis includes workers in agriculture and domestic animal industries. Environmental hygiene in the wet market has established a link between the presence of rodents with probability of leptospirosis infection.... |
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HIV self-testing with digital supports as the new paradigm: A systematic review of global evidence (2010–2021)
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| BACKGROUND: HIV self-testing (HIVST) is recommended by the WHO as an innovative strategy to reach UNAIDS targets to end HIV by 2030. HIVST with digital supports is defined as the use of digital interventions (e.g., website-based, social media, mobile HIVST applications (apps), text messaging (SMS), digital vending mach... |
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Prevalence and Determinants of Depression among Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) TB cases registered under National Tuberculosis Elimination Program in Ahmedabad City
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| BACKGROUND: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) increases the risk of depression, lowers treatment compliance leading to poor outcomes. OBJECTIVES: To (1) document the prevalence of depression among MDR-TB cases registered at tuberculosis units (TUs) of Ahmedabad city and (2) assess determinants of depression. ME... |
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Protecting privacy in mandatory reporting of infectious diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic: perspectives from a developing country
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| Mandatory reporting of infectious diseases (MRID) is an essential practice to prevent disease outbreaks. Disease notification is a mandatory procedure for most infectious diseases, even during non-pandemic periods in healthcare. The main rationale behind MRID is the protection of public health. The information and data... |
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“We Tried to Borrow Money, but No One Helped.” Assessing the Three-Delay Model Factors Affecting the Healthcare Service Delivery among Dengue Patients during COVID-19 Surge in a Public Tertiary Hospital: A Convergent Parallel Mixed Methods S... | Identification of delay barriers to care is essential for an effective and efficient healthcare service delivery. In this study, we described the delay in care among parents of the patients seeking treatment for dengue. We also examined the factors affecting the severity of dengue (dengue with warning signs; severe den... |
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Estimation of invasive Group B Streptococcus disease risk in young infants from case-control serological studies
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| BACKGROUND: Group B Streptococcus (GBS) infections are a major cause of invasive disease (IGbsD) in young infants and cause miscarriage and stillbirths. Immunization of pregnant women against GBS in addition to intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis could prevent disease. Establishing accurate serological markers of protec... |
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Understanding health spending for SDG 3
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| The present Article and previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network clearly indicate the diminishing importance of development assistance for health (DAH) for financing services at the country level, even for disease areas commonly perceived as highly dependent on DAH 1... |
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Civilian perception of the role of the military in Nigeria's 2014 Ebola outbreak and health-related responses in the North East region.
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| INTRODUCTION Civilian-military relations play an important yet under-researched role in low-income and middle-income country epidemic response. One crucial component of civilian-military relations is defining the role of the military. This paper evaluates the role of Nigerian military during the 2014-2016 West African ... |
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A Literature Review and Survey of Childhood Pneumonia Etiology Studies: 2000–2010
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| The Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) project is the largest multicountry etiology study of childhood pneumonia since the Board on Science and Technology in International Development studies of the 1980s. However, it is not the only recent or ongoing pneumonia etiology study, and even with seven site... |
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Typhoid Conjugate Vaccines: Advancing the Research and Public Health Agendas
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| The disease burden of typhoid fever remains high in endemic areas in Asia and Africa, especially in children. Recent clinical trials conducted by the Typhoid Vaccine Acceleration Consortium show typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) to be safe, immunogenic, and efficacious at preventing blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever ... |
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Trachoma.
