345rf4gt56t4r3e3/flight-delays-europe-2023-2025

Flight Delays Europe 2023‑2025

This dataset contains per‑flight delay estimates for European commercial flights from January 2023 to December 2025, derived from the Open Performance Data Initiative (OPDI) flight‑list data published by Eurocontrol.

Data Schema

Column	Type	Description
id	int64	Unique flight identifier (OPDI)
icao24	string	ICAO 24‑bit address of the aircraft
flt_id	string	Callsign / flight identifier
dof	date	Date of flight (YYYY‑MM‑DD)
adep	string	ICAO 4‑letter departure airport code
ades	string	ICAO 4‑letter arrival airport code
adep_p	string	Predicted departure airport (often empty)
ades_p	string	Predicted arrival airport (often empty)
registration	string	Aircraft registration (e.g., G‑ABCD)
model	string	Aircraft model description
typecode	string	ICAO aircraft type code (e.g., B738)
icao_aircraft_class	string	ICAO aircraft class (e.g., L2J)
icao_operator	string	ICAO airline code (e.g., BAW)
first_seen	datetime	First ADS‑B detection (UTC)
last_seen	datetime	Last ADS‑B detection (UTC)
version	string	OPDI data version (e.g., v2.0.0)
unix_time	int64	Unix timestamp of first_seen
source_month	string	Year‑month of the source file (YYYYMM)
source_year	int	Year extracted from source_month
duration_min	float	Actual flight duration in minutes
expected_duration_min	float	Median historical duration for same route‑month (minutes)
delay_min	float	Delay in minutes (actual – expected)
delayed_15min	int	Binary flag: 1 if delay > 15 min
route	string	Concatenated adep‑ades

Key Statistics

Overall Delay Distribution (minutes)

Statistic	Value
Count	15,300,770
Mean	2.46
Std	18.34
Min	-120.0
25%	-3.88
50%	0.00
75%	4.96
Max	1,047.5

Flights Delayed >15 min

Year	Total Flights	% Delayed >15 min
2023	4,595,566	6.97 %
2024	5,126,450	7.43 %
2025	5,578,754	10.37 %
Overall	15,300,770	8.36 %

Top Routes with Highest Delay >3 h Probability (min 50 flights)

Route	Flights	Delayed >3 h	Probability
LLBG‑EDDH	50	17	34.00 %
EFHK‑EHRD	50	13	26.00 %
LPPM‑LPFR	485	77	15.88 %
EGNR‑EIWF	52	8	15.38 %
EBLG‑ETNG	1,399	206	14.72 %

(Full list of probabilities by airport, airline, month, etc. is available in the companion CSV files.)

Data Coverage

• Mapping coverage: 33 % of raw flights have valid adep, ades, first_seen, last_seen and thus a delay estimate. The remaining flights are mostly overflights or missing airport data.
• Geographic focus: European flights (Eurocontrol member states).
• Temporal coverage: Full calendar years 2023‑2025.

Data Sources & Methodology

1. Flight‑list data: Monthly Parquet files from the Open Performance Data Initiative (OPDI) (Eurocontrol).
2. Delay calculation: For each flight, compute actual duration (last_seen – first_seen). Then compute the median historical duration for the same route (adep‑ades) and calendar month using all flights in the same year. The delay is the difference.
3. Assumptions:
   • first_seen and last_seen are reliable proxies for off‑block‑time and on‑block‑time.
   • The median historical duration approximates the scheduled duration.
   • Flights with negative delay (faster than median) are possible.

Usage

Load the dataset with 🤗 datasets:

from datasets import load_dataset

ds = load_dataset("345rf4gt56t4r3e3/flight-delays-europe-2023-2025")
print(ds)
# DatasetDict({
#     train: Dataset({
#         features: ['id', 'icao24', 'flt_id', ...],
#         num_rows: 15300770
#     })
# })

# Convert to pandas for analysis
df = ds['train'].to_pandas()
print(df['delay_min'].describe())

Example: compute average delay by hour of day:

import pandas as pd

df['hour'] = pd.to_datetime(df['first_seen']).dt.hour
hourly = df.groupby('hour')['delay_min'].mean()
print(hourly)

License

This dataset is released under the Apache License 2.0.

Citation

If you use this dataset in your research, please cite:

@dataset{flight_delays_europe_2023_2025,
  title = {Flight Delays Europe 2023‑2025},
  author = {Open‑source community},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/345rf4gt56t4r3e3/flight-delays-europe-2023-2025}
}

Acknowledgments

• Data sourced from Eurocontrol Performance Review Unit via the Open Performance Data Initiative.
• Delay estimation methodology inspired by common aviation‑delay research.

Contact

For questions or issues, open a discussion on the Hugging Face dataset page.