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| Trachoma is a neglected tropical disease caused by infection with conjunctival strains of Chlamydia trachomatis. It can result in blindness. Pathophysiologically, trachoma is a disease complex composed of two linked chronic processes: a recurrent, generally subclinical infectious-inflammatory disease that mostly affect... |
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Model-informed target product profiles of long acting-injectables for use as seasonal malaria prevention
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| Seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) has proven highly efficacious in reducing malaria incidence. However, the continued success of SMC is threatened by the spread of resistance against one of its main preventive ingredients, Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine(SP), operational challenges in delivery, and incomplete adherence ... |
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Deconstructing Syndemics: The Many Layers of Clustering Multi-Comorbidities in People Living with HIV
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| The HIV epidemic has dramatically changed over the past 30 years; there are now fewer newly infected people (especially children), fewer AIDS-related deaths, and more people with HIV (PWH) receiving treatment. However, the HIV epidemic is far from over. Despite the tremendous advances in anti-retroviral therapies (ART)... |
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Using a Mobile Health Intervention (DOT Selfie) With Transfer of Social Bundle Incentives to Increase Treatment Adherence in Tuberculosis Patients in Uganda: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
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| BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization’s End TB Strategy envisions a world free of tuberculosis (TB)—free of deaths, disease, and suffering due to TB—by 2035. Nonadherence reduces cure rates, prolongs infectiousness, and contributes to the emergence of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). Moreover, MDR-TB is a growing, ... |
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Non-communicable Disease Surveillance in Malaysia: An Overview of Existing Systems and Priorities Going Forward
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| In 2012, the World Health Organization (WHO) set a comprehensive set of nine global voluntary targets, including the landmark “25 by 25” mortality reduction target, and 25 indicators. WHO has also highlighted the importance of Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) surveillance as a key action by Member States in addressing NC... |
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Determinants and effects or consequences of internal HIV-related stigma among people living with HIV in Morocco
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| BACKGROUND: HIV-related stigma and discrimination constitute a barrier to different intervention programs. Unlike external stigma, internal stigma is not well explored in in the Middle East and North African countries, while grasping this particular form of stigma is essential to limit its effects. The present study ai... |
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Global health diplomacy amid the COVID-19 pandemic: A strategic opportunity for improving health, peace, and well-being in the CARICOM region-A systematic review
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| Increased globalization has ushered in changes in diplomatic purposes and practices. As such, global health diplomacy (GHD) has become a growing field connecting the urgencies of global health and foreign affairs. More academics and policy-makers are thinking about how to structure and utilize diplomacy in pursuit of g... |
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An economic and disease transmission model of human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer in Texas.
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| In 2017, 46,157 and 3,127 new oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) cases were reported in the U.S. and Texas, respectively. About 70% of OPC were attributed to human papillomavirus (HPV). However, only 51% of U.S. and 43.5% of Texas adolescents have completed the HPV vaccine series. Therefore, modeling the demographic dynamics a... |
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Herd Immunity Effects in Cost-Effectiveness Analyses among Low- and Middle-Income Countries
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| BACKGROUND: Herd immunity (HI) is a key benefit of vaccination programs, but the effects are not routinely included in cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs). OBJECTIVE: This study investigated how the inclusion of HI in CEAs may influence the reported value of immunizations in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and ... |
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Influenza surveillance in Middle East, North, East and South Africa: Report of the 8th MENA Influenza Stakeholders Network
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| The Middle‐East and Africa Influenza Surveillance Network (MENA‐ISN), established in 2014, includes 15 countries at present. Country representatives presented their influenza surveillance programmes, vaccine coverage and influenza control actions achieved, and provided a list of country surveillance/control objectives ... |
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The impact of motherless paternity testing in a South African population.
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| Background Paternity investigations play an important role in determining biological relatedness, and in South Africa, the outcome of these investigations impacts medical, judicial and home affairs decisions. Short Tandem Repeat (STR) analysis is utilised to perform paternity and kinship analysis, due to the polymorphi... |
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Reliability of administrative data to identify sexually transmitted infections for population health: a systematic review.
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| INTRODUCTION International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes in administrative health data are used to identify cases of disease, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs), for population health research. The purpose of this review is to examine the extant literature on the reliability of ICD codes to corre... |
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Meningococcal Disease in Pediatric Age: A Focus on Epidemiology and Prevention
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| Meningococcal disease is caused by Neisseria meningitidis; 13 serogroups have been identified and differentiated from each other through their capsular polysaccharide. Serotypes A, B, C, W, X, and Y are responsible for nearly all infections worldwide. The most common clinical manifestations are meningitis and invasive ... |
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Neurological disease in adults with Zika and chikungunya virus infection in Northeast Brazil: a prospective observational study
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| BACKGROUND: Since 2015, the arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) Zika and chikungunya have spread across the Americas causing outbreaks, accompanied by increases in immune-mediated and infectious neurological disease. The spectrum of neurological manifestations linked to these viruses, and the importance of dual infec... |
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Actives from MMV Open Access Boxes? A suggested way forward
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| It is estimated that more than 1 billion people across the world are affected by a neglected tropical disease (NTD) that requires medical intervention. These diseases tend to afflict people in areas with high rates of poverty and cost economies billions of dollars every year. Collaborative drug discovery efforts are re... |
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Blended Learning Using Peer Mentoring and WhatsApp for Building Capacity of Health Workers for Strengthening Immunization Services in Kenya
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| Evidence from available studies suggests that peer mentoring is a useful tool to build health workers' knowledge, skills, and practices. However, there is a dearth of research on use of this method of learning in immunization programs. Although WhatsApp has been used as a networking platform among health care professio... |
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Worldwide Control and Management of Chagas Disease in a New Era of Globalization: a Close Look at Congenital Trypanosoma cruzi Infection.
### Response:
| Population movements have turned Chagas disease (CD) into a global public health problem. Despite the successful implementation of subregional initiatives to control vectorial and transfusional Trypanosoma cruzi transmission in Latin American settings where the disease is endemic, congenital CD (cCD) remains a signific... |
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### Response:
A cost analysis to address issues of budget constraints on the implementation of the indoor residual spray programme in two districts of Maputo Province, Mozambique
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| BACKGROUND: It is frequently said that funding is essential to ensure optimal results from a malaria intervention control. However, in recent years, the capacity of the government of Mozambique to sustain the operational cost of indoor residual spraying (IRS) is facing numerous challenges due to restrictions of the Off... |
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### Response:
Infections in Healthcare Workers in Germany—22-Year Time Trends †
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| Health workers (HWs) run an increased risk of infection. The standardised data set of an accident insurer was used to analyse the time trends of infection-related claims and confirmed occupational diseases (ODs) in HWs. The numbers of claims and confirmed claims for different infections were analysed for the years 1996... |
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### Response:
Implementation of the therapeutic use of hydroxyurea for sickle cell disease management in resource-constrained settings: a systematic review of adoption, cost and acceptability.
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| OBJECTIVES Mortality associated with sickle cell disease (SCD) is high in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Hydroxyurea, a medicine to effectively manage SCD, is not widely available in resource-constrained settings. We identified and synthesised the reported implementation outcomes for the therapeutic use... |
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### Response:
Assessment of knowledge and skills in early diagnosis of leprosy and attitudes towards leprosy amongst doctors working in dermatological services, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.
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| After the leprosy control programme in Shandong Province, China, had declared elimination in 1994, it was no longer cost effective to rely on rapid surveys, population surveys and contact tracing for case detection, and since then most new cases have been diagnosed by the dermatological services. The dermatological ser... |
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### Response:
Metagenomic analysis of antimicrobial resistance genes in wastewaters in Benin and Burkina Faso indicates a serious health risk from untreated hospital wastewaters in low-income countries
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| Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the greatest global threats to human health, but substantial gaps in AMR data exist in West African countries. To obtain in-depth data, we explored the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the hospital wastewaters (HWW) of nine hospitals in Benin and Burkina Faso... |
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### Response:
Two years after lockdown: reviewing the effects of COVID‐19 on health services and support for adolescents living with HIV in South Africa
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| INTRODUCTION: South Africa's progress towards the 95‐95‐95 goals has been significantly slower among adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV), among whom antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence, retention in care and viral suppression remain a concern. After 2 years of living with COVID‐19, it is important to examine the dir... |
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### Response:
Contact investigation of tuberculosis in Brunei Darussalam: Evaluation and risk factor analysis
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| Introduction: We evaluated the yield of tuberculosis (TB) contact investigation in Brunei Darussalam, and identified the associated factors for latent TB infection (LTBI) diagnosis, as well as for initiating and completing LTBI treatment. Methods: Data was extracted and digitalised for all close contacts of pulmonary T... |
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### Response:
A Systematic Review Protocol of Opportunities for Noncommunicable Disease Prevention via Public Space Initiatives in African Cities.
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| Public spaces have the potential to produce equitable improvements in population health. This mixed-methods systematic review aims to understand the components of, determinants, risks, and outcomes associated with public space initiatives in African cities. This study will include quantitative and qualitative study des... |
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### Response:
Primary healthcare workers at risk during COVID-19: An analysis of infections in HIV service providers in five districts of South Africa
### Response:
| BACKGROUND: Protecting healthcare workers (HCWs) from COVID-19 is a global priority. Anova Health Institute (Anova) is the PEPFAR (US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief) District Support Partner for the Johannesburg, Cape Town, Sedibeng, Capricorn and Mopani districts in South Africa, operating in public sector... |
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### Response:
Using emergency department syndromic surveillance to investigate the impact of a national vaccination program: A retrospective observational study
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| BACKGROUND: Rotavirus infection is a common cause of gastroenteritis in children worldwide, with a high mortality burden in developing countries, particularly during the first two years of life. Rotavirus vaccination was introduced into the United Kingdom childhood vaccination schedule in July 2013, with high coverage ... |
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### Response:
Governing antimicrobial resistance: a narrative review of global governance mechanisms
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| Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a central health challenge of the twenty first century, poses substantial population health risks, with deaths currently estimated to be around 700,000 per year globally. The international community has signaled its commitment to exploring and implementing effective policy responses to A... |
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### Response:
Health disparities in Russia at the regional and global scales
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| BACKGROUND: The capacity for health comparisons, including the accurate comparison of indicators, is necessary for a comprehensive evaluation of well-being in places where people live. An important issue is the assessment of within-country heterogeneity for geographically extensive countries. The aim of this study was ... |
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### Response:
Rotavirus gastroenteritis in children hospitalized in northeastern Poland in 2006-2020: Severity, seasonal trends, and impact of immunization
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| OBJECTIVES: The introduction of the rotavirus vaccine in 2006 significantly reduced childhood incidence of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide. The rotavirus vaccine was included in Poland's national immunization program in 2021. Our study aimed to summarize the epidemiology of AGE in northeastern Poland prior to 202... |
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### Response:
Protecting health workers from infectious disease transmission: an exploration of a Canadian-South African partnership of partnerships
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| BACKGROUND: Health workers are at high risk of acquiring infectious diseases at work, especially in low and middle-income countries (LMIC) with critical health human resource deficiencies and limited implementation of occupational health and infection control measures. Amidst increasing interest in international partne... |
### Instruction:
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### Response:
What Should Health Departments Do with HIV Sequence Data?
### Response:
| Many countries and US states have mandatory statues that require reporting of HIV clinical data including genetic sequencing results to the public health departments. Because genetic sequencing is a part of routine care for HIV infected persons, health departments have extensive sequence collections spanning years and ... |
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### Response:
“It is a process” – a qualitative evaluation of provider acceptability of HIV assisted partner services in western Kenya: experiences, challenges, and facilitators
### Response:
| BACKGROUND: Assisted partner service (APS) is effective for increasing HIV testing services (HTS) uptake among sexual partners of people diagnosed with HIV with rare social harm. The acceptability of APS to HTS providers is important for the quality and effectiveness of APS delivery. Within a larger ongoing implementat... |
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### Response:
Quantifying the value of surveillance data for improving model predictions of lymphatic filariasis elimination
### Response:
| BACKGROUND: Mathematical models are increasingly being used to evaluate strategies aiming to achieve the control or elimination of parasitic diseases. Recently, owing to growing realization that process-oriented models are useful for ecological forecasts only if the biological processes are well defined, attention has ... |
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### Response:
A snapshot of pneumonia research activity and collaboration patterns (2001–2015): a global bibliometric analysis
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| BACKGROUND: This article describes a bibliometric review of the scientific production, geographical distribution, collaboration, impact, and subject area focus of pneumonia research indexed on the Web of Science over a 15-year period. METHODS: We searched the Web of Science database using the Medical Subject Heading (M... |
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### Response:
HIV-1 infection among women in Israel, 2010-2018.
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| INTRODUCTION Although women comprise 33% of the HIV-1-carriers in Israel, they have not previously been considered a risk group requiring special attention. Immigration waves from countries in Africa and in East Europe may have changed the local landscape of women diagnosed with HIV-1. Here, we aimed to assess viral an... |
### Instruction:
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### Response:
The impact of National Centralized Drug Procurement policy on the use of policy-related original and generic drugs in public medical institutions in China: A difference-in-difference analysis based on national database
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| Objective: To evaluate the impact of the first round of the National Centralized Drug Procurement (NCDP) pilot (referred to as "4+7" policy) on the use of policy-related original and generic drugs. Methods: Drug purchase data from the China Drug Supply Information Platform (CDSIP) database were used, involving nine "4+... |
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### Response:
Food Safety Attitude and Associated Factors Among Mothers of Under 5 Children, Debarq Town: Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study, 2019
### Response:
| BACKGROUND: Food-borne diseases represent a widespread and growing public health problem, both in developed and developing countries. However, this problem has more impact on health and economy in developing countries than in developed countries but reliable data is not available. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was d... |
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### Response:
The Role of Community Health Workers in HIV Care Engagement: A Qualitative Study of Stakeholder Perspectives in Tanzania.
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| ABSTRACT Suboptimal retention in HIV care is a major driver of the global epidemic, including in sub-Saharan Africa. In Tanzania, the national Community-Based HIV Services program integrates volunteer community health workers (CHWs) to support patient care engagement and reduce the burden placed on HIV clinic nurses; h... |
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### Response:
Impact of night travel ban on road traffic crashes and fatalities in Zambia: an interrupted time series analysis
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| BACKGROUND: The burden of road traffic crashes (RTCs) and road traffic fatalities (RTFs) has been increasing in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Most RTCs and RTFs happen at night. Although few countries, including Zambia, have implemented night travel bans, there is no evidence on the extent to which su... |
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### Response:
How are mathematical models and results from mathematical models of vaccine-preventable diseases used, or not, by global health organisations?
### Response:
| While epidemiological and economic evidence has the potential to provide answers to questions, guide complex programmes and inform resource allocation decisions, how this evidence is used by global health organisations who commission it and what organisational actions are generated from the evidence remains unclear. Th... |
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